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As universidades tem um papel fundamental na formacao do cidadao, ou seja, sao centros de ciencia, de tecnologia e de conhecimento que afetam toda a sociedade. Entretanto, as universidades, atraves das suas atividades de pesquisa, ensino e extensao, acabam gerando residuos potencialmente perigosos, como os de laboratorios quimicos. Porem elas nao podem mais postergar a solucao deste problema. Este trabalho de pesquisa foi elaborado com o objetivo de apresentar um estudo sobre o manejo dos residuos quimicos potencialmente perigosos em campi universitarios, com estudo de caso do Departamento de Quimica (DQ) da Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos. Atraves de visitas a outras instituicoes para conhecer suas experiencias em gerenciamento de residuos quimicos e, com base no levantamento do passivo e do ativo de residuos de laboratorios quimicos do DQ, pode-se elaborar propostas para a gestao destes residuos. Estas propostas sao baseadas na prevencao e no controle corretivo. O enfoque preventivo, prioritario, visa a levantamento de tecnicas e acoes para reducao nas fontes geradoras (laboratorios quimicos de ensino e de pesquisa). O controle corretivo visa o tratamento e posterior disposicao dos residuos gerados. Como conclusoes, objetiva-se subsidiar a implantacao de um programa de gestao dos residuos perigosos na UFSCar, visando reduzir seus impactos ambientais.

Estudo dos residuos envolvendo: - identificacao e pesquisa bibliografica sobre cada residuo - caracterizacao - segregacao - acondicionamento e rotulagem - armazenamento - tecnicas de minimizacao e de reuso - alternativas de tratamento e de disposicao final.

Projeto de infra-estrutura voltado a implementacao do Programa de Gerenciamento de Residuos Quimicos da Embrapa Pecuaria Sudeste.

The work was performed in the municipal district of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro State and had as objective to obtain information on the contents of chemical forms of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil Gleissolo pouco humico treated with composted urban residues, and the concentrations in the leaves and fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Three areas with different land use history were used: area that received doses of 40 t.ha^-1 of composted of urban solid residue (CRSU) in the surface for eleven consecutive years

Several Marlim vacuum residue (VR) hydroconversion experiments were conducted in a batch reactor with changing temperature, time and catalyst mass (NiMo/

The mineralogy of anodic portions of spent alkaline batteries from a leading brand (Duracell) that had been equilibrated in ambient air for approximately 4 months was investigated to determine if material generated from this low energy process may be suitable stock material for recycling. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified the bulk of the ambient air oxidized anodic material as zincite (ZnO). Scanning electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures of zincite are present with euhedral hexagonal prisms being the most common crystal form. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that there are no minor amounts of Mn within the zincite. Transmission electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures exist in the <2 µm size fraction including near euhedral prismatic crystals, crystals with step-fashion terminations and indentations, heavily corroded zincite and near amorphous aggregates of anastomozing zinc oxide. Impurities in the <2 µm size fraction include minor amounts of unidentified mixed sulfate materials and are interpreted as dominantly occurring as thin coatings on zincite pArtigos. Discrete submicrometer-sized spherical and rhomboid pArtigos of Zn-Mn oxides are also common impurities in the <2 µm size fraction but occurr at abundance of <1% by volume. This study provides new baseline information that can be used to develop large scale recycling of zincite from spent alkaline batteries. A promising applications of zincite are numerous, including the development of new solar cell materials. The spent alkaline battery waste stream may serve as promising resource for driving further development of this sector of the economy. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contamination of metal ions in soil and water represents more pressing threats to resources as well as human health. The present research was carried out to screen the phytosequester plants growing in industrial waste- and wastewater-affected industrial areas of Okhla, New Delhi, India. Accumulation trend of metal Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As from soil and wastewater by plants were collected for study. Among aquatic plants Hydrilla verticillata, Marsilea quadrifolia, and Ipomea aquatica were found to be highest metals accumulator, Eclipta alba and Sesbania cannabina among terrestrial plant were highest accumulator of metals. Among the algal spp. Spirulina platensis and Phormidium papyraceum were the most efficient in accumulating Cd and Hg. The maximum bioconcentration factor (BCF) was recorded in Hygroryza aristata for the metals (Hg, Cd) in M. quadrifolia (Cd, Cr), in E. alba (Cr, Cu), and in S. platensis (Hg, Pb). However, the translocation factor (TF) of metals was found more in M. quadrifolia followed by I. aquatica than other plants. Among all the plants, H. verticillata showed high TF and low BCF values for toxic metals (Pb, Cr) and was suitable for phytostabilization of these metals. Our study showed that native plant species growing on contaminated sites may have a potential of phytosequestration of these metals. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

The influence of pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cu(II) concentration and contact time on the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by the batch adsorption technique using waste tire rubber ash as a low-cost adsorbent was investigated. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 2 h at pH 4-6, the optimum for the adsorption of Cu(II) ions. A dose of 1.5 g/L of adsorbent was sufficient for the optimum removal of copper ions. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the corresponding sorption constants were evaluated. The adsorption kinetics data were fitted by a first-order equation. The cost of removal is expected to be quite low, as the adsorbent is cheap and easily available in large quantities. The present study showed that waste tire rubber ash was capable of removing copper ions from industrial wastewater samples.

Thermodynamic data for palladium(II) in Pd2sup>-OH ^--ClO₄^- system were obtained through critical Estudos and reinterpretations of literature data using the Bra

In aqueous systems, chromium usually exists in both trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states, being Cr(VI) of particular importance and concern due to its great toxicity. Industrial sources of Cr(VI) are leather tanning, mining of chrome ore, production of steel and alloys, etc. The most common conventional method for Cr(VI) removal is reduction to Cr(III) at pH 2.0 and precipitation of Cr (OH)(3) with lime at pH 9-10. The disadvantage of precipitation is the disposal of the solid waste. Adsorption of Cr by different low cost materials seems to be a suitable choice for wastewater treatment. Many by-products of agriculture have proved to be suitable low cost adsorbents for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) removal from water. Lignocellulosic residues, which include both wood residues and agricultural residues, have adsorption capacity comparable to other natural sorbents, but they have the advantage of very low or no cost, great availability and simple operational process. This study is a Estudo of the recent literature on the use of natural and modified lignocellulosic residues for Cr adsorption. The Cr maximum adsorption capacity and the adsorption mechanism under different experimental conditions are reported when possibly. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper discusses the investigation of an accident caused by the mixing of incompatible chemicals, a strong oxidizing agent with a reducing agent. The exact mixture and sequence of mixing was unknown, but the materials included an aqueous solution of 40% sodium permanganate and possibly sodium thiosulfate or sodium metabisulfite. These chemicals were part of a new technology being pilot-tested for remediating contaminated groundwater. Throughout the pilot test, excess waste permanganate was transported by hand in five-gallon pails from the injection area to a designated nearby area for neutralization. During one such transfer, a worker was seriously burned when a pail of sodium permanganate solution erupted onto him. The liquid splashed onto and ignited his clothing. A puzzling feature of this accident was the apparent time delay between chemical addition and the subsequent reaction. Various chemical addition scenarios were evaluated by thermodynamic calculations, followed by laboratory, pilot, and full scale tests. The test results revealed that while some chemical addition scenarios resulted in a prompt exothermic reaction with the generation of steam

⁹⁰Sr is one of the major isotopes present in the low level radioactive liquid waste (LLW) generated during operation of nuclear reactors and spent fuel reprocessing plants. A composite ion exchange material consisting of hydrous manganese oxide and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) was developed for removal of strontium from aqueous radioactive waste. The prepared composite material showed very good strontium adsorption properties in aqueous solutions. Sorption of strontium on the composite material as a function of pH, equilibration time and strontium ion concentrations were studied. The process of sorption of strontium from solution was analysed using different isotherm models like Langmuir, D-R and Freundlich. Four different error functions were employed to find out the most suitable isotherm model to represent the experimental data and it was found that Freundlich model best fits the sorption of strontium on the composite material. Analysis of the data obtained from the sorption kinetics studies showed that the data fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Lab scale column performance study of the composite material revealed that the material could be effectively used in column operations to remove strontium from LLW solutions. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study was conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals in two different contaminated field soils, and to assess its influence on remedial performance. The two field soils were obtained from two different polluted industrial sites in the Metropolitan Chicago area and were characterized for physical and chemical properties. The soils were referred to as silty sand and silty clay, based on their pArtigo-size distribution. A five-step sequential liquid-solid extraction procedure was used to speciate the heavy metals into: (1) easily exchangeable

This paper quantitatively assesses the influence of a new accounting system for liability provisions. According to the analysis results, the new accounting system was able to estimate more accurate amounts of the radwaste's costs than that of previous accounting systems. Removing a steep increase of liability provisions over time recognized acquisition costs of the related assets. For example, it was identified that the transferred decommissioning costs were able to decrease 52% in 2040 because the new accounting system recognized great costs earlier in time when compared to the outdated version of the accounting system. Additionally, in order to secure a radwaste's fund for NPPs, the Korean Radwaste Management Act was legislated in 2007 thanks to government efforts. This Act has been a cornerstone in the levy and operation of the radwaste fund with cash liquidity. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The rising quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) around the world necessitates new approaches for sustainable management of this waste stream. One strategy for managing this waste stream is the use of e-waste mono disposal landfills, or monofills, as temporary storage for future mining. E-waste monofills can be a sustainable waste management solution. However, lifecycle costs must be considered to determine if e-waste monofills are feasible alternatives. The lifecycle cost of e-waste monofilling depends on a variety of different variables, including the configuration of the containment system and discretionary operational considerations. Classification of e-waste as hazardous waste suggests that a RCRA Subtitle C-compliant (hazardous waste landfill) containment system should be employed. However, available data indicates that a RCRA Subtitle D-compliant (municipal solid waste landfill) containment systems should provide more than adequate environmental protection. Discretionary landfill operational decisions that may impact lifecycle cost include processing e-waste prior to placement and/or placement of the e-waste in a soil matrix. Ultimately, the feasibility of e-waste monofilling depends upon the potential value assigned to future recovery.

Electronic waste legislation is non-uniform, at both the national and global level, and a variety of financial and collection schemes exist [1, 2]. In some locations, e-waste stakeholders have preempted mandatory take-back by creating heir own e-waste programs. Whether involved by mandate or voluntarily, stakeholders would like to develop strategies that minimize their financial burden. However, the economic performance of an e-waste recovery system is affected by collection and market uncertainties. Thus, to ensure system success, stakeholders must first understand the impact of uncertainty on economic performance.

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is defined as discarded or obsolete electronic devices such as computers. E-waste presents a challenge to domestic and global waste infrastructure because of its large quantities, short product life, and decreasing product size [1]-[3]. These changes are due to constantly changing product characteristics and rapid technological innovation. E-waste is known to contain valuable materials such as gold and copper, which can generate revenue from recycling e-waste and recovering materials. State of the art recycling technologies available to recover materials from e-waste

The potential for environmental, social, and economic advances enabled by information and communication technologies (ICTs) is tremendous: 'Smart Grid' systems hold promise for resource conservation and climate change mitigation

Heavy metals, lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are non-essential elements. Plants absorb these metals from soil, water and air through their roots and leaves. Heavy metals are the major environmental pollutants, which spread to soil through the use of pesticides, herbicides and micronutrient fertilizers, industrial effluents, decay of junk materials and sewage sludge, vehicular emissions, re-suspended road dust, diesel generator sets and coal-based thermal power plants. Sewage and sludge have contributed to heavy metal contamination of peri-urban lands and vegetable crops. The present Estudo focuses on the effects of various concentrations of Hg on growth of young and mature seedlings as well as on nitrate reductase activity and nitrate assimilation in intact and excised seedling, especially the mechanism underlying nitrate reductase regulation by this heavy metal. Evidence indicates that mercury exerts significant adverse effects on the physiological activity of plants. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a uranium enrichment facility built in the mid-1950s in western Kentucky. Many thousands of people over several generations have been employed at, or in activities devoted to, the PGDP. Over the years, the plant has also generated significant nuclear and industrial contamination. This contamination is composed of various surface disposal activities, such as burial grounds, which have resulted in multiple potential sites across the plant grounds, and in surface and subsurface water contamination, the extent and full nature of which is still subject to ongoing research and monitoring. Because of this, the PGDP retains a joint legacy as a regional economic engine and a major source of environmental contamination and worker exposure. Because of advances in the technology of uranium enrichment, however, there are expectations that the plant eventually will be decommissioned. This will result in dramatic impacts on the region's economy and encourage the pursuit of replacement activities for the site. This, in turn, will highlight the complications arising from various sorts of contamination, as well as the strategies for mitigating them. Thus, envisioning a future for the plant site is a complex decision making process involving a wide range of variables that interact with each other in intricate and not altogether-understood ways. Proactively involving the affected community in a productive way is the challenge. © 2010 ASCE.

This Artigo is based on a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) that was performed on a radioactive waste disposal area within the Western New York Nuclear Service Center in western New York State. The QRA results were instrumental in the decision by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority to support a strategy of in-place management of the disposal area for another decade. The QRA methodology adopted for this first of a kind application was a scenario-based approach in the framework of the triplet definition of risk (scenarios, likelihoods, consequences). The measure of risk is the frequency of occurrence of different levels of radiation dose to humans at prescribed locations. The risk from each scenario is determined by (1) the frequency of disruptive events or natural processes that cause a release of radioactive materials from the disposal area

Mixtures of sand and bentonite will be used as bentonite-based backfill materials for high-level radioactive waste repositories. They are also used in Japan as artificial barriers in disposal facilities for low-level radioactive waste. Very low hydraulic conductivity of the sand-bentonite mixture is expected to keep wastes separated from the surrounding environment. Some researchers have investigated hydraulic conductivities of sand-bentonite materials at different dry densities and at different mass ratios of sand and bentonite to design and develop specifications of the materials described above.However, the function of low permeability of those materials is degraded by the altered hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures after swelling deformation. This study investigates experimentally hydraulic conductivity changes before and after swelling for sand-bentonite materials. Furthermore, results confirm the applicability of theoretical equations for evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of compacted bentonites and sand-bentonite mixtures, which have already been proposed in Komine (2008), by comparing calculated results and experimental results. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The feasibility of using ion-exchange resins to sep arate cobalt and antimony from zirconium in acid solu tions was investigated. The distribution coefficients of zirconium, cobalt, and antimony on strong cation and anion exchangers in HC1 and oxalic acid media were determined. The mass effect of zirconium on the distri bution coefficients of cobalt and antimony was studied. The isotherm for zirconium was obtained in HCI solu tion. The distribution coefficient and isotherm data were used to develop ion-exchange processes for separation of cobalt and antimony from zirconium in the linear and nonlinear regions of the isotherm. A decontamination factor of more than 10³ was achieved in a single ion- exchange cycle with respect to both cobalt and antimony. Two cycles of ion exchange will bring down the activity to acceptable levels for processing of irradiated zirco nium as well as achieve a significant reduction in the waste volume. This is the first paper on separation of ⁶⁰Co and ¹²⁵Sb from zirconium for radioactive waste management.

Cement-based grout plays a significant role in the design and performance of nuclear waste repositories: used correctly, it can enhance their safety. However, the high water-to-binder ratios, which are required to meet the desired workability and injection ability at early age, lead to high porosity that may affect the durability of this material and undermine its long-term geochemical performance. In this paper, a new methodology is presented in order to help the process of mix design which best meets the compromise between these two conflicting requirements. It involves the combined use of the computer programs CEMHYD3D for the generation of digital-image-based microstructures and CrunchFlow, for the reactive transport calculations affecting the materials so simulated. This approach is exemplified with two grout types, namely, the so-called Standard mix 5/5, used in the upper parts of the structure, and the low-pH P308B, to be injected at higher depths. The results of the digital reconstruction of the mineralogical composition of the hardened paste are entirely logical, as the microstructures display high degrees of hydration, large porosities and low or nil contents of aluminium compounds. Diffusion of solutes in the pore solution was considered to be the dominant transport process. A single scenario was studied for both mix designs and their performances were compared. The reactive transport model adequately reproduces the process of decalcification of the C-S-H and the precipitation of calcite, which is corroborated by empirical observations. It was found that the evolution of the deterioration process is sensitive to the chemical composition of groundwater, its effects being more severe when grout is set under continuous exposure to poorly mineralized groundwater. Results obtained appear to indicate that a correct conceptualization of the problem was accomplished and support the assumption that, in absence of more reliable empirical data, it might constitute a useful tool to estimate the durability of cement-based structures. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The industrial treatment of spent nuclear fuel is based upon a hydrometallurgical process in nitric acid medium. In order to minimize the volume of radioactive waste it seems interesting to generate the reactive species in situ in such solutions using ultrasonic irradiation without addition of salt-forming reagents. This Estudo summarizes for the first time the versatile sonochemical processes with uranium, neptunium and plutonium in homogeneous nitric acid solutions and heterogeneous systems. The dissolution of refractory solids, ultrasonically driven liquid-liquid extraction and the sonochemical degradation of the volatile products of organic solvent radiolysis issued from PUREX process are considered. Also the guidelines for required further work to ensure successful application of the studied processes at industrial scale are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The uptakes of Cs, Co and Sr ions onto nano crystalline silicotitanate (IONSIV™ IE-911, UOP) were investigated by using batch sorbers. The nanostructured adsorbent has many advantages such as high active surface area, fast diffusion rates and lower amount needs. Equilibrium sorption characteristics of Cs, Co and Sr ions onto the sorbent were investigated. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were fitted to the experimental data. Using the Langmuir model, the predicted sorption capacity of Cs, Co and Sr onto the silicotitanate at pHs 5, 7 and 9 was in the order Cs > Sr > Co. The silicotitanate was highly selective for Cs due to the ion exchange with sodium and hydrogen ions. The Langmuir model fitted better than the Freundlich and D-R models to the experimental data for the metals (0.83 < R2 < 0.97). Copyright © 2010 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

The microporous material Ionsiv is used for ¹³⁷Cs removal from aqueous nuclear waste streams. In the UK, Cs-loaded Ionsiv is classed as an intermediate-level waste

Controlling the stability and rheological properties of colloidal slurries has been an important but challenging issue for various industries such as cosmetics, ceramic processing, and nuclear waste treatment. For example, at the US Department of Energy Hanford and Savannah River sites, operation of the waste treatment facilities with increased solids loading increases waste processing rates but negatively impacts the rheological properties. We investigated various rheological modifiers on a Fe₂O₃/Al(OH)₃-rich nuclear waste simulant, characterized by high ionic strength and pH, to reduce yield stress of the colloidal slurry. Rheological modifiers change pArtigo interactions in colloidal slurries

In this work, consideration is given to the feasibility of using hydrothermal oxidation for the destruction of organic ⁶⁰Co complexes during the course of the treatment of medium-level liquid radioactive wastes with a high salt content-evaporator concentrate in the reactor water cleanup system-formed at nuclear power plants (NPPs). It has been shown that hydrothermal oxidation makes it possible to effectively solve the problem of the selective extraction of the radionuclides of transition metals ( ⁶⁰Co, ⁵⁴Mn) with a minimum volume of solid radioactive wastes being formed. The results of laboratory experiments and pilot tests of the hydrothermal oxidation installation at the Novovoronezhskaya and the Kurskaya NPPs are presented. The general scheme of the hydrothermal technology of processing the evaporator concentrate at nuclear power plants is proposed. © 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

The interaction between concrete/cement and swelling clay (bentonite) has been modeled in the context of engineered barrier systems for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The geochemical transformations observed in laboratory diffusion experiments at 60 and 90 °C between bentonite and different high-pH solutions (K-Na-OH and Ca(OH)₂-saturated) were reconciled with the reactive transport code CrunchFlow. For K-Na-OH solutions (pH = 13.5 at 25 °C) partial dissolution of montmorillonite and precipitation of Mg-silicates (talc-like), hydrotalcite and brucite at the interface are predicted at 60 °C, while at 90 °C the alteration is wider. Alkaline cations diffused beyond the mineralogical alteration zone by means of exchange with Mg²⁺ in the interlayer region of montmorillonite. Very slow reactivity and minor alteration of the clay are predicted in the Ca(OH)₂-bentonite system. The model is a reasonable description of the experiments but also demonstrates the difficulties in modeling processes operating at a small scale under a diffusive regime. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The evaluation and assessment of monitoring data generated over a period of 1983-2007 (25 years) of a nuclear facility is presented. Time trends of particulate radioactivity, correlation between ¹³⁷Cs in discharge canal seawater and station discharged activity and correlation of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ¹³¹I in marine species such as sponge and Nerita (gastropod) and corresponding discharged activity are discussed. The concentration of ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³¹I in seawater versus biota are discussed. A good correlation between ¹³⁷Cs in seawater and ¹³⁷Cs in liquid waste discharged was observed (R² = 0.8, p <

Applicability of ammonium molybdophosphate-polyacrylonitrile (AMP-PAN) on the adsorptive removal of Co, Sr and Cs in the radioactive laundry wastewater generated from nuclear power plants was investigated. Single- and bi-solute competitive adsorptions of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ onto AMP-PAN were investigated. The influencing factors such as co-existing metal ion and surfactants were investigated. Adsorption of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ onto AMP-PAN occurs via both physical adsorption due to weak van der Waals forces and ion exchange of ammonium molybdophosphate. The results of adsorption model analyses showed that AMP-PAN has high selectivity for Cs⁺. The maximum adsorption capacities were 0.16, 0.18 and 0.61mmol/g for Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺, respectively. In bi-solute competitive adsorptions, adsorption of one metal ion was suppressed by the presence of competing metal ion. Alkali metal (Na⁺) inhibits adsorption of Cs⁺ and the presence of Ca²⁺ ion decreased the adsorption of Co²⁺ onto AMP-PAN. Adsorption behaviors of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ onto AMP-PAN in the presence of surfactants were quiet different. The presence of cationic (OTMA and HDTMA) and anionic surfactants (SDBS and SOBS) decreased adsorption of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ onto AMP-PAN, but that of non-ionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Triton X-100) did not. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Soil, sediments, water and plant samples from the mining zone of Molango were collected and analyzed and Mn-tolerant and Mn-accumulator plants were identified. Soil and sediments presented moderately alkaline and reducing conditions, a normal electrical conductivity, a sandy texture and medium-to-high cation exchange capacities. These properties favored the presence of Mn²⁺, which is the form most easily assimilated by plants, and the total Mn concentration (11,637-106,104 mg kg^-1 dried weight, DW) was at phytotoxic level. Water was also an important Mn source. Equisetum hyemale and Telypteris kunthii survived in the presence of such Mn concentrations using an exclusion strategy, while Cnidoscolus multilobus, Platanus mexicana, Solanum diversifolium, Asclepius curassavica L. and Pluchea sympitifolia employed an accumulation strategy. These plants could be useful to re-vegetate and stabilize Mn tailings in order to decrease the erosion effects. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spent grain (SG) was functionalized with thioglycollic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) medium using sodium bisulfate monohydrate (NaHSO₄·H₂O) as a catalyst, followed by treatment with sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na₂S·9H₂O). Characterization of thiol-functionalized spent grain (TFSG) was performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These analytical results revealed the emergence of S-H and C{double bond, long}O groups after the chemical modification, indicating that thiol groups were successfully grafted onto TFSG. As compared with SG, TFSG showed significant improvement in terms of metal loading capacity. Typically, adsorption capacity for Zn²⁺ was increased from 125.76 mg g^-1 of SG to 227.37 mg g^-1 of TFSG, which was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. This increase may be attributed to both the formation of ester linkage and the grafting of thiol groups onto TFSG. The experimental results indicate that TFSG is a promising adsorbent for removal heavy metals from contaminated water. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The untreated industrial and sewage wastes arising from industries and metropolitan activities make their passage to the River Ravi, Pakistan, where Balloki Headworks is one of the major sites of effluent concentration. This study was designed to evaluate the concentration of various toxic elements in fishes of that area compared to a nearby fish farm. The concentrations of heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn, and electrolytes Ca, K, and Na were determined in different edible and non-edible fresh water fish varieties. Fish samples were collected from two selected sites and were analyzed for aforementioned elements. Higher levels of As (35.74-45.33 ppm), Cd (0.35-0.45 ppm), Pb (2.1-3.0 ppm), Hg (83.03-92.35 ppm) while normal levels of Zn (37.85-40.74 ppm) and Cu (1.39-2.93 ppm) were bserved. Mercury, higher levels of which trigger cough, impairment of pulmonary function, and psychotic reactions, was significantly higher in all studied categories. At the sites under study, there has been observed alarming levels of toxic metals which are needed to be monitored regularly. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010.

When the UK's Calder Hall nuclear power station was connected to the grid in 1956, the programmes that made this possible involved a powerful combination of basic and applied research. Both the science and the engineering were novel, addressing new and challenging problems. That the last Calder Hall reactor was shut down only in 2003 attests to the success of the work. The strengths of bringing basic science to bear on applications continued to be recognized until the 1980s, when government and management fashions changed. This paper identifies a few of the technology challenges, and shows how novel basic science emerged from them and proved essential in their resolution. Today, as the threat of climate change becomes accepted, it has become clear that there is no credible solution without nuclear energy. The design and construction of new fission reactors will need continuing innovation, with the interplay between the science and technology being a crucial component. © 2010 The Royal Society.

The management of radioactive waste has become a significant challenge for mankind as nuclear technology becomes increasingly commonplace. Many studies find Australia to be the ideal location to host a deep geological repository for permanent storage of high level radioactive waste (HLW). Despite ventures like the Pangea Resources study proposing a deep geological HLW repository in Australia, ardent political and social opposition has halted any real progress thus far. Researchers and industry experts are yet to identify a suitable location within Australia to host such a project. This paper presents a site selection study to identify and analyse a suitable location within Australia to host a deep geological HLW repository. Following the selection of a suitable site at Maralinga (site coordinates: 132° 30' 0 E, 29° 30' 0 S), core samples have been identified and inspected. This allowed for a suitable repository design to be chosen to match the geological conditions. A corresponding fracture network has been developed using FracMan and a solute transport simulation has been carried out to test the hydraulic performance of the site. This study indicates that the bedrock around the above mentioned coordinates is suitable for retarding radionuclide migration over a significant time period. Following the fracture modelling, a repository design for the considered geological conditions has been identified. Three dimensional finite element stress analysis has been conducted to verify the suitability of the chosen repository design for the geological conditions at Maralinga.

Wastewater generated in industrial production processes are often contaminated by hazardous chemicals. Characterization by means of toxicity-directed analysis is useful for identifying which fractions of a waste stream possess the most toxicity. We applied this approach to evaluate toxic components of a polyester manufacturing wastewater. Using the reduction in oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge as an indicator of toxicity, it was determined that increasing the pH from 3 to 11 followed by air stripping significantly reduced the toxicity of the wastewater. Comparative headspace GC/MS analysis of wastewater at different pHs selected a group of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) associated with the observed effect of air stripping at pH 11. Ten of these compounds were identified as a,b unsaturated aldehydes (acrolein (2-propenal) congeners)

In the present study, the treatment of metal plating wastewater containing complexed metals originating from the nickel and zinc plating process by electrocoagulation (EC) using stainless steel electrodes was explored. In order to improve the organic matter removal efficiency, the effect of H ₂O₂ addition to the electrocoagulation (the combined EC/Fenton process) application was investigated. For this purpose, a wide range of H₂O₂ concentrations varying between 15 and 230 mM was tested. All EC and EC/Fenton processes were performed at an initial pH of 2.6 and at an optimized current density of 22 mA/cm². Although up to 30 mM H₂O₂ addition improved the EC process performance in terms of organic matter abatement, the highest COD and TOC removal efficiencies were obtained for the combined EC/Fenton process in the presence of 20 mM H ₂O₂. Nickel and zinc were completely removed for all runs tested in the present study after pH adjustments. At the optimized operation conditions, the combined EC/Fenton process proved to be an alternative treatment method for the improvement of organic matter reduction as well as complexed metal removal from metal plating industry wastewater. © IWA Publishing 2010.

A large variety of ornamental and decorative items are manufactured from bone waste by various unorganized sectors in India. An initial survey indicated that workers were exposed at various phases of final product. The subjects (12 industrial units) were tested for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter <

This paper provides an up-to-date assessment of global mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. On an annual basis, natural sources account for 5207 Mg of mercury released to the global atmosphere, including the contribution from re-emission processes, which are emissions of previously deposited mercury originating from anthropogenic and natural sources, and primary emissions from natural reservoirs. Anthropogenic sources, which include a large number of industrial point sources, are estimated to account for 2320 Mg of mercury emitted annually. The major contributions are from fossil-fuel fired power plants (810 Mg yr^-1), artisanal small scale gold mining (400 Mg yr^-1), non-ferrous metals manufacturing (310 Mg yr^-1), cement production (236 Mg yr^-1), waste disposal (187 Mg yr ^-1) and caustic soda production (163 Mg yr^-1). Therefore, our current estimate of global mercury emissions suggests that the overall contribution from natural sources (primary emissions + re-emissions) and anthropogenic sources is nearly 7527 Mg per year, the uncertainty associated with these estimates are related to the typology of emission sources and source regions. © 2010 Author(s).

In this study, it was aimed to mesaure the level of contamination in some agricultural plants in Gaziantep caused by the lead (Pb) content in waste water used to irrigate these plants.

Unsteady jet mixing of Non-Newtonian fluids was investigated in order to develop a mixing correlation for treatment of stored radioactive waste prior to disposal. The radioactive waste was simulated by using carbopol mixtures, which, possess both Newtonian and NonNewtonian fluid rheologkal characteristics. A pArtigo image velocimetry (PIV) technique with high spatial and temporal resolution was used to measure jet axial velocity, vector field velocity, and mixing properties of the carbopol mixtures. The relationship between the decaying jet axial velocity tank geometry, fluid rheology and initial jet velocity were determined. A mathematical correlation was developed to estimate jet velocity in submerged jetagitated tanks using the Buckingham Pi theorem and Dimensionless Numbers that influence the jet velocity and agitation in the tank. Copyright © 2010 by ASME.

The objective of this paper is to develop and present a first principle balance model that allows to characterize the dynamical behaviour of composting processes in static pile. One major issue is to be able to use such a model in the design of control laws that allows to optimise on-line the operation of composting processes. In that sense this paper is a preliminary step that unlike the models proposed so far in the scientific literature has the objective to come up with physically based model that will be both simple and reliable. This explains why this paper includes an analysis of the equilibrium points as well as a model parameter sensitivity analysis. © 2010 Lavoisier, Paris.

The first reports of NORM associated with mineral oil & natural gases appeared in 1904. The occurrence of helium in natural gas and its radiogenic origins was observed and exploited during the 1920's. Later reports describe the occurrence of radium in reservoir water from oil & gas fields since the 1930's. In the 1970's & 1980's several observations prompted renewed interest. Radioactive Scale Formation was presented to the RSC in Manchester and the OTC in 1985. Published in JPT June 1987, it has taken 20 years for these papers to be fully recognized as seminal Artigos by the international oil & gas industry. The lessons learned by the international oil & gas industry, health & safety professionals and health physicists over the last 20 years from these seminal papers must be clearly understood and applied today. The original multi-disciplinary applied research work has facilitated a practical and knowledgeable way forward for the oil & gas industry, the regulators, academia and the public (SRS 34, Radiation Protection and Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil & Gas Industry, IAEA, 2003) An October 2008 Louisiana Court highlighted that the JPT June 1987 paper contributed to the body of scientific literature by demonstrating the first correlation between gamma ray well logging units in API and conventional health physics radiological dose units. Prior to this health & safety professionals in the oil & gas industry had not recognized any potential topside health concerns due to radioactive scale in tubulars based upon API units in well logging Artigos etc. This paper will show that the new challenges arising during decommissioning and with radioactive waste may be addressed through a combination of current best practice and innovative thinking provided we remember the lessons to be learnt and progress over the last century (IAEA 2008). Copyright 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

The effective capture and storage of radiological iodine (¹²⁹I) remains a strong concern for safe nuclear waste storage and safe nuclear energy. Silver-containing mordenite (MOR) is a longstanding benchmark for iodine capture

O processo de geracao e de disposicao final de residuos em todas as suas formas tem sido responsavel por problemas econ

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A industria produtora de estanho e chumbo metalicos localizada em Pirapora do Bom Jesus, estado de Sao Paulo e responsavel pela producao anual de cerca de 7000 toneladas de estanho e 350 toneladas de chumbo. A materia prima utilizada nesse processamento e a cassiterita a qual apresenta em sua composicao concentracoes de radionuclideos naturais de ur

Atualmente sao muito discutidos temas que abordam a preservacao do meio ambiente, para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de producao que nao a agridam, gerando residuos menos toxicos e em menor quantidade. Residuos poluentes contendo metais como o cr

Os para-raios radioativos foram fabricados no Brasil ate 1989, quando a Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) suspendeu a concessao de uso de material radioativo nesses artefatos. Desde entao, o para-raios radioativo tem sido substituido por outro, do tipo Franklin, e recolhido como rejeito radioativo. Entretanto, apenas 23 % do total fabricado no pais foram entregues a CNEN. Esta situacao e preocupante, pois a chance, desses artefatos serem descartados como residuo comum e chegarem a lixoes, e grande, uma vez que, segundo dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE), em 2000, 63,6 % dos municipios brasileiros dispunham o residuo nesses locais. Alem disso, o americio, o radionuclideo mais empregado, e classificado como sendo um elemento de alta toxicidade, quando ingerido ou inalado. No presente trabalho, foram realizados experimentos de migracao de Am-241 em lisimetros, com o objetivo de se avaliar o risco de contaminacao provocada por para-raios radioativos descartados como residuo comum. Fontes radioativas removidas de para-raios foram inseridas em lisimetros preenchidos com residuo org

O trabalho realizado teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de pre-concentracao para determinacao de mercurio reativo, ou seja, a fracao de mercurio suscetivel a reducao com cloreto estanoso, utilizando analise em fluxo e deteccao fotometrica, de forma a apresentar vantagens como: boa estabilidade e reprodutibilidade, custo menor em relacao as tecnicas espectrometricas, e execucao automatica de algumas de suas etapas. O mercurio reativo e reduzido por Sn(ll) e arrastado ate um filme de solucao de H2O2 em meio de acido nitrico, formado na superficie interna de um tubo de vidro, que oxida o mercurio metalico, retendo-o como Hg(II). O reagente cromogenico empregado foi o 4-(2-piridilazo)resorcinol (PAR), tendo em vista principalmente a sua solubilidade em meio aquoso. A estabilidade do complexo formado entre o PAR e o mercurio foi investigada mediante a variacao da concentracao dos demais reagentes utilizados (acido nitrico, peroxido de hidrogenio e solucao tampao). Na otimizacao do modulo de pre-concentracao, alem destes estudos, tambem foi avaliado o efeito dos demais par

Em funcao da diversidade dos residuos gerados, a disposicao adequada dos rejeitos de laboratorio e incipiente. Para atender 'as boas praticas de laboratorio e as exigencias legais e mister implementa-la. Para avaliar os procedimentos adotados em tres instituicoes publicas, designadas A, B e C, foram entrevistados 124 analistas de nivel superior e medio, 50 docentes, 14 pos-graduandos e 4 estagiarios de iniciacao cientifica, e responderam a questionario especifico 89 analistas e pos-graduandos. Atraves desses instrumentos, identificou-se os tipos e quantidades de residuos gerados, em situacao de rotina e emergencia; verificou-se, por meio de modelos de regressao logistica, as variaveis associadas a percepcao do corpo funcional quanto ao correto descarte dos residuos gerados e discutiu-se possiveis impactos sobre a saude humana.

Neste presente trabalho sera abordado o residuo quimico ativo gerado nos laboratorios da UNICAMP com o desenvolvimento de um inventario da geracao deste residuo e diagnostico de sua atual disposicao. Desta forma, indicar-se-a diretrizes gerais para o seu gerenciamento, visando ao uso sustentavel dos reagentes nos laboratorios e a reducao dos possiveis impactos negativos ao ambiente

Este projeto tem como objetivo o estudo da remocao, por adsorcao, de metais pesados de efluentes contaminados, mais especificamente o zinco, niquel e chumbo, utilizando-se um processo de leito fluidizado e tendo como solido adsorvente, uma zeolita sintetica. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho serao realizados as seguintes etapas: - Determinacao das condicoes fluidodin

Ha mais de cem anos as baterias de chumbo-acido sao fabricadas e utilizadas como fonte de energia em automoveis e atividades que necessitam de energia ininterrupta. Com a diminuicao das reservas naturais e o aumento da demanda por baterias, a reciclagem passou a ter um papel fundamental. Residuos gerados a partir do processo de obtencao e reciclagem de chumbo podem ser adicionados ao ambiente, contaminando o ar, a agua e o solo, sendo que o chumbo e um metal altamente toxico que provoca uma doenca chamada saturnismo ou plumbismo. O Brasil e o maior consumidor de chumbo da America Latina, cerca de 120000 toneladas/ano, e possui grande capacidade de reciclagem. O processo de reciclagem e constituido de varias etapas: separacao, classificacao e recuperacao do chumbo metalico.Apos a trituracao da bateria e separacao dos componentes, os nao metalicos sao classificados e preparados para reciclagem ou armazenados adequadamente. A sucata metalica de chumbo, composta de chumbo metalico, oxidos e sulfato de chumbo, e submetida a um processo de reducao a uma temperatura de 1000oC, em fornos verticais (blast furnace), fornos de reverberacao ou fornos rotativos. O objetivo deste projeto e analisar o processo de reciclagem de baterias, identificar as possiveis vias de contaminacao, quantificar as emissoes de poluentes para o ar, o solo e a agua e produzir alguns indicadores ambientais de emissoes do processo.

The work was performed in the municipal district of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro State and had as objective to obtain information on the contents of chemical forms of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil Gleissolo pouco humico treated with composted urban residues, and the concentrations in the leaves and fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Three areas with different land use history were used: area that received doses of 40 t.ha^-1 of composted of urban solid residue (CRSU) in the surface for eleven consecutive years

Several Marlim vacuum residue (VR) hydroconversion experiments were conducted in a batch reactor with changing temperature, time and catalyst mass (NiMo/

The mineralogy of anodic portions of spent alkaline batteries from a leading brand (Duracell) that had been equilibrated in ambient air for approximately 4 months was investigated to determine if material generated from this low energy process may be suitable stock material for recycling. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified the bulk of the ambient air oxidized anodic material as zincite (ZnO). Scanning electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures of zincite are present with euhedral hexagonal prisms being the most common crystal form. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that there are no minor amounts of Mn within the zincite. Transmission electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures exist in the <2 µm size fraction including near euhedral prismatic crystals, crystals with step-fashion terminations and indentations, heavily corroded zincite and near amorphous aggregates of anastomozing zinc oxide. Impurities in the <2 µm size fraction include minor amounts of unidentified mixed sulfate materials and are interpreted as dominantly occurring as thin coatings on zincite pArtigos. Discrete submicrometer-sized spherical and rhomboid pArtigos of Zn-Mn oxides are also common impurities in the <2 µm size fraction but occurr at abundance of <1% by volume. This study provides new baseline information that can be used to develop large scale recycling of zincite from spent alkaline batteries. A promising applications of zincite are numerous, including the development of new solar cell materials. The spent alkaline battery waste stream may serve as promising resource for driving further development of this sector of the economy. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contamination of metal ions in soil and water represents more pressing threats to resources as well as human health. The present research was carried out to screen the phytosequester plants growing in industrial waste- and wastewater-affected industrial areas of Okhla, New Delhi, India. Accumulation trend of metal Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As from soil and wastewater by plants were collected for study. Among aquatic plants Hydrilla verticillata, Marsilea quadrifolia, and Ipomea aquatica were found to be highest metals accumulator, Eclipta alba and Sesbania cannabina among terrestrial plant were highest accumulator of metals. Among the algal spp. Spirulina platensis and Phormidium papyraceum were the most efficient in accumulating Cd and Hg. The maximum bioconcentration factor (BCF) was recorded in Hygroryza aristata for the metals (Hg, Cd) in M. quadrifolia (Cd, Cr), in E. alba (Cr, Cu), and in S. platensis (Hg, Pb). However, the translocation factor (TF) of metals was found more in M. quadrifolia followed by I. aquatica than other plants. Among all the plants, H. verticillata showed high TF and low BCF values for toxic metals (Pb, Cr) and was suitable for phytostabilization of these metals. Our study showed that native plant species growing on contaminated sites may have a potential of phytosequestration of these metals. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

The influence of pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cu(II) concentration and contact time on the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by the batch adsorption technique using waste tire rubber ash as a low-cost adsorbent was investigated. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 2 h at pH 4-6, the optimum for the adsorption of Cu(II) ions. A dose of 1.5 g/L of adsorbent was sufficient for the optimum removal of copper ions. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the corresponding sorption constants were evaluated. The adsorption kinetics data were fitted by a first-order equation. The cost of removal is expected to be quite low, as the adsorbent is cheap and easily available in large quantities. The present study showed that waste tire rubber ash was capable of removing copper ions from industrial wastewater samples.

Thermodynamic data for palladium(II) in Pd2sup>-OH ^--ClO₄^- system were obtained through critical Estudos and reinterpretations of literature data using the Bra

In aqueous systems, chromium usually exists in both trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states, being Cr(VI) of particular importance and concern due to its great toxicity. Industrial sources of Cr(VI) are leather tanning, mining of chrome ore, production of steel and alloys, etc. The most common conventional method for Cr(VI) removal is reduction to Cr(III) at pH 2.0 and precipitation of Cr (OH)(3) with lime at pH 9-10. The disadvantage of precipitation is the disposal of the solid waste. Adsorption of Cr by different low cost materials seems to be a suitable choice for wastewater treatment. Many by-products of agriculture have proved to be suitable low cost adsorbents for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) removal from water. Lignocellulosic residues, which include both wood residues and agricultural residues, have adsorption capacity comparable to other natural sorbents, but they have the advantage of very low or no cost, great availability and simple operational process. This study is a Estudo of the recent literature on the use of natural and modified lignocellulosic residues for Cr adsorption. The Cr maximum adsorption capacity and the adsorption mechanism under different experimental conditions are reported when possibly. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper discusses the investigation of an accident caused by the mixing of incompatible chemicals, a strong oxidizing agent with a reducing agent. The exact mixture and sequence of mixing was unknown, but the materials included an aqueous solution of 40% sodium permanganate and possibly sodium thiosulfate or sodium metabisulfite. These chemicals were part of a new technology being pilot-tested for remediating contaminated groundwater. Throughout the pilot test, excess waste permanganate was transported by hand in five-gallon pails from the injection area to a designated nearby area for neutralization. During one such transfer, a worker was seriously burned when a pail of sodium permanganate solution erupted onto him. The liquid splashed onto and ignited his clothing. A puzzling feature of this accident was the apparent time delay between chemical addition and the subsequent reaction. Various chemical addition scenarios were evaluated by thermodynamic calculations, followed by laboratory, pilot, and full scale tests. The test results revealed that while some chemical addition scenarios resulted in a prompt exothermic reaction with the generation of steam

⁹⁰Sr is one of the major isotopes present in the low level radioactive liquid waste (LLW) generated during operation of nuclear reactors and spent fuel reprocessing plants. A composite ion exchange material consisting of hydrous manganese oxide and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) was developed for removal of strontium from aqueous radioactive waste. The prepared composite material showed very good strontium adsorption properties in aqueous solutions. Sorption of strontium on the composite material as a function of pH, equilibration time and strontium ion concentrations were studied. The process of sorption of strontium from solution was analysed using different isotherm models like Langmuir, D-R and Freundlich. Four different error functions were employed to find out the most suitable isotherm model to represent the experimental data and it was found that Freundlich model best fits the sorption of strontium on the composite material. Analysis of the data obtained from the sorption kinetics studies showed that the data fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Lab scale column performance study of the composite material revealed that the material could be effectively used in column operations to remove strontium from LLW solutions. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study was conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals in two different contaminated field soils, and to assess its influence on remedial performance. The two field soils were obtained from two different polluted industrial sites in the Metropolitan Chicago area and were characterized for physical and chemical properties. The soils were referred to as silty sand and silty clay, based on their pArtigo-size distribution. A five-step sequential liquid-solid extraction procedure was used to speciate the heavy metals into: (1) easily exchangeable

This paper quantitatively assesses the influence of a new accounting system for liability provisions. According to the analysis results, the new accounting system was able to estimate more accurate amounts of the radwaste's costs than that of previous accounting systems. Removing a steep increase of liability provisions over time recognized acquisition costs of the related assets. For example, it was identified that the transferred decommissioning costs were able to decrease 52% in 2040 because the new accounting system recognized great costs earlier in time when compared to the outdated version of the accounting system. Additionally, in order to secure a radwaste's fund for NPPs, the Korean Radwaste Management Act was legislated in 2007 thanks to government efforts. This Act has been a cornerstone in the levy and operation of the radwaste fund with cash liquidity. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The rising quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) around the world necessitates new approaches for sustainable management of this waste stream. One strategy for managing this waste stream is the use of e-waste mono disposal landfills, or monofills, as temporary storage for future mining. E-waste monofills can be a sustainable waste management solution. However, lifecycle costs must be considered to determine if e-waste monofills are feasible alternatives. The lifecycle cost of e-waste monofilling depends on a variety of different variables, including the configuration of the containment system and discretionary operational considerations. Classification of e-waste as hazardous waste suggests that a RCRA Subtitle C-compliant (hazardous waste landfill) containment system should be employed. However, available data indicates that a RCRA Subtitle D-compliant (municipal solid waste landfill) containment systems should provide more than adequate environmental protection. Discretionary landfill operational decisions that may impact lifecycle cost include processing e-waste prior to placement and/or placement of the e-waste in a soil matrix. Ultimately, the feasibility of e-waste monofilling depends upon the potential value assigned to future recovery.

Electronic waste legislation is non-uniform, at both the national and global level, and a variety of financial and collection schemes exist [1, 2]. In some locations, e-waste stakeholders have preempted mandatory take-back by creating heir own e-waste programs. Whether involved by mandate or voluntarily, stakeholders would like to develop strategies that minimize their financial burden. However, the economic performance of an e-waste recovery system is affected by collection and market uncertainties. Thus, to ensure system success, stakeholders must first understand the impact of uncertainty on economic performance.

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is defined as discarded or obsolete electronic devices such as computers. E-waste presents a challenge to domestic and global waste infrastructure because of its large quantities, short product life, and decreasing product size [1]-[3]. These changes are due to constantly changing product characteristics and rapid technological innovation. E-waste is known to contain valuable materials such as gold and copper, which can generate revenue from recycling e-waste and recovering materials. State of the art recycling technologies available to recover materials from e-waste

The potential for environmental, social, and economic advances enabled by information and communication technologies (ICTs) is tremendous: 'Smart Grid' systems hold promise for resource conservation and climate change mitigation

Heavy metals, lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are non-essential elements. Plants absorb these metals from soil, water and air through their roots and leaves. Heavy metals are the major environmental pollutants, which spread to soil through the use of pesticides, herbicides and micronutrient fertilizers, industrial effluents, decay of junk materials and sewage sludge, vehicular emissions, re-suspended road dust, diesel generator sets and coal-based thermal power plants. Sewage and sludge have contributed to heavy metal contamination of peri-urban lands and vegetable crops. The present Estudo focuses on the effects of various concentrations of Hg on growth of young and mature seedlings as well as on nitrate reductase activity and nitrate assimilation in intact and excised seedling, especially the mechanism underlying nitrate reductase regulation by this heavy metal. Evidence indicates that mercury exerts significant adverse effects on the physiological activity of plants. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a uranium enrichment facility built in the mid-1950s in western Kentucky. Many thousands of people over several generations have been employed at, or in activities devoted to, the PGDP. Over the years, the plant has also generated significant nuclear and industrial contamination. This contamination is composed of various surface disposal activities, such as burial grounds, which have resulted in multiple potential sites across the plant grounds, and in surface and subsurface water contamination, the extent and full nature of which is still subject to ongoing research and monitoring. Because of this, the PGDP retains a joint legacy as a regional economic engine and a major source of environmental contamination and worker exposure. Because of advances in the technology of uranium enrichment, however, there are expectations that the plant eventually will be decommissioned. This will result in dramatic impacts on the region's economy and encourage the pursuit of replacement activities for the site. This, in turn, will highlight the complications arising from various sorts of contamination, as well as the strategies for mitigating them. Thus, envisioning a future for the plant site is a complex decision making process involving a wide range of variables that interact with each other in intricate and not altogether-understood ways. Proactively involving the affected community in a productive way is the challenge. © 2010 ASCE.

This Artigo is based on a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) that was performed on a radioactive waste disposal area within the Western New York Nuclear Service Center in western New York State. The QRA results were instrumental in the decision by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority to support a strategy of in-place management of the disposal area for another decade. The QRA methodology adopted for this first of a kind application was a scenario-based approach in the framework of the triplet definition of risk (scenarios, likelihoods, consequences). The measure of risk is the frequency of occurrence of different levels of radiation dose to humans at prescribed locations. The risk from each scenario is determined by (1) the frequency of disruptive events or natural processes that cause a release of radioactive materials from the disposal area

Mixtures of sand and bentonite will be used as bentonite-based backfill materials for high-level radioactive waste repositories. They are also used in Japan as artificial barriers in disposal facilities for low-level radioactive waste. Very low hydraulic conductivity of the sand-bentonite mixture is expected to keep wastes separated from the surrounding environment. Some researchers have investigated hydraulic conductivities of sand-bentonite materials at different dry densities and at different mass ratios of sand and bentonite to design and develop specifications of the materials described above.However, the function of low permeability of those materials is degraded by the altered hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures after swelling deformation. This study investigates experimentally hydraulic conductivity changes before and after swelling for sand-bentonite materials. Furthermore, results confirm the applicability of theoretical equations for evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of compacted bentonites and sand-bentonite mixtures, which have already been proposed in Komine (2008), by comparing calculated results and experimental results. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The feasibility of using ion-exchange resins to sep arate cobalt and antimony from zirconium in acid solu tions was investigated. The distribution coefficients of zirconium, cobalt, and antimony on strong cation and anion exchangers in HC1 and oxalic acid media were determined. The mass effect of zirconium on the distri bution coefficients of cobalt and antimony was studied. The isotherm for zirconium was obtained in HCI solu tion. The distribution coefficient and isotherm data were used to develop ion-exchange processes for separation of cobalt and antimony from zirconium in the linear and nonlinear regions of the isotherm. A decontamination factor of more than 10³ was achieved in a single ion- exchange cycle with respect to both cobalt and antimony. Two cycles of ion exchange will bring down the activity to acceptable levels for processing of irradiated zirco nium as well as achieve a significant reduction in the waste volume. This is the first paper on separation of ⁶⁰Co and ¹²⁵Sb from zirconium for radioactive waste management.

Cement-based grout plays a significant role in the design and performance of nuclear waste repositories: used correctly, it can enhance their safety. However, the high water-to-binder ratios, which are required to meet the desired workability and injection ability at early age, lead to high porosity that may affect the durability of this material and undermine its long-term geochemical performance. In this paper, a new methodology is presented in order to help the process of mix design which best meets the compromise between these two conflicting requirements. It involves the combined use of the computer programs CEMHYD3D for the generation of digital-image-based microstructures and CrunchFlow, for the reactive transport calculations affecting the materials so simulated. This approach is exemplified with two grout types, namely, the so-called Standard mix 5/5, used in the upper parts of the structure, and the low-pH P308B, to be injected at higher depths. The results of the digital reconstruction of the mineralogical composition of the hardened paste are entirely logical, as the microstructures display high degrees of hydration, large porosities and low or nil contents of aluminium compounds. Diffusion of solutes in the pore solution was considered to be the dominant transport process. A single scenario was studied for both mix designs and their performances were compared. The reactive transport model adequately reproduces the process of decalcification of the C-S-H and the precipitation of calcite, which is corroborated by empirical observations. It was found that the evolution of the deterioration process is sensitive to the chemical composition of groundwater, its effects being more severe when grout is set under continuous exposure to poorly mineralized groundwater. Results obtained appear to indicate that a correct conceptualization of the problem was accomplished and support the assumption that, in absence of more reliable empirical data, it might constitute a useful tool to estimate the durability of cement-based structures. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The industrial treatment of spent nuclear fuel is based upon a hydrometallurgical process in nitric acid medium. In order to minimize the volume of radioactive waste it seems interesting to generate the reactive species in situ in such solutions using ultrasonic irradiation without addition of salt-forming reagents. This Estudo summarizes for the first time the versatile sonochemical processes with uranium, neptunium and plutonium in homogeneous nitric acid solutions and heterogeneous systems. The dissolution of refractory solids, ultrasonically driven liquid-liquid extraction and the sonochemical degradation of the volatile products of organic solvent radiolysis issued from PUREX process are considered. Also the guidelines for required further work to ensure successful application of the studied processes at industrial scale are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The uptakes of Cs, Co and Sr ions onto nano crystalline silicotitanate (IONSIV™ IE-911, UOP) were investigated by using batch sorbers. The nanostructured adsorbent has many advantages such as high active surface area, fast diffusion rates and lower amount needs. Equilibrium sorption characteristics of Cs, Co and Sr ions onto the sorbent were investigated. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were fitted to the experimental data. Using the Langmuir model, the predicted sorption capacity of Cs, Co and Sr onto the silicotitanate at pHs 5, 7 and 9 was in the order Cs > Sr > Co. The silicotitanate was highly selective for Cs due to the ion exchange with sodium and hydrogen ions. The Langmuir model fitted better than the Freundlich and D-R models to the experimental data for the metals (0.83 < R2 < 0.97). Copyright © 2010 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

The microporous material Ionsiv is used for ¹³⁷Cs removal from aqueous nuclear waste streams. In the UK, Cs-loaded Ionsiv is classed as an intermediate-level waste

Controlling the stability and rheological properties of colloidal slurries has been an important but challenging issue for various industries such as cosmetics, ceramic processing, and nuclear waste treatment. For example, at the US Department of Energy Hanford and Savannah River sites, operation of the waste treatment facilities with increased solids loading increases waste processing rates but negatively impacts the rheological properties. We investigated various rheological modifiers on a Fe₂O₃/Al(OH)₃-rich nuclear waste simulant, characterized by high ionic strength and pH, to reduce yield stress of the colloidal slurry. Rheological modifiers change pArtigo interactions in colloidal slurries

In this work, consideration is given to the feasibility of using hydrothermal oxidation for the destruction of organic ⁶⁰Co complexes during the course of the treatment of medium-level liquid radioactive wastes with a high salt content-evaporator concentrate in the reactor water cleanup system-formed at nuclear power plants (NPPs). It has been shown that hydrothermal oxidation makes it possible to effectively solve the problem of the selective extraction of the radionuclides of transition metals ( ⁶⁰Co, ⁵⁴Mn) with a minimum volume of solid radioactive wastes being formed. The results of laboratory experiments and pilot tests of the hydrothermal oxidation installation at the Novovoronezhskaya and the Kurskaya NPPs are presented. The general scheme of the hydrothermal technology of processing the evaporator concentrate at nuclear power plants is proposed. © 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

The interaction between concrete/cement and swelling clay (bentonite) has been modeled in the context of engineered barrier systems for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The geochemical transformations observed in laboratory diffusion experiments at 60 and 90 °C between bentonite and different high-pH solutions (K-Na-OH and Ca(OH)₂-saturated) were reconciled with the reactive transport code CrunchFlow. For K-Na-OH solutions (pH = 13.5 at 25 °C) partial dissolution of montmorillonite and precipitation of Mg-silicates (talc-like), hydrotalcite and brucite at the interface are predicted at 60 °C, while at 90 °C the alteration is wider. Alkaline cations diffused beyond the mineralogical alteration zone by means of exchange with Mg²⁺ in the interlayer region of montmorillonite. Very slow reactivity and minor alteration of the clay are predicted in the Ca(OH)₂-bentonite system. The model is a reasonable description of the experiments but also demonstrates the difficulties in modeling processes operating at a small scale under a diffusive regime. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The evaluation and assessment of monitoring data generated over a period of 1983-2007 (25 years) of a nuclear facility is presented. Time trends of particulate radioactivity, correlation between ¹³⁷Cs in discharge canal seawater and station discharged activity and correlation of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ¹³¹I in marine species such as sponge and Nerita (gastropod) and corresponding discharged activity are discussed. The concentration of ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³¹I in seawater versus biota are discussed. A good correlation between ¹³⁷Cs in seawater and ¹³⁷Cs in liquid waste discharged was observed (R² = 0.8, p <

Applicability of ammonium molybdophosphate-polyacrylonitrile (AMP-PAN) on the adsorptive removal of Co, Sr and Cs in the radioactive laundry wastewater generated from nuclear power plants was investigated. Single- and bi-solute competitive adsorptions of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ onto AMP-PAN were investigated. The influencing factors such as co-existing metal ion and surfactants were investigated. Adsorption of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ onto AMP-PAN occurs via both physical adsorption due to weak van der Waals forces and ion exchange of ammonium molybdophosphate. The results of adsorption model analyses showed that AMP-PAN has high selectivity for Cs⁺. The maximum adsorption capacities were 0.16, 0.18 and 0.61mmol/g for Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺, respectively. In bi-solute competitive adsorptions, adsorption of one metal ion was suppressed by the presence of competing metal ion. Alkali metal (Na⁺) inhibits adsorption of Cs⁺ and the presence of Ca²⁺ ion decreased the adsorption of Co²⁺ onto AMP-PAN. Adsorption behaviors of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ onto AMP-PAN in the presence of surfactants were quiet different. The presence of cationic (OTMA and HDTMA) and anionic surfactants (SDBS and SOBS) decreased adsorption of Co²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ onto AMP-PAN, but that of non-ionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Triton X-100) did not. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Soil, sediments, water and plant samples from the mining zone of Molango were collected and analyzed and Mn-tolerant and Mn-accumulator plants were identified. Soil and sediments presented moderately alkaline and reducing conditions, a normal electrical conductivity, a sandy texture and medium-to-high cation exchange capacities. These properties favored the presence of Mn²⁺, which is the form most easily assimilated by plants, and the total Mn concentration (11,637-106,104 mg kg^-1 dried weight, DW) was at phytotoxic level. Water was also an important Mn source. Equisetum hyemale and Telypteris kunthii survived in the presence of such Mn concentrations using an exclusion strategy, while Cnidoscolus multilobus, Platanus mexicana, Solanum diversifolium, Asclepius curassavica L. and Pluchea sympitifolia employed an accumulation strategy. These plants could be useful to re-vegetate and stabilize Mn tailings in order to decrease the erosion effects. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spent grain (SG) was functionalized with thioglycollic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) medium using sodium bisulfate monohydrate (NaHSO₄·H₂O) as a catalyst, followed by treatment with sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na₂S·9H₂O). Characterization of thiol-functionalized spent grain (TFSG) was performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These analytical results revealed the emergence of S-H and C{double bond, long}O groups after the chemical modification, indicating that thiol groups were successfully grafted onto TFSG. As compared with SG, TFSG showed significant improvement in terms of metal loading capacity. Typically, adsorption capacity for Zn²⁺ was increased from 125.76 mg g^-1 of SG to 227.37 mg g^-1 of TFSG, which was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. This increase may be attributed to both the formation of ester linkage and the grafting of thiol groups onto TFSG. The experimental results indicate that TFSG is a promising adsorbent for removal heavy metals from contaminated water. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The untreated industrial and sewage wastes arising from industries and metropolitan activities make their passage to the River Ravi, Pakistan, where Balloki Headworks is one of the major sites of effluent concentration. This study was designed to evaluate the concentration of various toxic elements in fishes of that area compared to a nearby fish farm. The concentrations of heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn, and electrolytes Ca, K, and Na were determined in different edible and non-edible fresh water fish varieties. Fish samples were collected from two selected sites and were analyzed for aforementioned elements. Higher levels of As (35.74-45.33 ppm), Cd (0.35-0.45 ppm), Pb (2.1-3.0 ppm), Hg (83.03-92.35 ppm) while normal levels of Zn (37.85-40.74 ppm) and Cu (1.39-2.93 ppm) were bserved. Mercury, higher levels of which trigger cough, impairment of pulmonary function, and psychotic reactions, was significantly higher in all studied categories. At the sites under study, there has been observed alarming levels of toxic metals which are needed to be monitored regularly. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010.

When the UK's Calder Hall nuclear power station was connected to the grid in 1956, the programmes that made this possible involved a powerful combination of basic and applied research. Both the science and the engineering were novel, addressing new and challenging problems. That the last Calder Hall reactor was shut down only in 2003 attests to the success of the work. The strengths of bringing basic science to bear on applications continued to be recognized until the 1980s, when government and management fashions changed. This paper identifies a few of the technology challenges, and shows how novel basic science emerged from them and proved essential in their resolution. Today, as the threat of climate change becomes accepted, it has become clear that there is no credible solution without nuclear energy. The design and construction of new fission reactors will need continuing innovation, with the interplay between the science and technology being a crucial component. © 2010 The Royal Society.

The management of radioactive waste has become a significant challenge for mankind as nuclear technology becomes increasingly commonplace. Many studies find Australia to be the ideal location to host a deep geological repository for permanent storage of high level radioactive waste (HLW). Despite ventures like the Pangea Resources study proposing a deep geological HLW repository in Australia, ardent political and social opposition has halted any real progress thus far. Researchers and industry experts are yet to identify a suitable location within Australia to host such a project. This paper presents a site selection study to identify and analyse a suitable location within Australia to host a deep geological HLW repository. Following the selection of a suitable site at Maralinga (site coordinates: 132° 30' 0 E, 29° 30' 0 S), core samples have been identified and inspected. This allowed for a suitable repository design to be chosen to match the geological conditions. A corresponding fracture network has been developed using FracMan and a solute transport simulation has been carried out to test the hydraulic performance of the site. This study indicates that the bedrock around the above mentioned coordinates is suitable for retarding radionuclide migration over a significant time period. Following the fracture modelling, a repository design for the considered geological conditions has been identified. Three dimensional finite element stress analysis has been conducted to verify the suitability of the chosen repository design for the geological conditions at Maralinga.

Wastewater generated in industrial production processes are often contaminated by hazardous chemicals. Characterization by means of toxicity-directed analysis is useful for identifying which fractions of a waste stream possess the most toxicity. We applied this approach to evaluate toxic components of a polyester manufacturing wastewater. Using the reduction in oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge as an indicator of toxicity, it was determined that increasing the pH from 3 to 11 followed by air stripping significantly reduced the toxicity of the wastewater. Comparative headspace GC/MS analysis of wastewater at different pHs selected a group of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) associated with the observed effect of air stripping at pH 11. Ten of these compounds were identified as a,b unsaturated aldehydes (acrolein (2-propenal) congeners)

In the present study, the treatment of metal plating wastewater containing complexed metals originating from the nickel and zinc plating process by electrocoagulation (EC) using stainless steel electrodes was explored. In order to improve the organic matter removal efficiency, the effect of H ₂O₂ addition to the electrocoagulation (the combined EC/Fenton process) application was investigated. For this purpose, a wide range of H₂O₂ concentrations varying between 15 and 230 mM was tested. All EC and EC/Fenton processes were performed at an initial pH of 2.6 and at an optimized current density of 22 mA/cm². Although up to 30 mM H₂O₂ addition improved the EC process performance in terms of organic matter abatement, the highest COD and TOC removal efficiencies were obtained for the combined EC/Fenton process in the presence of 20 mM H ₂O₂. Nickel and zinc were completely removed for all runs tested in the present study after pH adjustments. At the optimized operation conditions, the combined EC/Fenton process proved to be an alternative treatment method for the improvement of organic matter reduction as well as complexed metal removal from metal plating industry wastewater. © IWA Publishing 2010.

A large variety of ornamental and decorative items are manufactured from bone waste by various unorganized sectors in India. An initial survey indicated that workers were exposed at various phases of final product. The subjects (12 industrial units) were tested for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter <

This paper provides an up-to-date assessment of global mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. On an annual basis, natural sources account for 5207 Mg of mercury released to the global atmosphere, including the contribution from re-emission processes, which are emissions of previously deposited mercury originating from anthropogenic and natural sources, and primary emissions from natural reservoirs. Anthropogenic sources, which include a large number of industrial point sources, are estimated to account for 2320 Mg of mercury emitted annually. The major contributions are from fossil-fuel fired power plants (810 Mg yr^-1), artisanal small scale gold mining (400 Mg yr^-1), non-ferrous metals manufacturing (310 Mg yr^-1), cement production (236 Mg yr^-1), waste disposal (187 Mg yr ^-1) and caustic soda production (163 Mg yr^-1). Therefore, our current estimate of global mercury emissions suggests that the overall contribution from natural sources (primary emissions + re-emissions) and anthropogenic sources is nearly 7527 Mg per year, the uncertainty associated with these estimates are related to the typology of emission sources and source regions. © 2010 Author(s).

In this study, it was aimed to mesaure the level of contamination in some agricultural plants in Gaziantep caused by the lead (Pb) content in waste water used to irrigate these plants.

Unsteady jet mixing of Non-Newtonian fluids was investigated in order to develop a mixing correlation for treatment of stored radioactive waste prior to disposal. The radioactive waste was simulated by using carbopol mixtures, which, possess both Newtonian and NonNewtonian fluid rheologkal characteristics. A pArtigo image velocimetry (PIV) technique with high spatial and temporal resolution was used to measure jet axial velocity, vector field velocity, and mixing properties of the carbopol mixtures. The relationship between the decaying jet axial velocity tank geometry, fluid rheology and initial jet velocity were determined. A mathematical correlation was developed to estimate jet velocity in submerged jetagitated tanks using the Buckingham Pi theorem and Dimensionless Numbers that influence the jet velocity and agitation in the tank. Copyright © 2010 by ASME.

The objective of this paper is to develop and present a first principle balance model that allows to characterize the dynamical behaviour of composting processes in static pile. One major issue is to be able to use such a model in the design of control laws that allows to optimise on-line the operation of composting processes. In that sense this paper is a preliminary step that unlike the models proposed so far in the scientific literature has the objective to come up with physically based model that will be both simple and reliable. This explains why this paper includes an analysis of the equilibrium points as well as a model parameter sensitivity analysis. © 2010 Lavoisier, Paris.

The first reports of NORM associated with mineral oil & natural gases appeared in 1904. The occurrence of helium in natural gas and its radiogenic origins was observed and exploited during the 1920's. Later reports describe the occurrence of radium in reservoir water from oil & gas fields since the 1930's. In the 1970's & 1980's several observations prompted renewed interest. Radioactive Scale Formation was presented to the RSC in Manchester and the OTC in 1985. Published in JPT June 1987, it has taken 20 years for these papers to be fully recognized as seminal Artigos by the international oil & gas industry. The lessons learned by the international oil & gas industry, health & safety professionals and health physicists over the last 20 years from these seminal papers must be clearly understood and applied today. The original multi-disciplinary applied research work has facilitated a practical and knowledgeable way forward for the oil & gas industry, the regulators, academia and the public (SRS 34, Radiation Protection and Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil & Gas Industry, IAEA, 2003) An October 2008 Louisiana Court highlighted that the JPT June 1987 paper contributed to the body of scientific literature by demonstrating the first correlation between gamma ray well logging units in API and conventional health physics radiological dose units. Prior to this health & safety professionals in the oil & gas industry had not recognized any potential topside health concerns due to radioactive scale in tubulars based upon API units in well logging Artigos etc. This paper will show that the new challenges arising during decommissioning and with radioactive waste may be addressed through a combination of current best practice and innovative thinking provided we remember the lessons to be learnt and progress over the last century (IAEA 2008). Copyright 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

The effective capture and storage of radiological iodine (¹²⁹I) remains a strong concern for safe nuclear waste storage and safe nuclear energy. Silver-containing mordenite (MOR) is a longstanding benchmark for iodine capture