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O Plano de Gerenciamento de Residuos Solidos tem por objetivo orientar quanto aos procedimentos minimos de gerenciamento e tratamento dos residuos. e documento importante quando se pretende implantar um sistema de gestao ambiental. A pesquisa acerca de residuos solidos urbanos e dos residuos gerados na Unipampa de Sao Gabriel teve inicio em 2007. Num estudo piloto ocorrido em fevereiro de 2008, fez-se a caracterizacao gravimetrica dos residuos gerados durante uma semana nas antigas instalacoes administrativas. Na caracterizacao, os sacos de residuos sao pesados; m seguida, sao abertos e os diversos materiais separados por tipo e/ou produto, como papel jornal, papel de escritorio, revistas, copos descartaveis, sacolas plasticas, entre outros. Apos a separacao completa, os diversos materiais sao ensacados e pesados. Feita a analise dos resultados da Unipampa/SG, verificou-se que mais de 50% corresponde aos papeis, 15% materia org

Atividades de extensao em escolas do municipio de Sao Gabriel visando atraves de atividades ludicas despertar alunos e professores acerca da import

Nesse projeto foram envolvidos alunos dos cursos de Ciencias Biologicas e Engenharia Florestal. Tem como principais objetivos; * Conhecer o sistema de gerenciamento de residuos solidos do Municipio de Sao Gabriel-RS. * Identificar os problemas urbanos associados aos residuos solidos existentes no municipio; * Fazer um diagnostico local da geracao e destinacao dos residuos domiciliares; * Conhecer a percepcao de parcela da populacao acerca dos residuos solidos; * Conhecer a atuacao dos catadores de material reciclavel..

A questao dos residuos solidos consta na pauta dos problemas ambientais de solucao urgente. Esses residuos constituem-se em um dos mais graves problemas ambientais da atualidade, principalmente devido a falta de destinacao adequada para os mesmos. Soma-se a isso, o crescente aumento de sua quantidade e diversidade. Sao evidentes os problemas de saude publica e poluicao ambiental decorrentes de praticas inadequadas de manejo e disposicao dos residuos solidos. Neste sentido, os estabelecimentos comerciais que geram quantidades significativas de residuos solidos (Shoppings, por exemplo) devem dar sua contribuicao e, principalmente, seu exemplo para a comunidade consumidora, elaborando uma politica para planejamento e implementacao do gerenciamento adequado de seus residuos. Uma vez implantado o Plano de Gerenciamento Integrado de Residuos Solidos, o estabelecimento gerador de residuos estara contribuindo com a preservacao dos recursos naturais; protecao do meio ambiente e da saude publica; aumento da vida util dos aterros sanitarios; aumento da comercializacao de materiais reciclaveis, o que ira balizar eventuais custos com o gerenciamento dos residuos; otimizacao dos sistemas de coleta interna, acondicionamento e armazenamento de residuos; destinacao adequada de residuos perigosos; conscientizacao da comunidade, dentre outros aspectos. Por fim, o trabalho proposto tem como objetivo elaborar o plano de gerenciamento de residuos solidos para o shopping Flamboyant. 2. METODOLOGIA Para o desenvolvimento dos estudos, dois ciclos de trabalho foram previstos. O primeiro ciclo correspondera aos levantamentos necessarios a elaboracao do diagnostico e a etapa de discussao do diagnostico e elaboracao das proposicoes; e o segundo ciclo, a etapa de discussao das proposicoes, com vistas a consolidacao do plano, e levantamento dos custos envolvidos. O prazo para conclusao do trabalho e de 12 meses. Para elaboracao do presente trabalho, serao desenvolvidas, basicamente, as seguintes.

O projeto tem como objetivo elaborar o plano de gerenciamento de residuos solidos para o Shopping Flamboyant, localizado na cidade de Goi

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O projeto cotempla a investigacao a respeito da influencia do comportamento de agentes turisticos em relacao ao manejo de residuos no

O municipio de Canela, situado na serra geral, na porcao nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, compoe a Regiao das Hortensias, juntamente com os municipios de Gramado, Nova Petropolis e Sao Francisco de Paula, constituindo-se, esta regiao, num dos mais importantes polos turisticos do sul do pais. Sensivel ao potencial turistico da regiao, a Universidade de Caxias do Sul, implantou os cursos de Graduacao Tecnologia em Hotelaria e Turismo na cidade de Canela, visando atender a demanda gerada pelos inumeros hoteis ali consolidados. Atualmente,os reflexos da atividade turistica em Canela tem como decorrencia inumeros impactos: rede hoteleira em expansao, amplo mercado imobiliario, comercio diversificado, uso e ocupacao do solo desordenado, concentracao da geracao de residuos solidos em periodos sazonais, entre outros. O aumento do fluxo turistico em Canela e o grande numero de meios de hospedagem, aproximadamente 52 (3.370 leitos), justifica um estudo de gerenciamento integrado de residuos solidos gerados na hotelaria, com enfase na materia org

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de levantar e analisar dados relativos aos aspectos sociais, culturais e econ

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de levantar e analisar dados relativo aos aspectos sociais, culturais e econ

Neste trabalho e apresentada uma comparacao entre a coleta convencional de residuos solidos domiciliares, denominada porta-a-porta, realizada na maioria dos municipios brasileiros e a coleta em locais de entrega obrigatoria (CLEO), realizada em pontos especificos, para onde os residentes devem levar os residuos por eles gerados para serem recolhidos. A literatura aponta este segundo tipo de coleta como o de menor custo no sistema de residuos solidos e, neste trabalho buscou-se compara-la com a coleta porta-a porta e conhecer as opinioes a respeito deste tipo de coleta, atraves de pesquisa com residentes num setor onde e realizada de modo nao obrigatorio, na cidade de Bebedouro

No contexto urbano brasileiro, os problemas ambientais tem se multiplicado e os impactos ocasionados tem agravado as condicoes de vida da populacao. As Ciencias Sociais se inserem neste debate com o entendimento de que os problemas ambientais surgem como resultado da organizacao econ

O trabalho de separacao de materiais reciclaveis no municipio de Tangara da Serra e uma pratica que acompanhou o nascimento e desenvolvimento da cidade. Com o passar dos anos percebe-se a presenca do interesse do poder publico e da comunidade em relacao a import

Os Residuos Solidos Domiciliares (RSD) tem sido amplamente discutidos, por parte do poder publico e da sociedade civil, diante das demandas de implantacao de aterros sanitarios, usinas de triagem e compostagem, coleta seletiva, acao de catadores de rua e lixoes, formacao de cooperativas de trabalho, formas de cobranca e pagamento dos servicos, entre outras. Esta ultima questao, que remete a formas de tributacao e financiamento das atividades do sistema de residuos solidos, ainda nao tem sido suficientemente abordada em termos de pesquisa, sobretudo em municipios de pequeno e medio porte. Desta forma, este trabalho busca analisar os servicos relacionados aos RSD prestados pela administracao municipal, por meio da identificacao dos equipamentos e pessoal utilizados, bem como os custos operacionais e administrativos, das rotas e formas de coleta (seletiva e padrao), da quantidade de residuos e locais de disposicao. Para isso foi feita a caracterizacao das atividades relacionadas aos RSD com base na estrutura, sistema de coleta e disposicao, por meio de dados coletados na administracao municipal. Observou-se que o custo total da coleta de residuos esta distribuido em 69,6 % total pessoal e 30,4% representando o total de equipamento, manutencao, combustivel e custos de capital, totalizando o valor gasto pela Prefeitura Municipal de Jaboticabal nos servicos de coleta e disposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos. Analisando a quantidade de domicilios urbanos no municipio e os valores atribuidos nos custos dos servicos de coleta e disposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos domiciliares verifica-se um custo medio anual por domicilio na ordem de R$ 72,00 (setenta e dois reais). Tendo como objeto de estudo o municipio de Jaboticabal - SP, foi feita uma caracterizacao em bairros, diagnosticando o volume, tipo e padrao de residuos dos imoveis selecionados. A caracterizacao e diferenciacao do perfil geral dos tres bairros selecionados foram feitas, por meio da analise descritiva e pelo processamento de tecnicas de analise estatisticas, utilizando de variaveis: socio- econ

A pesquisa desenvolvida enfocou uma analise dos conceitos que permeiam a criacao da Taxa de Residuos Solidos Urbanos. Destacou as nocoes basicas que permeiam este tema, desde o conceito de sustentabilidade, bem como as variaveis tecnicas e politicas que envolvem a ideia das Taxas Ambientais. Devido a amplitude do tema e as multiplas variaveis que o cercam, baseamos nossa pesquisa em duas frentes: uma teorica, visando conceituar as diversas ideias e nocoes que permeiam o tema; e outra pratica, que foi o estudo das experiencias adotadas em diversos municipios da implementacao da Taxa de Residuos Solidos Urbanos. Podemos destacar mediante essas frentes que, na parte teorica, revisamos uma vasta bibliografia referente aos instrumentos econ

O trabalho foi desenvolvido junto aos catadores aut

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a sensibilizacao e conscientizacao do Poder Publico, da Sociedade e demais autores envolvidos da cidade de Ribeirao Preto sobre a gravidade de estoque de agua doce no planeta, o uso indiscriminado, as consequencias que todos estes problemas acarretam para o futuro proximo da humanidade.

Pesquisar alternativas para uma melhor gestao socio-ambiental de suas atividades, com enfase a) na melhoria de instalacoes e tecnologias de beneficiamento dos residuos, b) no apoio ao cooperativismo dos agentes envolvidos e c) na geracao de novas oportunidades de trabalho e renda atraves de cursos de capacitacao profissional abrangendo diversas habilidades e conhecimentos.

Estudo e elaboracao de um sistema de coleta seletiva visando a separacao no local de entrega conforme o mercado e com uma proposta pedagogica de educacao ambiental em uma escola de ensino fundamental da cidade de Sao Carlos-SP..

Propor um sistema de manejo, tratamento e disposicao final de residuso solidos segundo medolologia de desenvolvimento participativa da comunidade enfatizando-se solucoes que priorizem a reducao na fonte e valorizacao do residuo..

Two samples of residues from iron mining plants have been investigated for their retention capacity of As, Cu, Cr, and Pb. The sample with the higher content of iron oxides showed the highest capacity to retain metals. The adsorption affinity series changes from Pb>Cu>Cr

Cancer is one of the most hazardous effects to human health caused by the exposition to chemical agents. The search for new technological solutions in the industrial field led to a rapid increase in the productive sector, causing the workers to be exposed to millions of potentially toxic agents, substances potentially harmful to health. This study presents the mutagenic activity of sweepings from a sock and lingerie factory in Araraquara-Brazil, assayed with Salmonella typhimurium. All the extracts from the factory had mutagenic on activity the YG1024 strain, which is extremely sensitive to detect the mutagenic activity of the arilhydroxilamines, nitroarenes and aromatic amines. The extracts were non-mutagenics for the strains TA100 and TA98. The analysis of the mutagenicity of industrial residues is highly important because employees that participate in the production are directly exposed to those agents, as well as to the environment where the garbage is deposited.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the economic viability of bean genotype, with and without the additional fertilization, in relation to the residual potato fertilization. Four experiments with bean in rotation of potato crop were conducted in Lavras, MG, Brazil. In each crop (summer 98/99 and winter-spring 99 season) two experiments were set up: the first using only the residual potato fertilization and the other using, besides the mentioned residue, a fertilization for the bean plant of 500 kg ha^-1 of the fertilizer with 4-14-8 formulation at planting and 40 kg ha^-1 of N top dressing under the form of ammonium sulfate. The experimental design was a 5 ?o 5 lattice with three replications, evaluating six commercial cultivars and 19 strains used in the bean plant breeding program of the Universidade Federal de Lavras. The joint analysis showed that the bean genotype presented non-coincident behavior in response to fertilization. In both seasons the fertilization of the legume raised grain yield but only in the winter-spring crop it proved to be economically viable. The results also showed that it is possible to obtain a good bean yield utilizing only the residual potato fertilization.

We report the production of anisotropic permanent magnets of barium hexaferrite using rolling scale (siderurgical waste) as starting material. A facility was designed and constructed and further tested for the industrial production of the anisotropic permanent magnets. The characteristics of both the ferrite powder and the compacts resulting of pressuring and sintering processes are described. In different stages parameters as grinding time and temperature were controlled. The samples were structurally and magnetically characterized. X-ray diffraction and M??ssbauer spectroscopy were used for phase identification, while scanning electron microscopy allowed the determination of the average grain size. The magnetic behavior was also measured. This work proves that the ferric oxide produced from rolling scale of the national siderurgical industry can be used to obtain anisotropic material. Initial technological parameters of the process are proposed.

This work shows a preliminary study of the technical-economic viability of the Pinas sp. wood waste utilization, for the electric energy production. Approximately 30 sawmills in ?

The qualitative trend of some trace elements (Ni, V, Zn, Pb, Cr) in the carbon residue (CCR) formation process (according to ASTM D189), starting from commercial fuel oils, is discussed. The experimental findings show that the metals enrichment in CCR matches with metals concentration and with the compound type in the parent oil. Moreover, a deep dependence of the metals enrichment on the oil aromaticity has been evidenced. In particular, the metals enrichment scales with the aromaticity except for Ni which shows an opposite trend. In other words, when the heating conditions are particulary favorable to coke formation, the Ni enrichment in carbon residue decreases with the parent oil aromaticity. Thus, as the oil aromaticity increases, an enhanced tendency of nickel to volatilize (and to concentrate in fine particle fractions more difficult to remove) is absented. Thus, from an emission control point of view, it is possible to postulate that, owing to the general temperature reduction, in low-NO_x burners the volatilization process of the volatile elements (i.e. nickel), will be depressed. In the light of the above considerations, the relative reduction of nickel emissions will be enhanced too, especially for highly aromatic oils.

Dietary fiber in industrial tomato residue and its effect on glycaemic response and seric cholesterol in rats. The left over after ketchup sauce is obtained is a tomato residue (RIT) that contains skin and seeds. Proximal analysis of the flour of this industrial product reveals that it has 50% dietary fiber, 18% protein and 10% fat. Due to the high dietary fiber content the effect on glucose absorption and seric cholesterol was studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intragastric meal after a 12 hours fast containing 263 g tomato residue flour (RIT)/diet or a control meal (0% RIT) and glucose plasma levels were determined. Results show that the presence of RIT in the test meal flattened glucose response curves. Ad lib administration of four diets differing in RIT content to four groups of rats for 18 days showed that although animals on a high RIT diet ate increased amounts of cholesterol the plasma lipid levels remained constant which suggest that the presence of RIT fibre on the diet is responsible for this effect. The results reported in this paper suggest that the dietary fiber of RIT diminishes glucose absorption and reduces seric cholesterol levels, which in turn could be useful in the treatment of NIDD and hipercholesterolaemic patients.

This paper discusses the investigation of an accident caused by the mixing of incompatible chemicals, a strong oxidizing agent with a reducing agent. The exact mixture and sequence of mixing was unknown, but the materials included an aqueous solution of 40% sodium permanganate and possibly sodium thiosulfate or sodium metabisulfite. These chemicals were part of a new technology being pilot-tested for remediating contaminated groundwater. Throughout the pilot test, excess waste permanganate was transported by hand in five-gallon pails from the injection area to a designated nearby area for neutralization. During one such transfer, a worker was seriously burned when a pail of sodium permanganate solution erupted onto him. The liquid splashed onto and ignited his clothing. A puzzling feature of this accident was the apparent time delay between chemical addition and the subsequent reaction. Various chemical addition scenarios were evaluated by thermodynamic calculations, followed by laboratory, pilot, and full scale tests. The test results revealed that while some chemical addition scenarios resulted in a prompt exothermic reaction with the generation of steam

The fish farming industry, especially the marine extractive fishery, is an activity of great economic importance in many parts of Brazil. Industrial fish processing operations generate a significant amount of wastes, which are rich in proteins and longchain fatty acids, among which the unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids are prominent. The aim of this study is to make a Estudo about the technological alternatives available for the utilization of fish wastes, such as a way for adding value to this material, focusing on green technologies. This material can be processed to obtain oil, meal or silage, that may be applied in livestock feeding. The obtained oil can further be stabilized by means of interesterification reactions, considering that the structured triglycerides thus obtained can be used in animal feeding, with nutritional advantages over original oils. The fish wastes can be applied as a substrate for the production of texturized proteins, protein concentrate, mechanically deboned meat, surimi, reestructured products or even oil, used for human feeding. The conversion of the extracted oil into biodiesel is another proposal of particular interest in the field of alternative fuels.

Heavy metals, lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are non-essential elements. Plants absorb these metals from soil, water and air through their roots and leaves. Heavy metals are the major environmental pollutants, which spread to soil through the use of pesticides, herbicides and micronutrient fertilizers, industrial effluents, decay of junk materials and sewage sludge, vehicular emissions, re-suspended road dust, diesel generator sets and coal-based thermal power plants. Sewage and sludge have contributed to heavy metal contamination of peri-urban lands and vegetable crops. The present Estudo focuses on the effects of various concentrations of Hg on growth of young and mature seedlings as well as on nitrate reductase activity and nitrate assimilation in intact and excised seedling, especially the mechanism underlying nitrate reductase regulation by this heavy metal. Evidence indicates that mercury exerts significant adverse effects on the physiological activity of plants. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

The degradation of organic compounds found in municipal solid waste (MSW) under the anaerobic landfill conditions produces gas and liquid emissions that can protract well into the landfill after-care period. The European Landfill Directives regulate the amount and nature of the organic compounds disposed into landfills. In South Africa and other developing countries, MSW is still landfilled without any kind of pre-treatment. This paper presents a pilot project of mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT) in South Africa implemented at municipal level in the city of Durban using passively aerated open windrows. Based on case studies from Austria, England and South Africa, a waste minimisation model which can facilitate full-scale implementation of MBWT in developing countries is presented. MSW was treated in open windrows for 8weeks. Composting temperature reached a maximum of 65°C in less than 10days. The results of eluate tests on waste samples from the windrows at the end of composting show a reduction of BOD₅ and BOD₅/COD ratios equal to 35.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The percent waste composition of the treated MSW was 28.3% putrescibles, 17.4% garden refuse, 13.3% plastic, 12.4% fabrics, 12% paper and other elements. The waste composition shows that more than 40% of un-treated organic material and also more than 40% non-biodegradable and recyclable materials are still landfilled without any form of biological treatment or resource recovery. A simple wet and dry waste collection model can promote recycling, treatment of biological waste before landfilling, resource recovery, labour intensive jobs and hence sustainable landfilling in the South African scenario as well as in similar developing countries. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000. ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000. ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000. ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304. ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6. ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its 'Proposed Rule for Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals (CCRs) from Electric Utilities' in the June 21, 2010, Federal Register (FR). The proposed rule is driven by several failures of surface impoundments for fly ash, increasing petitions from citizen and environmental groups requesting that EPA develop rules related to CCR management, and new information on human and ecological risks and health effects related to CCRs. The EPA is proposing to specifically regulate CCRs under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for the first time. EPA also determined that beneficial uses of these CCRs posed no significant risk. The proposed rule calls for public comment on two approaches available under RCRA for addressing the perceived risks of CCRs. Under this proposal, CCRs from electric utilities and destined for disposal would be managed as a special waste and would be subject to existing Subtitle C regulations under 40 CFR 260-268, 270-272.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the possible use of exhausted grape marc for obtaining grape seed oil by means of the supercritical technology. An industrial-scale supercritical extraction plant (three extractors in series working in the counter-current mode) has been designed based on the availability of grape seeds of a region in the north of Italy, namely 3000ton/year (3a

Flyash cenosphere obtained as industrial waste from thermal power plants is an effective cost and weight reducing filler for developing lightweight polymer composites. Cenospheres as fillers also help in improving the mechanical properties of base polymer matrices. However, the desired enhancement depends on homogeneous dispersion of cenospheres and excellent compatibility between cenospheres and polymer matrix. In the present work, this was achieved by modifying the surface of cenospheres using silane treatment and incorporating them in a versatile thermoplastic high density polyethylene. The silane treatment resulted in considerable improvement in the impact strength and density of the composites which ultimately translated into better wear performance of composites even in severe abrasive conditions. Lancaster-Ratner correlation between mechanical properties and wear resistance was found to be almost linear for the silane treated cenospheres filled composites unlike the untreated cenospheres filled composites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to understand the wear modes and mechanisms and supported using X-ray diffractograms. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

In recent decades an increasingly large fraction of the world's wrought aluminum alloys supply has come from the aluminum scrap recovered from industrial waste and discarded post-consumer items. However, replacing even a minor part of primary aluminum in wrought alloys with recycled counterpart originated from lower grades of scrap (typically scrap contaminated with various non-metallic impurities) without influencing the quality of the allay is very demanding from a metallurgical point of view. This Artigo discusses the two approaches for achieving the requested chemical composition of wrought alloys made from recycled aluminum: (i) before melting, by combining the appropriate qualities and quantities of scrap, primary aluminum, and the alloying elements and (ii) during melting, by diluting impurity content with primary aluminum to the needed level and adding, at the same time, the necessary amount of alloying elements for achieving their standard concentration in diluted melts. © 2010 TMS.

The rhizomes of turmeric are processed to obtain oleoresin and subsequently curcuminoids are isolated. The mother liquor, after partial isolation of curcuminoids, known as spent turmeric oleoresin (STO), is considered as industrial waste. Curcuminoids enriched spent turmeric oleoresin (CSTO) is prepared by removal of nonantioxidant constituents, and investigated for its antioxidant potential using in vitro methods, and also the total curcuminoids and phenolic contents were determined. CSTO has a total phenolic content of 267.27 ± 5.75 mg GAE/g that is almost double the amount present in STO (118.3 ± 3.0 mg GAE/g). The total amount of curcuminoids in CSTO is found to be 39 ± 1.2%, whereas STO had 15 ± 2.0%. CSTO possessed radical scavenging activity of 84% at 50 µg/mL, antioxidant activity of 74% at 25 µg/mL, high antioxidant capacity, and moderate total reducing power. These results provide scope for utilization of CSTO/STO as natural antioxidant/preservative as well as colorant in various foods. © 2010 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Red mud, an abundant industrial waste from alumina industry, represents a rich source of various metal oxides, mainly of Fe₂O_3, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. In this study, the rinsed Bosnian red mud (RBRM) was evaluated as an economical, composite sorbent for aqueous Ni²⁺ ions. The process was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration. The investigated mineral mixture exhibited a high acid neutralising capacity, and its most important role in cation immobilization was observed in the initial pH range 2-8. The initial metal ion concentration strongly influenced the sorption kinetics and equilibrium times. Addition of 5g/L of RBRM caused 100% removal from the solutions of 10^-4 to 5a

At urban areas in south Europe atmospheric aerosol levels are frequently above legislation limits as a result of road traffic and favourable climatic conditions for photochemical formation and dust suspension. Strategies for urban particulate pollution control have to take into account specific regional characteristics and need correct information concerning the sources of the aerosol.With these objectives, the ionic and elemental composition of the fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM_2.5-10) aerosol was measured at two contrasting sites in the centre of the city of Oporto, roadside (R) and urban background (UB), during two campaigns, in winter and summer.Application of Spatial Variability Factors, in association with Principal Component/Multilinear Regression/Inter-site Mass Balance Analysis, to aerosol data permitted to identify and quantify 5 main groups of sources, namely direct car emissions, industry, photochemical production, dust suspension and sea salt transport. Traffic strongly influenced PM mass and composition. Direct car emissions and road dust resuspension contributed with 44-66% to the fine aerosol and with 12 to 55% to the coarse pArtigos mass at both sites, showing typically highest loads at roadside. In fine pArtigos secondary origin was also quite important in aerosol loading, principally during summer, with 28-48% mass contribution, at R and UB sites respectively. Sea spray has an important contribution of 18-28% to coarse aerosol mass in the studied area, with a highest relative contribution at UB site.Application of Spatial Variability/Mass Balance Analysis permitted the estimation of traffic contribution to soil dust in both size ranges, across sites and seasons, demonstrating that as much as 80% of present dust can result from road traffic resuspension. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The area of the Pays de Herve in eastern Belgium is strongly affected by recent landslide activity. Dormant landslides are widespread in the region and some of these dormant landslides have been reactivated by human activity such as highway construction, suburban development, or building of industrial sewage pipes. The investigated landslide was reactivated by heavy rainfall events in the late 1990s. During this reactivation an existing industrial sewage pipe was damaged and the chemically loaded waste water drained into the landslide mass. The current landslide movement is assumed to be heavily influenced by the additional water supply as well as by the chemical activity of univalent ions in the clay fraction leading to a decreased shear resistance. Consequently, the movement-triggering rainfall thresholds are reduced and result in a decreased overall slope stability.This study describes a general methodology of field investigation, data collection and laboratory testing for an exploratory study. Influences of chemical properties of soil and soil water and their effects on landslide stability are analysed, discussed and related to findings of other studies. Although no clear empirical evidence for a dependency between slope stability and ionic loaded soil water was found in this study, we suggest the existence for such a relationship. We conclude that this particular landslide would not have moved based on current environmental conditions. The leaking waste water might favour current landslide movement. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.

Because of low investment and operational costs, interest is increasing in the use of willow plants in landfill leachate disposal. Toxic effects of leachate on the plants should be avoided in the initial period of growth and phytotoxicological testing may be helpful to select appropriate leachate dose rates. The aim of this study was to determine the phytotoxicity of landfill leachate on young willow (Salix amygdalina L.) cuttings, as a criterion for dose rate selection in the early phase of growth. Over a test period of 6. weeks plants were exposed to six concentrations of landfill leachate solutions (0%

Waste utilization for biosurfactant production is an important approach contributing to the reduction of waste treatment costs, while increasing the economic value of residues and reducing biosurfactant production costs. In an attempt to optimize rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI, the effects of the oil refinery waste as carbon source, C/N ratio, agitation Speed, aeration rate, pH control and fed-batch culture conditions on the production of this biosurfactant were assessed in a bioreactor. Maximum production (16.9 g L ) was attained at a C/N ratio of 23, agitation at 800 rpm and aeration at 2.0 vvm. The rhamnolipid solution (0.1%, w/v) exhibited surface and interface tensions of 25 mN/m and 0.63 mN/m respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) wds 73,9 mg L^-1. The optimal parameters used in this study promoted the formation of a useful biosurfactant with potential for many industrial applications.

Background, aim, and scope Clothes are often discarded when much of their potential lifetime is left. Many charitable organizations therefore collect used clothing and resell it as second-hand clothes for example in Eastern Europe or Africa. In this connection, the question arises whether reusing clothes actually results in a decrease of the environmental burden of the life cycle of clothing. The environmental burden of clothing has been studied in several studies. However, most of these studies focus solely on the energy consumption aspects and pay little attention to the potential benefits of diverting used clothing from the waste stream. The aim of the study was to assess the net environmental benefits brought by the disposal of used clothing through charities who return them for second-hand sales assuming that second-hand clothes to some extent replace the purchase of new clothes. Materials and methods The extent to which second-hand clothes (SHC) introduces such a replacement was investigated applying a methodology in which a questionnairebased survey was conducted on more than 200 consumers in second-hand shops. The survey was done in Sweden and Estonia, and Africa was included by estimation. Based on the identification of the different profiles of the consumers questioned, a methodology was developed to get a quantitative evaluation of the replacement of new clothes enabled by second-hand clothing consumption. A life cycle assessment was conducted based on the EDIP methodology. The life cycle impacts of clothes that are directly disposed of by incineration were compared with the life cycle impacts of clothes that are collected and sorted after consumer use in order to be reused. Two products were assessed: a cotton Tshirt and a pair of polyester (65%)/cotton (35%) trousers. The functional unit was 100 garments in the use stage. Results Based on the survey result and the methodology applied, the purchase of 100 second-hand garments would save between 60 and 85 new garments dependent of the place of reuse. Based on information about the second-hand clothing activities conducted by Humana People to People in Sweden and Estonia, it was assumed that over 100 collected items 60 would be reused, 30 recycled in other ways, and ten go to final disposal. Using these inputs, the LCA showed that the collection, processing, and transport of second-hand clothing has insignificant impacts on the environment in comparison to the savings that are achieved by replacing virgin clothing. The reduction of impacts resulting from collecting 100 garments for reuse range from 14% decrease of global warming for the cotton T-shirt to 45% reduction of human toxicity for the polyester/cotton trousers. Discussion The approach applied is a fair way of establishing the net benefits from introducing clothes reuse. Indeed, it enables to take into consideration all the activities connected to reusing clothes, including, for instance, recycling and disposal of the collected clothes not suitable for reuse. In addition, the routes followed by the collected clothes have been determined based on real figures. A main assumption concerns the estimation of avoided production of new clothes brought by clothes reuse. The method used, based on questionnaires, could be further developed but still suggests an approach on an issue that had not been investigated so far. Conclusions The results of the study show that clothes reuse can significantly contribute to reducing the environmental burden of clothing. Recommendations and perspectives It would be beneficial to apply other methods for estimating the avoided production of new clothes in order to check the validity and reliability of the results obtained in the current study. Such further work could include the possible difference in the lifetime of second-hand clothes compared to new clothes. © Springer-Verlag 2010.

This study investigated the applicability of using genetic algorithm for tackling chance-constrained programming models utilized for solving environmental pollution-control management problems. Compared with conventional chance-constrained methods, the proposed one could deal with stochastic models with both the left- and right-hand-side constraints being involved with random variables. Two study cases which were related to air quality management and river water pollution control were applied to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. Both study cases had needs of seeking cost-effective management schemes under uncertainty. The study results indicated that the GA-based CCP models could effectively communicate uncertainties into optimization process, and generate solutions that contain a spectrum of potential waste treatment options with both risk and cost information. Decision alternatives could be obtained by analyzing tradeoffs between the waste handling cost and the systemfailure risk due to inherent uncertainties. Compared with the linearization solution method of traditional CCP models, the introduction a GA algorithm could facilitate the solution of more general stochastic models. The proposed method is not restricted to environmental problems and can also be applied to many other engineering management systems. © 2010 IEEE.

The resources shortage, resource exhaustion and environment pollution resulted from economic development awake people to think over how to achieve the sustainable development. Under the background, more and more governments, semiofficial organization, industrial association, and folk organization are beginning to pay more attention to environment and resources. Based on the cycle utilization of materials, circular economy could improve the utilization efficiency of resources and energy, and farthest decrease waste emission, and protect the ecology environment. The paper analyzed the circular economy in terms of the basic concept, the development mode, and circular system, which would provide some making-decision references for clearing the development thought of circular economy. © 2010 IEEE.

The present Artigo is an integrated approach of energetic efficiency in the field of glass manufacturing industry as well as the reduction of its environment impact. In the same time, this Artigo is targeting an improvement of energetic and economic efficiency, a reduction of the environment impact (CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and dust emissions) and new equipment implementation in the field of glass manufacturing industry in Romania. This Artigo takes also in consideration the consequences of the glass waste recycling. As a result of the present model, complex appraisal methodologies of energetic efficiency, environmental impact and economic efficiency as well as new clean technologies will be available for the Romanian glass manufacturing domain. In this way, Romanian glass industry will be able to reach European efficiency and environment standards. Emissions reduction, especially CO₂, will create appropriate conditions to implement the main Kyoto Agreement measures. New methodologies techniques and technologies (solutions, equipments, etc) and also the new developed evaluation models might have a replication potential for other industrial branches.

When geotechnical Engineers are faced with problematic soils (such as clayey or expansive soils), the engineering properties of those soils may need to be improved to make them suitable for construction. Waste materials such as flyash or pozzolanic materials have been used for soil improvement. Flyash is a waste material of burring coal at electric power plants and one of the most useful and versatile industrial by products. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the viability and environmental suitability. Effective utilization of waste materials with technical development in each field is indeed necessary. Attempts are made to investigate the stabilization process with model test tracks over expansive/sand subgrades. Loading-unloading tests are carriedout on the tracks with chemicals like lime and cement introduced in flyash subbase laid on expansive/sand subgrades. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity is obtained for stabilized flyash subbase compared to untreated flyash subbase. © Global Science Publications.

The management of radioactive waste has become a significant challenge for mankind as nuclear technology becomes increasingly commonplace. Many studies find Australia to be the ideal location to host a deep geological repository for permanent storage of high level radioactive waste (HLW). Despite ventures like the Pangea Resources study proposing a deep geological HLW repository in Australia, ardent political and social opposition has halted any real progress thus far. Researchers and industry experts are yet to identify a suitable location within Australia to host such a project. This paper presents a site selection study to identify and analyse a suitable location within Australia to host a deep geological HLW repository. Following the selection of a suitable site at Maralinga (site coordinates: 132° 30' 0 E, 29° 30' 0 S), core samples have been identified and inspected. This allowed for a suitable repository design to be chosen to match the geological conditions. A corresponding fracture network has been developed using FracMan and a solute transport simulation has been carried out to test the hydraulic performance of the site. This study indicates that the bedrock around the above mentioned coordinates is suitable for retarding radionuclide migration over a significant time period. Following the fracture modelling, a repository design for the considered geological conditions has been identified. Three dimensional finite element stress analysis has been conducted to verify the suitability of the chosen repository design for the geological conditions at Maralinga.

Currently, the development of the world population is characterised by two trends: absolute population growth and rapid urbanisation. Especially rapid urbanisation, taking place in Asia, Latin America and Africa, poses major pressure on the affected regions. The development of e.g. Asian countries today is stamped by a combination of urbanisation with high economic growth rates. Conventional centralised infrastructure of supply, treatment and disposal of water is not able to cope with the new challenges arising from these, in history incomparable, high growth rates. Therefore new approaches to infrastructure supply and treatment systems are required - for ecological, sociocultural and economic reasons. The semicentralised approach, focusing on integrated water supply and treatment structures for wastewater and waste on the neighbourhood level, offers one possible solution to the challenges imposed by rapid urbanisation and growing resource needs. The change from centralised to semicentralised supply and treatment systems will minimise the grave discrepancy between the rapid urban growth and the provision of supply and treatment infrastructure. Integrated semicentralised supply and treatment systems face the challenge of growing amounts of wastewater and solid waste combined with rising needs of water for private households and industrial use. The semicentralised approach offers a wide range of flexibility in implementation, energy self-sufficient operation, enormous saving potentials in water demands through intra-urban water reuse and further more advantages in comparison to centralised sectored solutions as practised today. © IWA Publishing 2010.

Scanning electron microscopy is a useful tool for understanding food contamination and directing product development of food and industrial products. The current trend in food research is to produce foods that are fast to prepare and/or ready to eat. At the same time, these processed foods must be safe, high quality and maintain all or most of the nutritional value of the original whole foods. Minimally processed foods, is the phrase used to characterize these new foods. New techniques are needed which take advantage of minimal processing or processing which enhances the fresh properties and characteristics of whole foods while spending less time on food preparation. The added benefit coupled to less cooking time in an individual kitchen translates to an overall energy savings and reduces the carbon emissions to the environment. Food processing changes the microstructure, and therefore, the quality, texture and flavor, of the resulting food product. Additionally, there is the need to reduce waste, transportation costs and product loss during transportation and storage. Unlike food processing, structural changes are desirable in co-products as function follows form for food packaging films and boxes as well as for building materials and other industrial products. Thus, the standard materials testing procedures are coupled with SEM to provide direction in the development of products from agricultural residues or what would otherwise be considered waste materials. The use of agricultural residues reduces waste and adds value to a currently underutilized or unutilized product. The product might be biodegradable or compostable, thus reducing landfill requirements. Manufacturing industrial and packaging products from biological materials also reduces the amount of petroleum products currently standard in the industry. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

The use of the activated sludge process (ASP) for the nitrification/ denitrification of wastewaters is commonplace throughout the UK and many other parts of the industrial world. Associated with this process are significant costs arising from aeration requirements and for selected sites, the need to provide an external carbon source. These costs can constitute up to of 50% of the total running cost of the whole plant and as such, any effort to reduce them could realise significant benefits. This paper investigates the use of real time control (RTC) using online sensors and control algorithms to optimise the operation of the ASP, leading to greater efficiency and sustainability. Trials were undertaken at full scale to assess the benefit of such a system at a 250,000 population equivalent (PE) works on the south coast of the UK, using Activated sludge model No.1 (ASM 1) as a basis for the control system. Initial results indicate that it is possible to significantly reduce both aeration and chemical consumption costs whilst still delivering the required effluent quality. Over the trial period the aeration requirements were consistently reduced by 20% whereas, a reduction in methanol consumption of in excess of 50% was observed. © IWA Publishing 2010.

Cleaner production plays an important role in minimizing the consumption of water, raw materials, energy, and the generation of waste during industrial processes. Tax breaks, equipment subsidies and penalties are often considered the main policy tools for promoting enterprises to adopt cleaner production technologies, especially in Chinese electroplating industry. However, the results of these policies implementation are confronting with some uncertainty because of the conflicts of the interest between players involved. This paper presents a framework for analyzing the conflicts between a local government and a potentially polluting firm by using game theory. We enriched the model by adding policy variables, such as psychological costs (m), environmental benefit evaluation (E), and reward local government for its implementation (R), to change the payoffs, which can improve the current policies. Using theoretical and numerical analysis, the effects of subsidies, penalties and other policy variables on implementation of cleaner production were obtained. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Citric acid consumption is escalating gradually, witnessing high annual growth rate due to more and more advanced applications coming to light. The present Estudo discusses different aspects of fermentation and effects of various environmental parameters and deals with the potential ways to increase the yield of citric acid to meet the ever-increasing demands of this commercially important organic acid. Different techniques for the hyperproduction of citric acid are continuously being studied from the past few decades and still there is a gap, and hence, there is an obvious need to consider new pragmatic ways to achieve industrially feasible and environmentally sustainable bio-production of citric acid. The utilization of inexpensive agro-industrial wastes and their by-products through solid-state fermentation by existing and genetically engineered strains is a potential route. This Estudo also deals with downstream processing considering the classical and advanced approaches, which also need significant improvement. In situ product recovery method which leads to improved yields and productivity can be further optimized for large-scale production and recovery of citric acid. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

A large variety of ornamental and decorative items are manufactured from bone waste by various unorganized sectors in India. An initial survey indicated that workers were exposed at various phases of final product. The subjects (12 industrial units) were tested for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter <

Tin is an essential industrial metal with many applications from plastics to electronics. In contrast to other metals, tin reserves are very small with a static lifetime of 22 years. Mining is heavily concentrated in a few countries. Together, these characteristics render primary tin supply potentially vulnerable to short and long-term disruptions. An increased use of secondary tin resources (e.g., scrap from retiring products) could replace primary tin and thereby mitigate both challenges. In order to identify the potential for secondary resource use, it is necessary to know both where tin is accumulating in the anthroposphere and where tin could be recovered most effectively.Wefirst analyzed the global, historical tin metabolism on a highly aggregated level to identify areas of stock accumulation. Subsequently, we studied the contemporary (2005) U.S. tin cycle in more detail to detect flows rich in tin for potential recycling. Most of the tin mined globally in the 20th century has been accumulating in landfills due to a relatively short lifetime and low recovery rates. The global tin reservoir in landfills has reached about double the size of current reserves, while products in use constitute about half the amount in reserves. In addition, substantial amounts of tin have accumulated in steel (where it forms a tramp element and is virtually lost for future recovery). Landfills might become important tin mines in the future, however, currently more attractive is a focus on in-use stocks, where tin is available in higher concentrations. Today, the U.S. has a post-consumer recycling rate of about 28%, exclusively in alloy form. The most important current source of post-consumer recycled material is lead acid batteries. Products that are good candidates for improved end of life recycling include containers and electronics, although this potential is not currently being harvested in the U.S. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

In this study, it was aimed to mesaure the level of contamination in some agricultural plants in Gaziantep caused by the lead (Pb) content in waste water used to irrigate these plants.

Unused blood obtained by slaughter of animals is great contaminant of the environment. On the other hand, if industrial blood are collected and processed using the corresponding technological procedure in a factory for processing of other animal by products on the separate line, it is possible to obtain high-quality animal feed that is reach in deficient essential amino acids, vitamins and mineral substances, especially iron. Object of investigations was plant for processing of blood that implicates expansion of program of production by introducing a new line for processing of blood into the existing object for processing of the animal by products. Based on the conducted analyses it is possible to obtain conclusion concerning the sustainability of the planned investment for the realization and of its effects. Discussed economic analysis of processing of animal raw materials which is given in the study refers to the effects of total investments that represent closed techno - economic complex. With overview of total necessary investments and their putting into relation with the total incomes it is possible to establish that the coefficient of return of the total assets amounts to 1.2, thus indicating the very successful production.

Objetivo: Na cidade de Cubatao esta implantado o maior polo sidero-petroquimico do pais. A degradacao ambiental decorrente da falta de politica ambiental gera a necessidade de se entender o atual estado da arte do Gerenciamento Ambiental destas empresas, bem como, propor um modelo de gerenciamento ambiental baseado em ferramentas da qualidade, objetivo deste estudo. Metodo: O universo deste estudo constitui-se de 8 (oito) empresas que representam 81,63% do total de geracao de residuos do polo. Foram analisadas a luz da ISO 14.000 e com auxilio de ferramentas da qualidade (Histograma, Ishikawa, Diagrama de arvore, Fluxogramas, Ciclo Deming), apos aplicacao de duas pesquisas e a partir do diagrama de arvore, montou-se a Matriz de Qualidade Ambiental, tendo por base o QFD (Desdobramento da Funcao Qualidade). Desta matriz, extraiu-se o modelo de Gerenciamento Ambiental proposto no trabalho. Resultados: Criou-se uma ONG (Organizacao nao Governamental), o NPABS - Nucleo de Pesquisas Ambientais da Baixada Santista, para facilitar a troca de informacoes cientificas entre pesquisadores e futura aplicacao do trabalho em um banco de dados. Aplicou-se a Tabela de Desdobramento da Qualidade Exigida, com base no diagrama de arvore, e suas interacoes com a empresa, seus funcionarios e a comunidade, dando origem a Matriz de Qualidade Ambiental. Seus itens situados na horizontal sao a base do modelo de gerenciamento ambiental proposto para evitar os impactos ambientais de producao e proporcionar qualidade de vida a populacao da Baixada Santista, ja que pelos dados de Medrado Faria, a incidencia de c

Nesta dissertacao, parte-se da ideia de que a crise ambiental urbana e a excessiva geracao de residuos solidos tem motivado uma serie de conflitos e disputas no que tange ao lixo urbano. Este estudo vale-se do

Este projeto tem como objetivo principal utilizar a tecnica de solidificacao/estabilizacao para incorporar residuos industriais tais como: lodos texteis, po de borracha de pneus reciclados e lodos provenientes de estacao de tratamento de agua etc em materiais porosos

A urbanizacao de favelas vem sendo disseminada mundialmente como uma solucao para reduzir boa parte de seus problemas, exigindo para tanto, um maior conhecimento das caracteristicas socio-econ

Este estudo apresenta os varios processos de ocupacao socioecon

Este trabalho e uma abordagem do desenvolvimento sustentavel no setor da construcao civil, enfocando os residuos gerados pelas atividades construtivas e o papel das usinas de reciclagem nesse contexto. Apresenta, ainda, conceitos referentes a sustentabilidade, a inovacao cultural, aos impactos gerados e a reciclagem como alternativa tecnica, econ

Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um estudo tecnico-econ

Introducao. Estudo do processo de construcao da Agenda 21 nas escolas publicas estaduais da Diretoria de Ensino de Jundiai-SP, a partir da proposta pedagogica agua Hoje e Sempre: Consumo Sustentavel. A educacao ambiental como instrumento na formacao da cidadania no ensino formal. Objetivo. Identificar e registrar os conhecimentos e praticas dos professores sobre as questoes ambientais; descrever as representacoes sociais dos educadores sobre meio ambiente e Agenda 21; analisar as transformacoes ocorridas nas escolas e propor encaminhamentos que possam colaborar com a construcao da Agenda 21 Escolar. Metodologia. Pesquisa qualitativa, com utilizacao de tres instrumentos para levantamento de dados: grupo-focal, entrevista e analise documental. A analise dos resultados foi feita por triangulacao. Resultados. Para a maioria dos professores a representacao social sobre meio ambiente continua naturalista. Os docentes de uma maneira geral nao conheciam as propostas da Agenda 21 Global. Os projetos e trabalhos apresentados sobre meio ambiente deram destaque para os temas: agua, lixo, horta e saude. Os projetos foram realizados de forma multidisciplinar e nao interdisciplinar. As escolas do municipio de Louveira apresentaram resultados mais positivos por relacionarem a pratica pedagogica ao espaco local de forma critica e propositiva. Conclusoes. e necessario que se implementem cursos de capacitacao em educacao ambiental para todas as disciplinas, a fim de subsidiar a formacao do professor do ponto de vista teorico, metodologico e pratico possibilitando subsidiar propostas pedagogicas voltadas para a sustentabilidade.

O Parque Estadual Turistico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), no Estado de Sao Paulo, e um importante centro receptivo de ecoturismo inserido em significativo continuo remanescente de Mata Atl

O Parque Estadual Turistico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), no Estado de Sao Paulo, e um importante centro receptivo de ecoturismo inserido em significativo continuo remanescente de Mata Atl

Ha algum tempo, a energia eletrica tem sido pensada como um fator de fomento ao desenvolvimento de regioes carentes. No entanto, a experiencia tem mostrado que, embora seja realmente necessaria, a presenca da energia eletrica, por si so nao e suficiente para alcancar tal objetivo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho aborda a disponibilizacao da energia eletrica de forma integrada em um cenario mais amplo, o da infra-estrutura, abrangendo o Transporte, a agua e Saneamento, o Tratamento do Lixo e as Telecomunicacoes, com vistas a criar uma base solida para alavancar o desenvolvimento. Para tanto, propoe a abordagem da Gestao Integrada de Recursos

A pesquisa visa estudos de qualidade das aguas e do solo e de viabilizacao de empreendimentos com potencial para producao de impactos ambientais..

A disposicao final de residuos solidos envolve duas condicoes basicas. A primeira refere-se ao impacto ambiental relacionado aos locais que serviram previamente para receber os residuos sem os devidos dispositivos e mecanismos de protecao, que resultaram em areas responsaveis pela degradacao do solo e das aguas. A segunda condicao refere-se ao estudo de impactos potenciais que podem ocorrer pela instalacao de novos sistemas de disposicao de residuos, e as medidas mitigadoras que devem ser adotadas. Dentre os poluentes criticos podem ser citados o chorume e os gases. A presente pesquisa tem tido como objetivo, estudar: (a) os condicionantes que definem as caracteristicas dos residuos e a geracao de efluentes liquidos e gasosos; (b) impactos ambientais decorrentes da disposicao final de residuos; (c) medidas mitigadoras para controle de efluentes; (d) tratamento de chorume; (e) geracao de gases e Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo - MDL; (f) investigacao e monitoramento de solo e aguas em sistemas de disposicao final de residuos solidos

Projeto de pesquisa com estudo do meio fisico, biologico e antropico na area de influencia do futuro aterro sanitario de Presidente Prudente - SP

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o risco a exposicao ocupacional a metais em incineradores de residuos de servicos de saude, com o intuito de verificar as condicoes de trabalho das usinas de incineracao, a fim de proteger a saude dos trabalhadores do setor e evitar danos ao meio ambiente. Residuos de servicos de saude sao residuos septicos caracterizados como residuo Classe I por apresentarem patogenicidade, portanto, seu estudo e de extrema import

o conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais constitui, inumeras vezes, o unico recurso terapeutico de diversas comunidades e a busca de novos compostos bioativos a partir da rica biodiversidade brasileira e uma estrategia com reflexos econ

Os sistemas estuarinos sao ambientes de transicao entre o continente e o oceano, onde atividades humanas sao intensivamente desenvolvidas. O Sistema Estuarino de Santos e Sao Vicente, localizado na porcao central do Litoral do Estado de Sao Paulo, tem se destacado como um dos principais polos econ

Os para-raios radioativos foram fabricados no Brasil ate 1989, quando a Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) suspendeu a concessao de uso de material radioativo nesses artefatos. Desde entao, o para-raios radioativo tem sido substituido por outro, do tipo Franklin, e recolhido como rejeito radioativo. Entretanto, apenas 23 % do total fabricado no pais foram entregues a CNEN. Esta situacao e preocupante, pois a chance, desses artefatos serem descartados como residuo comum e chegarem a lixoes, e grande, uma vez que, segundo dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE), em 2000, 63,6 % dos municipios brasileiros dispunham o residuo nesses locais. Alem disso, o americio, o radionuclideo mais empregado, e classificado como sendo um elemento de alta toxicidade, quando ingerido ou inalado. No presente trabalho, foram realizados experimentos de migracao de Am-241 em lisimetros, com o objetivo de se avaliar o risco de contaminacao provocada por para-raios radioativos descartados como residuo comum. Fontes radioativas removidas de para-raios foram inseridas em lisimetros preenchidos com residuo org

Entre os materiais presentes nos residuos solidos domiciliares, os residuos polimericos posconsumo representam cerca de 27% do volume total da coleta convencional, segundo Matos (2006), com o agravante da degradacao lenta, comprometendo a vida util dos aterros sanitarios e poluindo o meio urbano. Dos residuos polimericos, destaca-se o Poli (tereftalato de etileno) PET. O PET e utilizado em embalagens alimenticias e, preferencialmente, no envasamento de bebidas carbonatadas e agua mineral com gas. O consumo das embalagens de PET tem sido crescente, o que gera uma presenca maior deste residuo no meio ambiente. A reintegracao do PET pos-consumo ao meio produtivo pode ser considerada uma acao mitigatoria dos impactos ambientais causados por este residuo, alem de otimizar o ciclo de vida da resina presente na garrafa. A reintegracao do PET pos-consumo ja e realizada por meio da obtencao de diversos produtos diferentes ao de sua origem (garrafa), com taxas de reciclagens crescentes a cada ano. Entretanto, muitos dos produtos reciclados tem breve vida util, em decorrencia das aplicacoes que lhes sao destinadas. Uma alternativa de vida util longa para o reciclado de PET seria uma aplicacao na construcao civil, onde os componentes tem uso de longo prazo, alem de ser mais uma opcao para suprir o consumo elevado de recursos naturais desta industria. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma avaliacao da viabilidade de reintegracao dos residuos de PET pos-consumo ao meio produtivo, visando os potenciais de disponibilidade da materia-prima e de propriedades intrinsecas e de desempenho tecnologico do produto reciclado para a industria da construcao civil. A estrategia metodologica da pesquisa compreendeu duas vertentes de avaliacao: a gestao dos residuos e as propriedades e desempenho tecnologico do produto reciclado. O metodo de avaliacao da gestao dos residuos compreendeu os procedimentos de uma pesquisa exploratoria e documental, visando identificar o modelo de recuperacao associado as dimensoes basicas da logistica reversa, assim como o potencial das cadeias de suprimento direto e reverso das garrafas de PET. O metodo de avaliacao tecnologica foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa experimental, onde o produto reciclado foi obtido por reciclagem mec

Um dos grandes problemas das Metropoles tem sido o descarte de residuos solidos. Em diversas situacoes aterros sao selecionados como solucao de melhor viabilidade para disposicao final desses materiais que, na maioria das vezes, sao agentes poluentes. Condicoes inadequadas de operacao e conservacao desses locais vem acarretando inumeros danos ao meio ambiente, em especial, nas areas de seu entorno que, muitas vezes, possuem aglomerados residenciais. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas condicoes ambientais mais significativas de uma area e de seu entorno onde se encontram instalados quatro Aterros, tres Sanitarios e um Industrial, localizados no Municipio de Tremembe/SP. Provavelmente como conseq

Os residuos solidos podem conter subst

o presente trabalho busca apontar a questao dos residuos, particularmente dos residuos solidos, como elemento fundamental da crise ambiental e energetica percebida na atualidade. Atraves de uma abordagem mais ampla que as convencionais, os residuos sao apresentados conceitualmente, a partir de sua estreita ligacao com a questao ambiental e energetica. Neste sentido, a questao e contextualizada historicamente e em funcao dos diversos estilos de sociedades. Considerando como premissa etica fundamental a ''garantia da qualidade ambiental as sociedades futuras, o presente trabalho apresenta uma avaliacao critica da din

Este trabalho avalia indicadores biologicos de exposicao ocupacional de trabalhadores de incineradores de residuos de servicos de saude. Os elementos estudados sao arsenio, berilio, cadmio, mercurio, niquel (amostras de urina) e chumbo (amostras de sangue). Os indices obtidos sao comparados com (a) os limites estabelecidos pela legislacao brasileira, (b) os limites estabelecidos pela American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) e (c) com os mesmos indices medidos em outros trabalhadores das mesmas usinas trabalhando em diferentes areas, funcoes e turnos. As determinacoes foram realizadas por espectrometria de absorcao at

A falta de sistemas de saneamento ambiental acarreta muitos problemas de saude, elevando significativamente, os gastos publicos e privados no setor, principalmente, os publicos, no que se refere ao tratamento de enfermidades, como por exemplo, a malaria, a dengue, doencas de chagas, diarreias e febre tifoide, entre outras. Muitos estudos tem mostrado a relacao intrinseca dos investimentos em infra-estrutura, especificamente da implantacao de sistemas de saneamento ambiental, com a saude publica, sendo que a implantacao de sistemas de saneamento contribui decisivamente na melhoria do bem estar fisico e mental dos individuos e, tambem, com a diminuicao dos gastos publicos e privados com a Saude. O equacionamento dos problemas de natureza sanitaria e ambiental vem sendo perseguido ao longo dos anos pelos orgaos competentes, mas sempre com alcance limitado, tornando-se uma tarefa que parece cada vez mais dificil, em especial nos paises ditos em desenvolvimento. As Comunidades isoladas, localizadas nas zonas rurais e/ou urbanas, sem oferta de servicos de saneamento pelas companhias publicas e com limitacao de recursos financeiros e humanos, padecem e sao mais susceptiveis as enfermidades relacionadas a falta de estruturas adequadas de saneamento ambiental. Dada esta singularidade e considerando o insucesso de programas de saneamento propostos pelos orgaos publicos e agencias internacionais de fomento e de desenvolvimento, o escopo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um modelo para implantacao de um Sistema de Saneamento Ambiental por meio do Programa de Apropriacao de Tecnologias de Saneamento Ambiental (Aptsa), de modo a priorizar a participacao de moradores das comunidades na identificacao, implantacao e gestao de opcoes compativeis com a sua realidade. Para se chegar ao modelo de Aptsa, procedeu-se: a identificacao das tecnologias de saneamento existentes para as tres grandes areas (abastecimento de agua, coleta, tratamento e destinacao de esgoto e coleta e a disposicao do lixo), ressaltando suas vantagens e desvantagens, visando a melhorar a escolha da opcao que deveria se adequar as demandas especificas da comunidade; a analise de programas de saneamento ambiental proposto para comunidades isoladas, identificando-se o sucesso e fracasso; e por fim, a estudos das caracteristicas das comunidades. Apos o desenvolvimento do Programa Aptsa, procurou-se avaliar a sua aplicabilidade em uma Comunidade Tradicional da Praia de Goes, Guaruja/SP, que ja havia sido objeto de um estudo de opcoes para o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura de saneamento ambiental. Como resultado desta atividade foi constatado a necessidade de um comprometimento entre os agentes envolvidos na busca por solucoes dos problemas vivenciados pelas comunidades, com a implantacao de solucoes para os problemas existentes. Esta conclusao pode ser obtida em funcao da resistencia apresentada pela comunidade, atraves de seus lideres, em colaborar com o programa proposto.

A falta de sistemas de saneamento ambiental acarreta muitos problemas de saude, elevando significativamente, os gastos publicos e privados no setor, principalmente, os publicos, no que se refere ao tratamento de enfermidades, como por exemplo, a malaria, a dengue, doencas de chagas, diarreias e febre tifoide, entre outras. Muitos estudos tem mostrado a relacao intrinseca dos investimentos em infra-estrutura, especificamente da implantacao de sistemas de saneamento ambiental, com a saude publica, sendo que a implantacao de sistemas de saneamento contribui decisivamente na melhoria do bem estar fisico e mental dos individuos e, tambem, com a diminuicao dos gastos publicos e privados com a Saude. O equacionamento dos problemas de natureza sanitaria e ambiental vem sendo perseguido ao longo dos anos pelos orgaos competentes, mas sempre com alcance limitado, tornando-se uma tarefa que parece cada vez mais dificil, em especial nos paises ditos em desenvolvimento. As Comunidades isoladas, localizadas nas zonas rurais e/ou urbanas, sem oferta de servicos de saneamento pelas companhias publicas e com limitacao de recursos financeiros e humanos, padecem e sao mais susceptiveis as enfermidades relacionadas a falta de estruturas adequadas de saneamento ambiental. Dada esta singularidade e considerando o insucesso de programas de saneamento propostos pelos orgaos publicos e agencias internacionais de fomento e de desenvolvimento, o escopo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um modelo para implantacao de um Sistema de Saneamento Ambiental por meio do Programa de Apropriacao de Tecnologias de Saneamento Ambiental (Aptsa), de modo a priorizar a participacao de moradores das comunidades na identificacao, implantacao e gestao de opcoes compativeis com a sua realidade. Para se chegar ao modelo de Aptsa, procedeu-se: a identificacao das tecnologias de saneamento existentes para as tres grandes areas (abastecimento de agua, coleta, tratamento e destinacao de esgoto e coleta e a disposicao do lixo), ressaltando suas vantagens e desvantagens, visando a melhorar a escolha da opcao que deveria se adequar as demandas especificas da comunidade; a analise de programas de saneamento ambiental proposto para comunidades isoladas, identificando-se o sucesso e fracasso; e por fim, a estudos das caracteristicas das comunidades. Apos o desenvolvimento do Programa Aptsa, procurou-se avaliar a sua aplicabilidade em uma Comunidade Tradicional da Praia de Goes, Guaruja/SP, que ja havia sido objeto de um estudo de opcoes para o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura de saneamento ambiental. Como resultado desta atividade foi constatado a necessidade de um comprometimento entre os agentes envolvidos na busca por solucoes dos problemas vivenciados pelas comunidades, com a implantacao de solucoes para os problemas existentes. Esta conclusao pode ser obtida em funcao da resistencia apresentada pela comunidade, atraves de seus lideres, em colaborar com o programa proposto.

A geracao de residuos solidos domesticos tem implicacoes energeticas, ambientais e sociais. Demonstra como se comporta a sociedade contempor

Este trabalho, atraves de uma abordagem integrada, estuda o emprego de residuos como combustiveis complementares na fabricacao de cimento, considerando os aspectos tecnologicos e energeticos e suas inter-relacoes com a sociedade e o meio ambiente. As investigacoes mostram que, nos ultimos anos, as fabricas de cimento instaladas no Brasil tem revelado um interesse crescente em utilizar residuos como combustiveis complementares materias-primas secundaria em seus fornos de clinquer. Constata-se que a motivacao principal da industria de cimento para empregar residuos em seus fornos de clinquer e econ

Neste trabalho estimou-se o custo de obtencao de extratos de cera, por extracao supercritica, a partir do residuo da industria de acucar e alcool, a torta de filtro. Foram realizados ensaios para determinacao das isotermas de rendimento global, as curvas globais de extracao (cineticas de extracao) e a identificacao da composicao quimica dos extratos obtidos. Na determinacao da isoterma de rendimento global foram estudadas as pressoes no intervalo de 100 a 350 bar com variacoes de 50 bar para as temperaturas de 30 e 50

O acumulo de lixo, que causa impactos no meio ambiente e na saude publica, e uma das conseq

A suinocultura e um dos grandes responsaveis pelo desenvolvimento econ

Este projeto visa fundamentalmente a caracterizacao e tratamento de residuos solidos provenientes de processos industriais e agricolas, bem como aqueles resultantes de processos de tratamento de efluentes liquidos, alem do gerenciamento de residuos solidos urbanos domesticos e de servicos de saude..

Infelizmente os municipios brasileiros, em sua grande maioria, dispoem seus residuos solidos domiciliares sem nenhum controle, o que promove graves conseq

O papel ainda desempenha um fator chave na cultura e na difusao da informacao apesar dos grandes avancos tecnologicos. Embora seja produzido a partir de um recurso renovavel, como e a madeira, existe tecnologia que permite a sua reutilizacao a partir de fibras recuperadas. A recic1agem do papel permite uma grande reducao na quantidade de residuos solidos urbanos, evitando a utilizacao de recursos naturais tais como a madeira e a agua, alem de diminuir bastante o consumo energetico na industria papeleira. A producao da polpa de celulose e o grande consumidor de energia no processo de fabricacao do papel, seguido da secagem do papel, que e o segundo processo neste tipo de industria que mais consome energia. A secagem e um processo complexo, de grande import

O programa Coleta Seletiva Solidaria, iniciado em 2003 pela Prefeitura de Sao Paulo e que preve a realizacao da coleta seletiva domiciliar na cidade por meio de cooperativas de ex-catadores de materiais reciclaveis subsidiadas pelo poder publico, e sustentavel em termos econ

A Convencao de Basileia sobre o Controle de Movimentos Transfronteiricos de Residuos Perigosos e seu Deposito trata-se de um acordo que define mecanismos de organizacao dos movimentos transfronteiricos de residuos solidos e liquidos perigosos e sua disposicao final. Os residuos perigosos sao materiais descartados que podem colocar em risco a seguranca da vida.A Convencao para atingir seu proposito de existencia permite a concessao previa e explicita de importacao e exportacao dos residuos autorizados entre os paises que dela participam, de modo a evitar o trafico ilicito. O Brasil atraves do Decreto numero 875 de 1993 confirmou sua permanencia como integrante da convencao, internalizando assim o documento no pais. A partir de entao, todo o comercio internacional de residuos perigosos entre o Brasil e o exterior passou a ser regulamentado. Os residuos industriais, considerados perigosos constituem, no Brasil, motivo de preocupacao das autoridades e orgaos ambientais, seja devido as quantidades que vem sendo geradas, principalmente como resultado da elevada concentracao industrial em algumas regioes do pais, seja pela carencia de instalacoes e locais adequados para o tratamento e destino final. Descrever e discutir as dimensoes deste documento e ao mesmo tempo demonstrar sua repercussao na realidade brasileira sera o proposito desta dissertacao.

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Pesquisar alternativas para uma melhor gestao socio-ambiental de suas atividades, com enfase a) na melhoria de instalacoes e tecnologias de beneficiamento dos residuos, b) no apoio ao cooperativismo dos agentes envolvidos e c) na geracao de novas oportunidades de trabalho e renda atraves de cursos de capacitacao profissional abrangendo diversas habilidades e conhecimentos

Estudo e elaboracao de um sistema de coleta seletiva visando a separacao no local de entrega conforme o mercado e com uma proposta pedagogica de educacao ambiental em uma escola de ensino fundamental da cidade de Sao Carlos-SP.

Neste trabalho tem-se como objetivo levantar os riscos de acidentes e doencas, inerentes as atividades laborais nos servicos de coleta, tratamento e disposicao final de residuo solido de origem residencial, comercial e de servicos de saude, com vistas a propor recomendacoes que promovam melhorias quanto aos riscos de acidentes e protecao a saude do trabalhador..

Projeto de extensao. Incluido no projeto de conscietizacao ambiental na UERJ-2010.

Pesquisa das possibilidades de aproveitamento de materiais culturais e da construcao civil na coleta seletiva de lixo, tomando como exemplo a experiencia de coleta seletiva de lixo no bairro de Sao Francisco, Niteroi..

O projeto visa a consolidacao da coleta seletiva e a implementacao do consumo sustentavel e de medidas de minimizacao de residuos, agua e energia. Aa propostas seguem duas linhas de acao: elaboracao e producao de mateiais educativos para estimular e apoiar atividades socioeducativas; e aquisicao de equipamentos necessarios para a melhoria da operacionalizacao da coleta seletiva e da gestao dos residuos solidos da Unidade..

Analisar os programas de coleta seletiva da RMSP que tem parcerias com cooperativas de catadores, verificando fatores de sustentabilidade destes programas.

O Projeto Eletropaulo/USP, desenvolvido em conjunto com essa empresa do setor energetico do Estado de Sao Paulo, foi aplicado nas Usinas Pedreira e Piratininga, duas unidades operacionais da empresa localizadas em Pedreira, na zona sul do muni

Two samples of residues from iron mining plants have been investigated for their retention capacity of As, Cu, Cr, and Pb. The sample with the higher content of iron oxides showed the highest capacity to retain metals. The adsorption affinity series changes from Pb>Cu>Cr

Cancer is one of the most hazardous effects to human health caused by the exposition to chemical agents. The search for new technological solutions in the industrial field led to a rapid increase in the productive sector, causing the workers to be exposed to millions of potentially toxic agents, substances potentially harmful to health. This study presents the mutagenic activity of sweepings from a sock and lingerie factory in Araraquara-Brazil, assayed with Salmonella typhimurium. All the extracts from the factory had mutagenic on activity the YG1024 strain, which is extremely sensitive to detect the mutagenic activity of the arilhydroxilamines, nitroarenes and aromatic amines. The extracts were non-mutagenics for the strains TA100 and TA98. The analysis of the mutagenicity of industrial residues is highly important because employees that participate in the production are directly exposed to those agents, as well as to the environment where the garbage is deposited.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the economic viability of bean genotype, with and without the additional fertilization, in relation to the residual potato fertilization. Four experiments with bean in rotation of potato crop were conducted in Lavras, MG, Brazil. In each crop (summer 98/99 and winter-spring 99 season) two experiments were set up: the first using only the residual potato fertilization and the other using, besides the mentioned residue, a fertilization for the bean plant of 500 kg ha^-1 of the fertilizer with 4-14-8 formulation at planting and 40 kg ha^-1 of N top dressing under the form of ammonium sulfate. The experimental design was a 5 ?o 5 lattice with three replications, evaluating six commercial cultivars and 19 strains used in the bean plant breeding program of the Universidade Federal de Lavras. The joint analysis showed that the bean genotype presented non-coincident behavior in response to fertilization. In both seasons the fertilization of the legume raised grain yield but only in the winter-spring crop it proved to be economically viable. The results also showed that it is possible to obtain a good bean yield utilizing only the residual potato fertilization.

We report the production of anisotropic permanent magnets of barium hexaferrite using rolling scale (siderurgical waste) as starting material. A facility was designed and constructed and further tested for the industrial production of the anisotropic permanent magnets. The characteristics of both the ferrite powder and the compacts resulting of pressuring and sintering processes are described. In different stages parameters as grinding time and temperature were controlled. The samples were structurally and magnetically characterized. X-ray diffraction and M??ssbauer spectroscopy were used for phase identification, while scanning electron microscopy allowed the determination of the average grain size. The magnetic behavior was also measured. This work proves that the ferric oxide produced from rolling scale of the national siderurgical industry can be used to obtain anisotropic material. Initial technological parameters of the process are proposed.

This work shows a preliminary study of the technical-economic viability of the Pinas sp. wood waste utilization, for the electric energy production. Approximately 30 sawmills in ?

The qualitative trend of some trace elements (Ni, V, Zn, Pb, Cr) in the carbon residue (CCR) formation process (according to ASTM D189), starting from commercial fuel oils, is discussed. The experimental findings show that the metals enrichment in CCR matches with metals concentration and with the compound type in the parent oil. Moreover, a deep dependence of the metals enrichment on the oil aromaticity has been evidenced. In particular, the metals enrichment scales with the aromaticity except for Ni which shows an opposite trend. In other words, when the heating conditions are particulary favorable to coke formation, the Ni enrichment in carbon residue decreases with the parent oil aromaticity. Thus, as the oil aromaticity increases, an enhanced tendency of nickel to volatilize (and to concentrate in fine particle fractions more difficult to remove) is absented. Thus, from an emission control point of view, it is possible to postulate that, owing to the general temperature reduction, in low-NO_x burners the volatilization process of the volatile elements (i.e. nickel), will be depressed. In the light of the above considerations, the relative reduction of nickel emissions will be enhanced too, especially for highly aromatic oils.

Dietary fiber in industrial tomato residue and its effect on glycaemic response and seric cholesterol in rats. The left over after ketchup sauce is obtained is a tomato residue (RIT) that contains skin and seeds. Proximal analysis of the flour of this industrial product reveals that it has 50% dietary fiber, 18% protein and 10% fat. Due to the high dietary fiber content the effect on glucose absorption and seric cholesterol was studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intragastric meal after a 12 hours fast containing 263 g tomato residue flour (RIT)/diet or a control meal (0% RIT) and glucose plasma levels were determined. Results show that the presence of RIT in the test meal flattened glucose response curves. Ad lib administration of four diets differing in RIT content to four groups of rats for 18 days showed that although animals on a high RIT diet ate increased amounts of cholesterol the plasma lipid levels remained constant which suggest that the presence of RIT fibre on the diet is responsible for this effect. The results reported in this paper suggest that the dietary fiber of RIT diminishes glucose absorption and reduces seric cholesterol levels, which in turn could be useful in the treatment of NIDD and hipercholesterolaemic patients.

This paper discusses the investigation of an accident caused by the mixing of incompatible chemicals, a strong oxidizing agent with a reducing agent. The exact mixture and sequence of mixing was unknown, but the materials included an aqueous solution of 40% sodium permanganate and possibly sodium thiosulfate or sodium metabisulfite. These chemicals were part of a new technology being pilot-tested for remediating contaminated groundwater. Throughout the pilot test, excess waste permanganate was transported by hand in five-gallon pails from the injection area to a designated nearby area for neutralization. During one such transfer, a worker was seriously burned when a pail of sodium permanganate solution erupted onto him. The liquid splashed onto and ignited his clothing. A puzzling feature of this accident was the apparent time delay between chemical addition and the subsequent reaction. Various chemical addition scenarios were evaluated by thermodynamic calculations, followed by laboratory, pilot, and full scale tests. The test results revealed that while some chemical addition scenarios resulted in a prompt exothermic reaction with the generation of steam

The fish farming industry, especially the marine extractive fishery, is an activity of great economic importance in many parts of Brazil. Industrial fish processing operations generate a significant amount of wastes, which are rich in proteins and longchain fatty acids, among which the unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids are prominent. The aim of this study is to make a Estudo about the technological alternatives available for the utilization of fish wastes, such as a way for adding value to this material, focusing on green technologies. This material can be processed to obtain oil, meal or silage, that may be applied in livestock feeding. The obtained oil can further be stabilized by means of interesterification reactions, considering that the structured triglycerides thus obtained can be used in animal feeding, with nutritional advantages over original oils. The fish wastes can be applied as a substrate for the production of texturized proteins, protein concentrate, mechanically deboned meat, surimi, reestructured products or even oil, used for human feeding. The conversion of the extracted oil into biodiesel is another proposal of particular interest in the field of alternative fuels.

Heavy metals, lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are non-essential elements. Plants absorb these metals from soil, water and air through their roots and leaves. Heavy metals are the major environmental pollutants, which spread to soil through the use of pesticides, herbicides and micronutrient fertilizers, industrial effluents, decay of junk materials and sewage sludge, vehicular emissions, re-suspended road dust, diesel generator sets and coal-based thermal power plants. Sewage and sludge have contributed to heavy metal contamination of peri-urban lands and vegetable crops. The present Estudo focuses on the effects of various concentrations of Hg on growth of young and mature seedlings as well as on nitrate reductase activity and nitrate assimilation in intact and excised seedling, especially the mechanism underlying nitrate reductase regulation by this heavy metal. Evidence indicates that mercury exerts significant adverse effects on the physiological activity of plants. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

The degradation of organic compounds found in municipal solid waste (MSW) under the anaerobic landfill conditions produces gas and liquid emissions that can protract well into the landfill after-care period. The European Landfill Directives regulate the amount and nature of the organic compounds disposed into landfills. In South Africa and other developing countries, MSW is still landfilled without any kind of pre-treatment. This paper presents a pilot project of mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT) in South Africa implemented at municipal level in the city of Durban using passively aerated open windrows. Based on case studies from Austria, England and South Africa, a waste minimisation model which can facilitate full-scale implementation of MBWT in developing countries is presented. MSW was treated in open windrows for 8weeks. Composting temperature reached a maximum of 65°C in less than 10days. The results of eluate tests on waste samples from the windrows at the end of composting show a reduction of BOD₅ and BOD₅/COD ratios equal to 35.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The percent waste composition of the treated MSW was 28.3% putrescibles, 17.4% garden refuse, 13.3% plastic, 12.4% fabrics, 12% paper and other elements. The waste composition shows that more than 40% of un-treated organic material and also more than 40% non-biodegradable and recyclable materials are still landfilled without any form of biological treatment or resource recovery. A simple wet and dry waste collection model can promote recycling, treatment of biological waste before landfilling, resource recovery, labour intensive jobs and hence sustainable landfilling in the South African scenario as well as in similar developing countries. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000. ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000. ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000. ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304. ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6. ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its 'Proposed Rule for Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals (CCRs) from Electric Utilities' in the June 21, 2010, Federal Register (FR). The proposed rule is driven by several failures of surface impoundments for fly ash, increasing petitions from citizen and environmental groups requesting that EPA develop rules related to CCR management, and new information on human and ecological risks and health effects related to CCRs. The EPA is proposing to specifically regulate CCRs under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for the first time. EPA also determined that beneficial uses of these CCRs posed no significant risk. The proposed rule calls for public comment on two approaches available under RCRA for addressing the perceived risks of CCRs. Under this proposal, CCRs from electric utilities and destined for disposal would be managed as a special waste and would be subject to existing Subtitle C regulations under 40 CFR 260-268, 270-272.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the possible use of exhausted grape marc for obtaining grape seed oil by means of the supercritical technology. An industrial-scale supercritical extraction plant (three extractors in series working in the counter-current mode) has been designed based on the availability of grape seeds of a region in the north of Italy, namely 3000ton/year (3a

Flyash cenosphere obtained as industrial waste from thermal power plants is an effective cost and weight reducing filler for developing lightweight polymer composites. Cenospheres as fillers also help in improving the mechanical properties of base polymer matrices. However, the desired enhancement depends on homogeneous dispersion of cenospheres and excellent compatibility between cenospheres and polymer matrix. In the present work, this was achieved by modifying the surface of cenospheres using silane treatment and incorporating them in a versatile thermoplastic high density polyethylene. The silane treatment resulted in considerable improvement in the impact strength and density of the composites which ultimately translated into better wear performance of composites even in severe abrasive conditions. Lancaster-Ratner correlation between mechanical properties and wear resistance was found to be almost linear for the silane treated cenospheres filled composites unlike the untreated cenospheres filled composites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to understand the wear modes and mechanisms and supported using X-ray diffractograms. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

In recent decades an increasingly large fraction of the world's wrought aluminum alloys supply has come from the aluminum scrap recovered from industrial waste and discarded post-consumer items. However, replacing even a minor part of primary aluminum in wrought alloys with recycled counterpart originated from lower grades of scrap (typically scrap contaminated with various non-metallic impurities) without influencing the quality of the allay is very demanding from a metallurgical point of view. This Artigo discusses the two approaches for achieving the requested chemical composition of wrought alloys made from recycled aluminum: (i) before melting, by combining the appropriate qualities and quantities of scrap, primary aluminum, and the alloying elements and (ii) during melting, by diluting impurity content with primary aluminum to the needed level and adding, at the same time, the necessary amount of alloying elements for achieving their standard concentration in diluted melts. © 2010 TMS.

The rhizomes of turmeric are processed to obtain oleoresin and subsequently curcuminoids are isolated. The mother liquor, after partial isolation of curcuminoids, known as spent turmeric oleoresin (STO), is considered as industrial waste. Curcuminoids enriched spent turmeric oleoresin (CSTO) is prepared by removal of nonantioxidant constituents, and investigated for its antioxidant potential using in vitro methods, and also the total curcuminoids and phenolic contents were determined. CSTO has a total phenolic content of 267.27 ± 5.75 mg GAE/g that is almost double the amount present in STO (118.3 ± 3.0 mg GAE/g). The total amount of curcuminoids in CSTO is found to be 39 ± 1.2%, whereas STO had 15 ± 2.0%. CSTO possessed radical scavenging activity of 84% at 50 µg/mL, antioxidant activity of 74% at 25 µg/mL, high antioxidant capacity, and moderate total reducing power. These results provide scope for utilization of CSTO/STO as natural antioxidant/preservative as well as colorant in various foods. © 2010 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Red mud, an abundant industrial waste from alumina industry, represents a rich source of various metal oxides, mainly of Fe₂O_3, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. In this study, the rinsed Bosnian red mud (RBRM) was evaluated as an economical, composite sorbent for aqueous Ni²⁺ ions. The process was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration. The investigated mineral mixture exhibited a high acid neutralising capacity, and its most important role in cation immobilization was observed in the initial pH range 2-8. The initial metal ion concentration strongly influenced the sorption kinetics and equilibrium times. Addition of 5g/L of RBRM caused 100% removal from the solutions of 10^-4 to 5a

At urban areas in south Europe atmospheric aerosol levels are frequently above legislation limits as a result of road traffic and favourable climatic conditions for photochemical formation and dust suspension. Strategies for urban particulate pollution control have to take into account specific regional characteristics and need correct information concerning the sources of the aerosol.With these objectives, the ionic and elemental composition of the fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM_2.5-10) aerosol was measured at two contrasting sites in the centre of the city of Oporto, roadside (R) and urban background (UB), during two campaigns, in winter and summer.Application of Spatial Variability Factors, in association with Principal Component/Multilinear Regression/Inter-site Mass Balance Analysis, to aerosol data permitted to identify and quantify 5 main groups of sources, namely direct car emissions, industry, photochemical production, dust suspension and sea salt transport. Traffic strongly influenced PM mass and composition. Direct car emissions and road dust resuspension contributed with 44-66% to the fine aerosol and with 12 to 55% to the coarse pArtigos mass at both sites, showing typically highest loads at roadside. In fine pArtigos secondary origin was also quite important in aerosol loading, principally during summer, with 28-48% mass contribution, at R and UB sites respectively. Sea spray has an important contribution of 18-28% to coarse aerosol mass in the studied area, with a highest relative contribution at UB site.Application of Spatial Variability/Mass Balance Analysis permitted the estimation of traffic contribution to soil dust in both size ranges, across sites and seasons, demonstrating that as much as 80% of present dust can result from road traffic resuspension. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The area of the Pays de Herve in eastern Belgium is strongly affected by recent landslide activity. Dormant landslides are widespread in the region and some of these dormant landslides have been reactivated by human activity such as highway construction, suburban development, or building of industrial sewage pipes. The investigated landslide was reactivated by heavy rainfall events in the late 1990s. During this reactivation an existing industrial sewage pipe was damaged and the chemically loaded waste water drained into the landslide mass. The current landslide movement is assumed to be heavily influenced by the additional water supply as well as by the chemical activity of univalent ions in the clay fraction leading to a decreased shear resistance. Consequently, the movement-triggering rainfall thresholds are reduced and result in a decreased overall slope stability.This study describes a general methodology of field investigation, data collection and laboratory testing for an exploratory study. Influences of chemical properties of soil and soil water and their effects on landslide stability are analysed, discussed and related to findings of other studies. Although no clear empirical evidence for a dependency between slope stability and ionic loaded soil water was found in this study, we suggest the existence for such a relationship. We conclude that this particular landslide would not have moved based on current environmental conditions. The leaking waste water might favour current landslide movement. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.

Because of low investment and operational costs, interest is increasing in the use of willow plants in landfill leachate disposal. Toxic effects of leachate on the plants should be avoided in the initial period of growth and phytotoxicological testing may be helpful to select appropriate leachate dose rates. The aim of this study was to determine the phytotoxicity of landfill leachate on young willow (Salix amygdalina L.) cuttings, as a criterion for dose rate selection in the early phase of growth. Over a test period of 6. weeks plants were exposed to six concentrations of landfill leachate solutions (0%

Waste utilization for biosurfactant production is an important approach contributing to the reduction of waste treatment costs, while increasing the economic value of residues and reducing biosurfactant production costs. In an attempt to optimize rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI, the effects of the oil refinery waste as carbon source, C/N ratio, agitation Speed, aeration rate, pH control and fed-batch culture conditions on the production of this biosurfactant were assessed in a bioreactor. Maximum production (16.9 g L ) was attained at a C/N ratio of 23, agitation at 800 rpm and aeration at 2.0 vvm. The rhamnolipid solution (0.1%, w/v) exhibited surface and interface tensions of 25 mN/m and 0.63 mN/m respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) wds 73,9 mg L^-1. The optimal parameters used in this study promoted the formation of a useful biosurfactant with potential for many industrial applications.

Background, aim, and scope Clothes are often discarded when much of their potential lifetime is left. Many charitable organizations therefore collect used clothing and resell it as second-hand clothes for example in Eastern Europe or Africa. In this connection, the question arises whether reusing clothes actually results in a decrease of the environmental burden of the life cycle of clothing. The environmental burden of clothing has been studied in several studies. However, most of these studies focus solely on the energy consumption aspects and pay little attention to the potential benefits of diverting used clothing from the waste stream. The aim of the study was to assess the net environmental benefits brought by the disposal of used clothing through charities who return them for second-hand sales assuming that second-hand clothes to some extent replace the purchase of new clothes. Materials and methods The extent to which second-hand clothes (SHC) introduces such a replacement was investigated applying a methodology in which a questionnairebased survey was conducted on more than 200 consumers in second-hand shops. The survey was done in Sweden and Estonia, and Africa was included by estimation. Based on the identification of the different profiles of the consumers questioned, a methodology was developed to get a quantitative evaluation of the replacement of new clothes enabled by second-hand clothing consumption. A life cycle assessment was conducted based on the EDIP methodology. The life cycle impacts of clothes that are directly disposed of by incineration were compared with the life cycle impacts of clothes that are collected and sorted after consumer use in order to be reused. Two products were assessed: a cotton Tshirt and a pair of polyester (65%)/cotton (35%) trousers. The functional unit was 100 garments in the use stage. Results Based on the survey result and the methodology applied, the purchase of 100 second-hand garments would save between 60 and 85 new garments dependent of the place of reuse. Based on information about the second-hand clothing activities conducted by Humana People to People in Sweden and Estonia, it was assumed that over 100 collected items 60 would be reused, 30 recycled in other ways, and ten go to final disposal. Using these inputs, the LCA showed that the collection, processing, and transport of second-hand clothing has insignificant impacts on the environment in comparison to the savings that are achieved by replacing virgin clothing. The reduction of impacts resulting from collecting 100 garments for reuse range from 14% decrease of global warming for the cotton T-shirt to 45% reduction of human toxicity for the polyester/cotton trousers. Discussion The approach applied is a fair way of establishing the net benefits from introducing clothes reuse. Indeed, it enables to take into consideration all the activities connected to reusing clothes, including, for instance, recycling and disposal of the collected clothes not suitable for reuse. In addition, the routes followed by the collected clothes have been determined based on real figures. A main assumption concerns the estimation of avoided production of new clothes brought by clothes reuse. The method used, based on questionnaires, could be further developed but still suggests an approach on an issue that had not been investigated so far. Conclusions The results of the study show that clothes reuse can significantly contribute to reducing the environmental burden of clothing. Recommendations and perspectives It would be beneficial to apply other methods for estimating the avoided production of new clothes in order to check the validity and reliability of the results obtained in the current study. Such further work could include the possible difference in the lifetime of second-hand clothes compared to new clothes. © Springer-Verlag 2010.

This study investigated the applicability of using genetic algorithm for tackling chance-constrained programming models utilized for solving environmental pollution-control management problems. Compared with conventional chance-constrained methods, the proposed one could deal with stochastic models with both the left- and right-hand-side constraints being involved with random variables. Two study cases which were related to air quality management and river water pollution control were applied to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. Both study cases had needs of seeking cost-effective management schemes under uncertainty. The study results indicated that the GA-based CCP models could effectively communicate uncertainties into optimization process, and generate solutions that contain a spectrum of potential waste treatment options with both risk and cost information. Decision alternatives could be obtained by analyzing tradeoffs between the waste handling cost and the systemfailure risk due to inherent uncertainties. Compared with the linearization solution method of traditional CCP models, the introduction a GA algorithm could facilitate the solution of more general stochastic models. The proposed method is not restricted to environmental problems and can also be applied to many other engineering management systems. © 2010 IEEE.

The resources shortage, resource exhaustion and environment pollution resulted from economic development awake people to think over how to achieve the sustainable development. Under the background, more and more governments, semiofficial organization, industrial association, and folk organization are beginning to pay more attention to environment and resources. Based on the cycle utilization of materials, circular economy could improve the utilization efficiency of resources and energy, and farthest decrease waste emission, and protect the ecology environment. The paper analyzed the circular economy in terms of the basic concept, the development mode, and circular system, which would provide some making-decision references for clearing the development thought of circular economy. © 2010 IEEE.

The present Artigo is an integrated approach of energetic efficiency in the field of glass manufacturing industry as well as the reduction of its environment impact. In the same time, this Artigo is targeting an improvement of energetic and economic efficiency, a reduction of the environment impact (CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and dust emissions) and new equipment implementation in the field of glass manufacturing industry in Romania. This Artigo takes also in consideration the consequences of the glass waste recycling. As a result of the present model, complex appraisal methodologies of energetic efficiency, environmental impact and economic efficiency as well as new clean technologies will be available for the Romanian glass manufacturing domain. In this way, Romanian glass industry will be able to reach European efficiency and environment standards. Emissions reduction, especially CO₂, will create appropriate conditions to implement the main Kyoto Agreement measures. New methodologies techniques and technologies (solutions, equipments, etc) and also the new developed evaluation models might have a replication potential for other industrial branches.

When geotechnical Engineers are faced with problematic soils (such as clayey or expansive soils), the engineering properties of those soils may need to be improved to make them suitable for construction. Waste materials such as flyash or pozzolanic materials have been used for soil improvement. Flyash is a waste material of burring coal at electric power plants and one of the most useful and versatile industrial by products. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the viability and environmental suitability. Effective utilization of waste materials with technical development in each field is indeed necessary. Attempts are made to investigate the stabilization process with model test tracks over expansive/sand subgrades. Loading-unloading tests are carriedout on the tracks with chemicals like lime and cement introduced in flyash subbase laid on expansive/sand subgrades. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity is obtained for stabilized flyash subbase compared to untreated flyash subbase. © Global Science Publications.

The management of radioactive waste has become a significant challenge for mankind as nuclear technology becomes increasingly commonplace. Many studies find Australia to be the ideal location to host a deep geological repository for permanent storage of high level radioactive waste (HLW). Despite ventures like the Pangea Resources study proposing a deep geological HLW repository in Australia, ardent political and social opposition has halted any real progress thus far. Researchers and industry experts are yet to identify a suitable location within Australia to host such a project. This paper presents a site selection study to identify and analyse a suitable location within Australia to host a deep geological HLW repository. Following the selection of a suitable site at Maralinga (site coordinates: 132° 30' 0 E, 29° 30' 0 S), core samples have been identified and inspected. This allowed for a suitable repository design to be chosen to match the geological conditions. A corresponding fracture network has been developed using FracMan and a solute transport simulation has been carried out to test the hydraulic performance of the site. This study indicates that the bedrock around the above mentioned coordinates is suitable for retarding radionuclide migration over a significant time period. Following the fracture modelling, a repository design for the considered geological conditions has been identified. Three dimensional finite element stress analysis has been conducted to verify the suitability of the chosen repository design for the geological conditions at Maralinga.

Currently, the development of the world population is characterised by two trends: absolute population growth and rapid urbanisation. Especially rapid urbanisation, taking place in Asia, Latin America and Africa, poses major pressure on the affected regions. The development of e.g. Asian countries today is stamped by a combination of urbanisation with high economic growth rates. Conventional centralised infrastructure of supply, treatment and disposal of water is not able to cope with the new challenges arising from these, in history incomparable, high growth rates. Therefore new approaches to infrastructure supply and treatment systems are required - for ecological, sociocultural and economic reasons. The semicentralised approach, focusing on integrated water supply and treatment structures for wastewater and waste on the neighbourhood level, offers one possible solution to the challenges imposed by rapid urbanisation and growing resource needs. The change from centralised to semicentralised supply and treatment systems will minimise the grave discrepancy between the rapid urban growth and the provision of supply and treatment infrastructure. Integrated semicentralised supply and treatment systems face the challenge of growing amounts of wastewater and solid waste combined with rising needs of water for private households and industrial use. The semicentralised approach offers a wide range of flexibility in implementation, energy self-sufficient operation, enormous saving potentials in water demands through intra-urban water reuse and further more advantages in comparison to centralised sectored solutions as practised today. © IWA Publishing 2010.

Scanning electron microscopy is a useful tool for understanding food contamination and directing product development of food and industrial products. The current trend in food research is to produce foods that are fast to prepare and/or ready to eat. At the same time, these processed foods must be safe, high quality and maintain all or most of the nutritional value of the original whole foods. Minimally processed foods, is the phrase used to characterize these new foods. New techniques are needed which take advantage of minimal processing or processing which enhances the fresh properties and characteristics of whole foods while spending less time on food preparation. The added benefit coupled to less cooking time in an individual kitchen translates to an overall energy savings and reduces the carbon emissions to the environment. Food processing changes the microstructure, and therefore, the quality, texture and flavor, of the resulting food product. Additionally, there is the need to reduce waste, transportation costs and product loss during transportation and storage. Unlike food processing, structural changes are desirable in co-products as function follows form for food packaging films and boxes as well as for building materials and other industrial products. Thus, the standard materials testing procedures are coupled with SEM to provide direction in the development of products from agricultural residues or what would otherwise be considered waste materials. The use of agricultural residues reduces waste and adds value to a currently underutilized or unutilized product. The product might be biodegradable or compostable, thus reducing landfill requirements. Manufacturing industrial and packaging products from biological materials also reduces the amount of petroleum products currently standard in the industry. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

The use of the activated sludge process (ASP) for the nitrification/ denitrification of wastewaters is commonplace throughout the UK and many other parts of the industrial world. Associated with this process are significant costs arising from aeration requirements and for selected sites, the need to provide an external carbon source. These costs can constitute up to of 50% of the total running cost of the whole plant and as such, any effort to reduce them could realise significant benefits. This paper investigates the use of real time control (RTC) using online sensors and control algorithms to optimise the operation of the ASP, leading to greater efficiency and sustainability. Trials were undertaken at full scale to assess the benefit of such a system at a 250,000 population equivalent (PE) works on the south coast of the UK, using Activated sludge model No.1 (ASM 1) as a basis for the control system. Initial results indicate that it is possible to significantly reduce both aeration and chemical consumption costs whilst still delivering the required effluent quality. Over the trial period the aeration requirements were consistently reduced by 20% whereas, a reduction in methanol consumption of in excess of 50% was observed. © IWA Publishing 2010.

Cleaner production plays an important role in minimizing the consumption of water, raw materials, energy, and the generation of waste during industrial processes. Tax breaks, equipment subsidies and penalties are often considered the main policy tools for promoting enterprises to adopt cleaner production technologies, especially in Chinese electroplating industry. However, the results of these policies implementation are confronting with some uncertainty because of the conflicts of the interest between players involved. This paper presents a framework for analyzing the conflicts between a local government and a potentially polluting firm by using game theory. We enriched the model by adding policy variables, such as psychological costs (m), environmental benefit evaluation (E), and reward local government for its implementation (R), to change the payoffs, which can improve the current policies. Using theoretical and numerical analysis, the effects of subsidies, penalties and other policy variables on implementation of cleaner production were obtained. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Citric acid consumption is escalating gradually, witnessing high annual growth rate due to more and more advanced applications coming to light. The present Estudo discusses different aspects of fermentation and effects of various environmental parameters and deals with the potential ways to increase the yield of citric acid to meet the ever-increasing demands of this commercially important organic acid. Different techniques for the hyperproduction of citric acid are continuously being studied from the past few decades and still there is a gap, and hence, there is an obvious need to consider new pragmatic ways to achieve industrially feasible and environmentally sustainable bio-production of citric acid. The utilization of inexpensive agro-industrial wastes and their by-products through solid-state fermentation by existing and genetically engineered strains is a potential route. This Estudo also deals with downstream processing considering the classical and advanced approaches, which also need significant improvement. In situ product recovery method which leads to improved yields and productivity can be further optimized for large-scale production and recovery of citric acid. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

A large variety of ornamental and decorative items are manufactured from bone waste by various unorganized sectors in India. An initial survey indicated that workers were exposed at various phases of final product. The subjects (12 industrial units) were tested for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter <

Tin is an essential industrial metal with many applications from plastics to electronics. In contrast to other metals, tin reserves are very small with a static lifetime of 22 years. Mining is heavily concentrated in a few countries. Together, these characteristics render primary tin supply potentially vulnerable to short and long-term disruptions. An increased use of secondary tin resources (e.g., scrap from retiring products) could replace primary tin and thereby mitigate both challenges. In order to identify the potential for secondary resource use, it is necessary to know both where tin is accumulating in the anthroposphere and where tin could be recovered most effectively.Wefirst analyzed the global, historical tin metabolism on a highly aggregated level to identify areas of stock accumulation. Subsequently, we studied the contemporary (2005) U.S. tin cycle in more detail to detect flows rich in tin for potential recycling. Most of the tin mined globally in the 20th century has been accumulating in landfills due to a relatively short lifetime and low recovery rates. The global tin reservoir in landfills has reached about double the size of current reserves, while products in use constitute about half the amount in reserves. In addition, substantial amounts of tin have accumulated in steel (where it forms a tramp element and is virtually lost for future recovery). Landfills might become important tin mines in the future, however, currently more attractive is a focus on in-use stocks, where tin is available in higher concentrations. Today, the U.S. has a post-consumer recycling rate of about 28%, exclusively in alloy form. The most important current source of post-consumer recycled material is lead acid batteries. Products that are good candidates for improved end of life recycling include containers and electronics, although this potential is not currently being harvested in the U.S. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

In this study, it was aimed to mesaure the level of contamination in some agricultural plants in Gaziantep caused by the lead (Pb) content in waste water used to irrigate these plants.

Unused blood obtained by slaughter of animals is great contaminant of the environment. On the other hand, if industrial blood are collected and processed using the corresponding technological procedure in a factory for processing of other animal by products on the separate line, it is possible to obtain high-quality animal feed that is reach in deficient essential amino acids, vitamins and mineral substances, especially iron. Object of investigations was plant for processing of blood that implicates expansion of program of production by introducing a new line for processing of blood into the existing object for processing of the animal by products. Based on the conducted analyses it is possible to obtain conclusion concerning the sustainability of the planned investment for the realization and of its effects. Discussed economic analysis of processing of animal raw materials which is given in the study refers to the effects of total investments that represent closed techno - economic complex. With overview of total necessary investments and their putting into relation with the total incomes it is possible to establish that the coefficient of return of the total assets amounts to 1.2, thus indicating the very successful production.

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Este projeto foi pensado de forma a viabilizar a participacao de alunos de graduacao e pos-graduacao. Caracteriza-se pela catalogacao e atualizacao constantes de artigos de autores nacionais e internacionais sobre o tema sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento , tendo como resultados principais o intercambio de informac

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Objetivo: desenvolver casas inovadoras, economicas, viaveis, reprodutiveis e acessiveis, usando solucoes criativas de aco, atuando em rede com oito outras instituicoes de ensino da ArcelorMittal International Network in Steel Construction.

Habitacao

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Este projeto foi pensado de forma a viabilizar a participacao de alunos de graduacao e pos-graduacao. Caracteriza-se pela catalogacao e atualizacao constantes de artigos de autores nacionais e internacionais sobre o tema sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento , tendo como resultados principais o intercambio de informac

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Objetivo: desenvolver casas inovadoras, economicas, viaveis, reprodutiveis e acessiveis, usando solucoes criativas de aco, atuando em rede com oito outras instituicoes de ensino da ArcelorMittal International Network in Steel Construction.

Habitacao

O projeto tem por objetivos: estabelecer o estado-da-arte no tema, identificando necessidades de pesquisa; identificar possibilidades de inovacao tecnologica; detectar necessidades de politicas publicas para construcao mais sustentavel; detectar necessidades de modernizacao da legislacao para construcao mais sustentavel; desenvolver metodologia de avaliacao da sustentabilidade de habitacoes; produzir manuais para habitacoes mais sustentaveis; produzir manual simplificado para habitacao mais sustentavel autogerida. A meta pela qual sou responsavel tem como objetivo contribuir para a reducao dos impactos decorrentes das atividades realizadas nos canteiros de obras no ambiente (meios fisico, biotico e antropico), para o caso da construcao de Conjunto de Habitacoes unifamiliares de interesse social. Para tanto, faz-se uma revisao critica do estado-da-arte do tema, identificando o conhecimento existente e apontando necessidades de pesquisas, identifica e caracteriza os impactos mais significativos e propoe alternativas de natureza tecnologica e gerencial para minimiza-los. Tais propostas sao consubstanciadas em capitulos especificos sobre o tema, do Manual T

Objetivo geral do projeto: desenvolver metodologias de avaliacao da sustentabilidade de empreendimentos com objetivos e baseadas em principios comuns, a partir da troca de experiencias entre as equipes dos dois paises, enriquecidas pelas interacoes entre elas, de modo a se obter edificios que respondam

Objetivo: desenvolvimento de certificacao de empreendimento comercial de elevado desempenho ambiental 2002, que ateste o seu desempenho e assegure que o seu desenrolar se de de modo controlado, garantindo que a qualidade ambiental esperada seja atingida; implementacao dos mecanismos operacionais da certificacao, incluindo o regimento de certificacao, o estabelecimento de regras de auditoria, a selecao e o treinamento de auditores, etc.; descricao do modelo de certificacao e reflexao sobre as condicoes de desenvolvimento e implementacao de uma certificacao semelhante no Brasil. Outras entidades envolvidas: ADEME - Agence de l'Environnement et de la Ma

Objetivo: valorizacao e desenvolvimento do campo das construcoes metalicas..

Objetivo: Analise do fenomeno e definicao de parametros de projeto..

Iniciacao cientifica do pesquisador, cujo objetivo era estudar o uso do solo-cimento em habitacoes populares..

Projeto tem o objetivo de desenvolver alternativas para a reciclagem de residuos de construcao e demolicao (RCD) gerados na regiao do Vale do Rio dos Sinos e Porto Alegre. Parte-se da premissa de que o aproveitamento de RCD, na forma de agregados reciclados, pode gerar componentes com desempenho compativel com os tradicionais, al

A industria da construcao civil exerce forte impacto na sustentabilidade sob dois aspectos principais. Por um lado,

Os obstaculos de ordem economica e social enfrentados pelas familias assentadas demandam uma organizacao do grupo, para as futuras intervencoes no assentamento, apos a regularizacao da terra e a ocupacao do solo. A situacao da moradia de um grande numero de familias rec

A analise da sustentabilidade da producao da habitacao em assentamentos rurais com a participacao das familias e utilizacao de recursos locais e renovaveis deve passar por um debate conceitual das varias dimensoes da sustentabilidade a luz da analise pluridimensional, levando em conta os ganhos e perdas da sustentabilidade nas multiplas dimensoes: social, cultural, ambiental, economica e politica. A partir da experiencia de producao de habitacao rural realizada no projeto Inovarural, conduzida pelo Grupo Habis no Assentamento Rural Pirituba II (Itapeva-SP), pretende-se verificar algumas inovacoes a serem introduzidas no processo, na gestao e no produto na cadeia de producao da habitacao no Assentamento Rural Sep

Esta pesquisa esta sendo desenvolvida com os seguintes objetivos: Avaliar o Sistema de Licenciamento Ambiental no Estado de Sao Paulo; Discutir as implicacoes economicas e ambientais que ele oferece; Propor alternativas. .

O presente trabalho apresenta, discute e avalia as principais ferramentas viabilizadoras da eco-eficiencia no segmento industrial, com destaque para o setor de celulose e papel. No estudo de caso,

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O aumento da concentracao populacional e as alteracoes do modo de vida tradicional da comunidade indigena do Distrito de Iauarete, Municipio de Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira/AM, tem resultado em inumeros agravos

A existencia e o nascimento do Programa CEDUS - Centro de Desenvolvimento Urbano Sustentavel - Cidade Modelo, da Universidade de Sao Paulo, tem como visao de futuro a aplicacao do maior conjunto possivel de conhecimentos, t

Palestra X Estudo do Meio. O estudo do meio ambiente

Projeto de Pesquisa proposto pela Faculdade de Saude Publica, Faculdade de Medicina, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico, Instituto de Fisica e Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, da Universidade de Sao Paulo, BIREME - Organizacao Panamericana da Saude e PROIM - Prefeitura do Municipio de Sao Paulo, instalada em 4 de junho de 1998, na Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo.

Saude, educacao e meio ambiente no contexto das cidades saudaveis: avaliacao do impacto. O presente trabalho, partindo da analise dos principais conceitos gerados em conferencias internacionais de saude e de meio ambiente, mostra que para viabilizar o novo paradigma da Promocao da Saude,

Trabalho apresentado para contratacao como Auxiliar de Ensino, no Regime de Turno Completo, junto ao Departamento de Pratica de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, em 1984.

O obetivo principal deste projeto

Avaliar agravos

Analisar os programas de coleta seletiva da RMSP que tem parcerias com cooperativas de catadores, verificando fatores de sustentabilidade destes programas..

Estudo comparativo de politicas publicas ambientais, em especial focadas na conservacao da biodiversidade, entre paises da Am

Projeto conjunto de investigacao internacional, aprovado pela Agencia de Fomento Espanhola - Programa de Cooperacion Interuniversitaria e Investigacion Cientifica (PCI), a ser desenvolvido paralelamente pelas Universidades de Sao Paulo (EERP/USP - Depto de Enf. Materno-Infantil e Saude Publica) e Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Laboratorio de Toxicologia e Saude Ambiental) de Reus, Catalonia, Espanha..

Pesquisa desenvolvida a partir da coleta e analise de agua de equipamentos de hemodialise de um hospital-escola de Ribeirao Preto - SP, procedendo-se

Pesquisa sobre a distribuicao espacial e variacao temporal de metais pesados na area entorno do aterro sanitario e antigo incinerador de residuos solidos do municipio de Ribeirao Preto-SP, comparando-se os resultados com os dados obtidos no doutorado da pesquisadora..

O Governo Federal por meio do Decreto Lei 5940 de 2006 instituiu a obrigatoriedade das separacao de maeriais reciclaveis descartados por entidades da administracao publica direta e indireta., com a participacao de cooperativas de catadores. Esta pesquisa visa levantar informacoes sobre as condicoes existentes na unidade de ensino da Escola Polit

O objetivo principal do projeto

Propor um sistema de manejo, tratamento e disposicao final de residuso solidos segundo medolologia de desenvolvimento participativa da comunidade enfatizando-se solucoes que priorizem a reducao na fonte e valorizacao do residuo..

Pesquisa desenvolvida no ambito do Programa de Pesquisa em Saneamento Basico (PROSAB) no tema Residuos Soldios.O Objetivo geral

O Objetivo desta pesquisa, primeiramente, e apresentar os problemas ambientais oriundos da falta da destinacao adequada dos residuos solidos em especial os pneus. Na sequencia, sao apresentados os instrumentos economicos utilizados para incentivar a destinacao adequada dos residuos solidos, tendo como enfase o sistema deposito reembolsavel. Os aspectos das regulamentacoes ambientais de alguns paises, inclusive o Brasil, sao apresentados, alem de informacoes sobre os ganhos que se pode obter atraves da recuperacao do lixo. Alguns modelos que visam reduzir a quantidade de lixo gerada e a viabilidade de implantacao do deposito reembolsavel sao descritos. Por fim, foi desenvolvido um modelo economico

Os residuos industriais constituem um problema ambiental e o seu gerenciamento deve ser conduzido de forma adequada, seja pela sua disposicao final ou pela reciclagem. Os residuos solidos gerados no tratamento de efluentes da industria de galvanizacao a fogo sao classificados como Residuo Nao Inerte-Classe II A, segundo a classificacao NBR-10.004 da ABNT. Este trabalho mostra os principais tipos de residuos gerados no processo de Galvanizacao a Fogo, que sao borra e cinza de zinco, alem de lamas de fundo dos tanques de pre-tratamento e residuo solido proveniente da Estacao de Tratamento de Efluentes Industriais (ETDI). O enfoque desta investigacao e mostrar formas de gerenciamento segundo as normas de qualidade ambiental principalmente normas ISO 14000; e tambem procurar dar um valor agregado ao lodo da ETDI viabilizando a sua aplicacao em massa ceramica vermelha, como mostra o Estudo de uma empresa - Caso da Empresa A.

Este trabalho analisa tres diferentes tecnologias para o aproveitamento energetico dos residuos solidos urbanos. Foi tracado um panorama da situacao dos residuos no Brasil, bem como a atual destinacao da maior parte destes. Dentre as tecnologias analisadas (digestao anaerobica acelerada, incineracao e gas de lixo), foram levados em conta principalmente o aspecto tecnologico, mas tambem os aspectos ambiental e economico. As vantagens e desvantagens de cada rota foram avaliadas e alvo de discussao na conclusao desta dissertacao.

A dissertacao aborda aspectos sociais, politicos, economicos e legais da disposicao final do lixo produzido na Cidade de Niteroi, Regiao Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Busca uma visao da Cidade a partir da gestao de seus residuos solidos, resultado de toda producao social. Contrastes internos, que despertam o interesse do pesquisador em compreender o custo-beneficio do desenvolvimento e o resultado de uma politica publica regulatoria desprovida de vinculos com as praticas sociais existentes. Tem-se que esses residuos sao dispostos de forma inadequada e irregular no Aterro do Morro do Ceu, na Zona Norte do municipio. Localizado no topo de um morro e cercado por diversas favelas, acarreta graves consequencias socioambientais tanto a nivel local quanto regional. A sua inadequacao e irregularidade, legitimadas pelo ente publico, geram interminaveis conflitos de interesses de ordem socioambiental, politica, economica e, principalmente, regulatoria. Tambem sao analisadas as dificuldades encontradas na gestao desses residuos e as diferentes e complexas etapas a que o material recolhido percorre ate a sua disposicao final. Perpassando conceitos de sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento. Utilizando o trabalho de um estudo comparativo entre a inadequada e ilicita disposicao final em lixo em Niteroi, cidade tida como modelo em qualidade em vida, e a experiencia bem sucedida da adequada disposicao final de lixo no Aterro Sanitario de Nova Iguacu, cuja cidade de Nova Iguacu venceu indices negativos de qualidade de vida e superpopulacao tornando-se modelo para o mundo. Apontando ainda, a demanda crescente por politicas publicas especificas que se adequem as realidades locais e as dificuldades que se impoem

Esta dissertacao trata da viabilidade de se produzir biodiesel a partir de oleo residual de fritura, um residuo disperso em areas urbanas. Essa materia-prima foi avaliada quanto ao custo do produto em si e ao custo para realizar a coleta do ponto de vista do produtor de biodiesel. Este, por sua vez, tem como alternativa comprar o residuo no mercado (com frete incluido) ou promover a coleta, arcando com o custo do produto, que normalmente e zero, e com o custo de coleta que depende dos processos de planejamento e de operacao das visitas. Nesse sentido, verificou-se o potencial de um software computacional de roteirizacao de veiculos para minimizar o custo incorrido com a realizacao da rota. No entanto, outros problemas provenientes da administracao da rotina, composta por duas etapas, uma de planejamento e outra de operacao, podem reduzir o lucro da empresa. Como os problemas observados durante o processo de coleta de um caso pratico nao podem ser solucionados apenas por meio da roteirizacao, propoe-se dois fluxogramas, contribuicao do presente estudo, capazes de auxiliar no processo de padronizacao das praticas do coletor.

Esta dissertacao foi elaborada com base nos dados coletados atraves de uma pesquisa etnografica realizada entre fevereiro e junho de 2007 no Loteamento Santa Terezinha (Porto Alegre/RS); um conjunto habitacional onde a maior parte dos moradores trabalha com coleta e/ou triagem de materiais reciclaveis. Por conta disso; tais pessoas se autodenominam

Este trabalho esta focado nas preocupacoes ambientais e sociais aplicadas no trabalho do profissional que cria e desenvolve produtos para a sociedade de consumo: o designer ou desenhista industrial. A sociedade de consumo ao renovar seus produtos ou utilizar os produtos descartaveis gera um grande volume de lixo. Uns dos problemas consequentes desse lixo sao os ambientais, associados principalmente aos lixoes, por outro lado, a forma de producao tambem e uma grande ameaca ao meio ambiente. Sao utilizados recursos naturais renovaveis e nao-renovaveis como materia-prima e energia. Muitos acreditam que a utilizacao de recursos naturais alem da capacidade de reposicao do ambiente esta causando o esgotamento destes para as atuais e proximas geracoes. Mas e possivel que tudo sofra transformacoes em poucos anos devido

Procura-se mostrar neste trabalho os beneficios ambientais e financeiros provenientes da utilizacao das atividades da logistica reversa na industria de equipamentos eletronicos, com enfase na industria de computadores e televisores. O maior desafio e mostrar para os empresarios nao so a grande contribuicao ao meio ambiente, mas tambem a viabilidade financeira do uso da logistica reversa. A logistica reversa de produtos eletronicos vem recebendo muita atencao dos governantes e empresarios. Os governantes buscam reduzir o impacto do lixo gerado pelos produtos eletronicos no meio ambiente e, os empresarios, alem da preocupacao ambiental, visam tambem agregar valor aos equipamentos eletronicos usados, aumentando a competitividade de suas empresas. O trabalho apresenta uma revisao bibliografica e tres estudos de caso, visando cumprir seu objetivo de detalhar os beneficios ambientais e financeiros da logistica reversa de produtos eletronicos.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o ambiente de Teixeira, PB, analisando-se os impactos ambientais observados na cidade. A metodologia constou de visitas a todas as ruas, momento em que foram registrados os problemas ambientais. Em seguida, definiram-se os percentuais de cada par

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OBJETIVO: Compreender

This paper deals with issues pertaining to solid waste. It discusses problems resulting from both the life style of modern civilization and relationships between the First and Third Worlds, as well as prospects for the environment if a new ethic of solidarity among human beings and respect for life is not established Beginning with this overview, the article deals with specific issues of hospital waste and the interference and impositions of First-World culture in the systems for handling, processing, and disposing of hospital waste in Brazil. The article concludes by analyzing whether or not such nosocomial waste should be considered hazardous.

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