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This paper addresses the influence of stabilizer content, compaction effort and curing time on the mechanical strength and swelling of two soils from the Zona da Mata Norte region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two residual gneiss soils from the municipality of Vi?

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the total replacement of corn with a dry residue extracted from cassava starch on production of crossbred heifers in feedlot. Thirty crossbred heifers averaging 21 months of age and 325 kg of body weight were distributed in two experimental groups and then housed in two stalls. Both groups were submitted to a pretrial period of 49 days, in which animals received ad libitum sorghum silage and 1.05% of body weight as concentrate (19.67% CP) composed of soybean meal, corn, and urea. In this period, daily weigh gain (DWG) averaged 1.08 kg for both groups. The experimental period lasted 57 days with animals averaging 378 kg of body weight. At the beginning of the experimental period, one group remained receiving the pre-trial diet while the other was fed ad libitum sorghum silage and 1.18% of body weight as concentrate (18.12% CP) containing dry cassava byproduct rather than corn. Daily weight gain was significantly higher for heifers fed corn-based concentrate (0.97 kg) compared to those receiving dry cassava byproduct-based concentrate (0.78 kg). In addition, dry matter intake and feed conversion were both lower on heifers fed the diet containing dry cassava byproduct.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the chemical composition and protein value of soybean residue, which is a sub product of soybean oil extraction. The centesimal composition, energy value and amino acid contents were determined from soybean residue and soybean grain. The protein value was estimated by means of biological indexes. Weaning male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups that were fed for ten days with 10% protein diets (soybean residue, soybean grain, casein- control) or a non-protein diet. The soybean residue showed a greater content of protein (47%) and lower energetic value (334 kcal/100 g) than soybean grain (40% e 452 kcal/100 g, respectively) and it also showed an essential amino acid score of 101% compared to the reference pattern and protein digestibility of 88%. Protein quality of soybean residue is similar to the protein of soybean grain (protein values of 87% and 85%, respectively), according to RNPR (Relative Net Protein Ratio) and PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score) indexes. The soybean residue is a source of carbohydrates, minerals, fibers and adequate protein in nutritional terms and it shows advantages in relation to soybean grain such as lower energetic value and greater protein content.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) hay with a dehydrated pineapple by-product (DPB) on performance, apparent digestibility, and intake of digestible nutrients in growing goats. Twenty-four crossbred Saanen x Criola female goats averaging 19.2 kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the trial were used in a completely randomized design. Animals were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 0, 33, 66, or 100% of DPB in the diet. Replacing coastcross hay with DPB did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). However, the apparent digestibility of both organic matter (OM) and cellulose (CEL) increased linearly while that of acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed a quadratic effect with the increasing levels of DPB in the diet. The average intake of digestible nutrients, expressed in g/kg BW^0.75, for treatments with 0, 33, 66, or 100% of dietary DPB were in this order: 62.35, 63.58, 59.53 and 54.47 for DM

Twenty crossbred bulls (1/2 and 3/4 Bos taurus x Bos indicus) averaging 24 months of age and 532 kg of body weight at the beginning of the experiment were used. Animals were randomly assigned to five treatments (four replicates/treatment) in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of replacing corn grain with a wet byproduct of cassava starch extraction on apparent digestibility of nutrients. Bulls were fed diets containing sorghum silage and one of the following levels of cassava byproduct in the concentrate: 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100%. No significant differences were observed for apparent digestibility of nutrients that averaged: 65.42% (dry matter), 68.30% (crude protein), 67.72% (ether extract), 49.58% (neutral detergent fiber), 50.71% (acid detergent fiber), and 81.79% (nonfiber carbohydrates). The contents of TDN (65.47%) and ME (2.36 Mcal/kg) also did not differ among diets. Only apparent digestibility of total carbohydrates differed across diets: ?? = -0.0684N + 0.0015N² + 63.756

Transformation of particle size along anaerobic digestion of wastewater is considered in relation to the methane production kinetics model describing the process. Substratum utilized is the solid constituent of the slurry from a pig farm, after screening through a hydraulic filter with 1 mm mesh. Particle size characterization, following membrane separation of wastewater samples and quantification of Chemical Oxygen Demand was considered, in order to analyze particulate contaminants in wastewater related to size distribution and biological degradation process. The present study utilizes kinetics under Strayer and Tiedje model (1978). Thus, series of membrane separation technique was applied in order to classify particulate contaminants in settleable, supracolloidal, colloidal and dissolved particles. Two types of pilot-plant scale reactors were considered: stratified or no mixed, and completely-mixed digester, to determine their effects on the particle size modification. Experiments were carried out in mesophilic range, around 35 Celsius degrees, and organic load was treated along 56 days as hydraulic detention time. Results presented significant differences for both reactors, although proposed kinetic model seems to be fairly adequate for the completely mixed reactor, but it is not suitable for the no mixed one.

[No abstract available

Normally used in rubber formulations, fillers can be classified as reinforcing or non-reinforcing fillers, according to their mechanical performance. The EVA waste (EVAR) is a crosslinked material, which can be used as filler in rubber compositions. In this work, mechanical and rheological properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) compositions with EVAR were investigated before, during and after vulcanization with the help of a rubber processing analyzer (RPA). The filler content varied from 0 to 70 phr. The set of results showed that EVAR acts as a median reinforcing filler and also makes the cure faster.

The discard of waste is a problem that worries the whole society. The metallurgical solid waste is obtained in the process of cooking of the mineral coal, together with other liquid and gaseous wastes reused for the own metallurgical industry. In the present work is done an evaluation on the metallurgical solid waste addition in masses used for red ceramics fabrication. The clay used in this work was given up by the Ceramic Industry of the Baixada Campista, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. Ceramic masses containing up to 3,0 wt% of waste were prepared. Ceramic bodies were produced by the extrusion and fired in electric furnace in the temperatures of 950 degrees C, 1000 degrees C and 1050 degrees C. The following properties were determined: flexure rupture tension (3 points), linear skinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity and apparent specific mass. The results obtained shown that the metallurgical waste addition influences a little in the properties of ceramic bodies. However, burning temperature has strong influence on the same ones.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the possibility of incorporation of granite dust residue, proceeding from the industry of ornamental rocks of the State of the Esp??rito Santo, for manufacture of structural ceramics products the clay base. Special emphasis is given to the effect of the addition of granite dust residue in the technological structural ceramics properties. The raw materials used in this work are red clay and granite dust (residue), proceeding from the region of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim - ES. These materials had been characterized how much its chemical composition, so great of particle and analysis for difra?

Clay ceramic materials incorporated with solid wastes can form complex multiphase structures, which need analytical procedures for a previous evaluation of their properties. In the present work a simplified model for waste added clay ceramics considered as a composite material, is proposed. The model takes into account the reactions and transformations that the incorporated body could suffer at high temperatures in order to consolidate the multiphase ceramic structure. It is suggested that the waste added clay ceramics properties be evaluated by means of the Rule of Mixtures characteristic equations, which apply for particle composites.

Feathers are a poultry by-product rich in protein (mainly keratin), generated in very large amounts as a waste product from the poultry-processing industry. For many years, feathers have been subject to nutritional studies in order to incorporate them as protein supplement in animal feedstock. This allows the poultry industry to take advantage of their usefulness and eliminate the environmental problem of their accumulation, Industrially, a great part of the feather waste is cooked under high pressure and temperature, producing a feather meal. However, this product has two important nutritional limitations: an amino acid imbalance and poor digestibility. In spite of this, the meal is used in nutrition of chicken poultry (5%), rainbow trout (15%), shrimp (33%) and salmon (40%) but needs amino acids supplementation, especially feed-grade L-lysine. Their nutritional value might be improved by microbial action by modification of the structure of keratin and increasing the amino acid content. Thus, there is a growing interest in alternative methods for the treatment of feathers to improve the nutritional quality of the feather meal and to develop new added value products (enzymes, pigments, etc). This research has been conducted on LPB-3 bacterial strain of Kocuria rosea isolated from soil, to determine their potential use to produce fermented feather meal, enzymes and carotenoid pigments in feathers submerged fermentation. Under these conditions: 1) K. rosea excretes at least two proteolytic activities, able to degrade keratin, collagen and elastin. 2) The feather meal enriched with cells of K. rosea mainly contains protein (67%), with an in vitro digestibility (88%) similar to the value of the commercial non fermented feather meal. The bacterial cells incorporated into the final product improve the content of essential amino acids lysine, histidine and methionine. Additionally, by spectrometric data it was detected that this bacterium synthesizes an orange-pink carotenoid pigment astaxanthin, that may useful in alimentary industry for increase colour of some foods and salmonids feed in aquaculture operations.

In function of the need of use of the phosphogypsum generated by the industry it was viabilitely a research line that involves an agreement Brazil/Germany, which looks for a viable alternative for use of the phosphogypsum in the industry of the building site. This article presents the preliminary studies accomplished that contemplated a mineralogical and chemical characterization of the phosphogypsum

In civil engineering, sustainable development comprises the use and production of materials, the characteristics of which are a longer, more useful life with the lowest environmental impact possible. The use of industrial solid waste in concrete production may aid in decreasing negative environmental impact by reducing the consumption of natural resources, the pollution generated by and the power consumed in concrete production. This text contains the results of a study on the use of copper slag and granite saw-waste as mineral admixture for concrete production. The findings state the technical viability of the proposed waste.

The objective of this work was evaluate the effect of gradative substitution of corn silage (0, 20, 40 and 60%, of dry matter) by pineapple by-products silage on average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion, carcass yield, fat thickness and loin eye area of bulls, finished in feedlot. Twenty eight bulls were used with approximately 20 months and initial body weight of 328 kg. The animals were divided in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (levels of pineapple by-products silage) and seven repetitions. Besides the corn silage and/or pineapple by-products silage, the animals received a concentrate formed by soybean meal, corn, mineral salt, urea and monensin. The animals were kept in a individually stable, fed ad libitum during 96 days. At the end of the period, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass characteristics were measured. There was no treatment effect on final body weight, average daily gain, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber ingestion, dry matter feed conversion, hot carcass weight and yield, loin eye area and fat thickness. Dry matter, organic matter, metabolizable energy ingestion for 100 kg body weight reduced linearly.

In this work, the residue generated in the new two-step centrifugation process for olive oil extraction is assessed for the production of bioethanol. Both olive pulp and fragmented stones fractions comprised in such residue are analyzed and tested at laboratory scale for bioconversion to ethanol by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. Firstly, optima conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis step of steam-exploded pretreated sustrates were determined. Then, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was assayed using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus in different assay conditions. For the selected conditions, 9 kg of unpretreated pulp or 6 kg of pretreated fragmented stones (both based on dry matter) would be necessary to obtain 1 liter of ethanol.

This research demonstrated the possibility to use a secondary product of paper industry (BIODAC 12/20) as carrier of microorganisms. The BIODAC granules showed high porosity (65.19%) and buffer properties in acid and basic medium. The mentioned characteristics are important to incorporate the microorganisms and to keep them viable during storage and proliferation on soil. Six different genres of microorganisms (bacteria and fungus) were used as study models, isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils from Southern Mexico. CFU/ mL values 10 to 1000 times above those observed in control samples were obtained in culture tests in liquid with BIODAC. The inhibition of microbial growth was not observed in the assays on petri dishes with agars containing granules that occupied 10, 50 and 100% of the surface. It is possible to recover live microorganisms after 42 days of storage on desiccating state in BIODAC. The number of living microorganisms was maintained on a considerable level, above 10⁹ (CFU/g). The experiments to define the effects of BIODAC 12/20 on plant growth were carried out using the granule quantity (equivalent to 1% of soil volume) that saturated the surface of the container It was demonstrated that the product did not inhibit the emergence time and biomass production. It was observe that after 40 days in the open air, previously inoculated model microporganisms on artifically soil (6% hydrocarbons), the CFU with BIODAC was up to 100% times greater than without BIODAC.

No abstract available

The effects of the addition of bakery waste (BW) replacing corn in the diet of Holstein steers was studied on carcass dressing and meat quality. Four treatments were applied, respectively, 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste replacing corn in the concentrated mixture. The animals were fed with complete pelleted mixtures, with 30% of Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon L.) as roughage. A randomized block design with four treatments and five repetitions, total of 20 animals, was used. The experiment began when the calves reached 90 kg of live weight and lasted for 120 days. At the end of experiment, the animals were slaughtered and carcass dressing, commercial cuts and meat composition and quality were evaluated. The meat quality was evaluated by color, tenderness and chemistry composition (moisture, fat, protein and minerals). The results showed no differences among treatments concerning parameters studied (P>0,05). Therefore, bakery waste can be considered an alternative source for feeding growing steers, when compared with corn.

This work analyzes the feasibility of using

The effects of addition of bakery waste (BW) replacing corn in the diet of Holstein steers were studied. Four treatments, respectively to the addition of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste were applied in the concentrated mixture for corn replacement. Animals were fed with complete mixtures pelleted ration, with 30% of Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon L.) as roughage. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four treatments and five repetitions, totalizing 20 animals. The performance was evaluated by intake and feed conversion, weight gain, heart-girth and size. Diarrhea incidence was evaluated through daily observation of faeces. The experiment began when calves reached 90 kg of life weight, and lasted for 120 days. The results did not show statistically significant differences among treatments concerning weight gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion, heart-girth, height at whiter and diarrhea incidence. The addition of bakery waste caused feed costs reduction of 3.74%, 7.44% and 10.90% respectively for 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste, in comparison to the control diet (0%). So, bakery waste is an alternative source for feeding and for reduction of costs of growing steers, in comparison to corn.

[No abstract available

This work shows a preliminary study of the technical-economic viability of the Pinas sp. wood waste utilization, for the electric energy production. Approximately 30 sawmills in ?

The objective of this work was to compare the computerized monitoring of the in vitro gas production system with the in vivo and in situ methods. On the comparisons, corn silage with high/low dry matter contents, with/without inoculation, were used. The digestibility of silage with high dry matter (DM) content, with/without inoculation, did not present differences among the analyzed methods. When evaluated apart from the inoculation effect, that silage differed in vitro/gas and in situ methods

The qualitative trend of some trace elements (Ni, V, Zn, Pb, Cr) in the carbon residue (CCR) formation process (according to ASTM D189), starting from commercial fuel oils, is discussed. The experimental findings show that the metals enrichment in CCR matches with metals concentration and with the compound type in the parent oil. Moreover, a deep dependence of the metals enrichment on the oil aromaticity has been evidenced. In particular, the metals enrichment scales with the aromaticity except for Ni which shows an opposite trend. In other words, when the heating conditions are particulary favorable to coke formation, the Ni enrichment in carbon residue decreases with the parent oil aromaticity. Thus, as the oil aromaticity increases, an enhanced tendency of nickel to volatilize (and to concentrate in fine particle fractions more difficult to remove) is absented. Thus, from an emission control point of view, it is possible to postulate that, owing to the general temperature reduction, in low-NO_x burners the volatilization process of the volatile elements (i.e. nickel), will be depressed. In the light of the above considerations, the relative reduction of nickel emissions will be enhanced too, especially for highly aromatic oils.

The objective of the present study was to utilize the soymilk residue (SR), wheat flour and peanuts to formulate pa?

Dietary fiber in industrial tomato residue and its effect on glycaemic response and seric cholesterol in rats. The left over after ketchup sauce is obtained is a tomato residue (RIT) that contains skin and seeds. Proximal analysis of the flour of this industrial product reveals that it has 50% dietary fiber, 18% protein and 10% fat. Due to the high dietary fiber content the effect on glucose absorption and seric cholesterol was studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intragastric meal after a 12 hours fast containing 263 g tomato residue flour (RIT)/diet or a control meal (0% RIT) and glucose plasma levels were determined. Results show that the presence of RIT in the test meal flattened glucose response curves. Ad lib administration of four diets differing in RIT content to four groups of rats for 18 days showed that although animals on a high RIT diet ate increased amounts of cholesterol the plasma lipid levels remained constant which suggest that the presence of RIT fibre on the diet is responsible for this effect. The results reported in this paper suggest that the dietary fiber of RIT diminishes glucose absorption and reduces seric cholesterol levels, which in turn could be useful in the treatment of NIDD and hipercholesterolaemic patients.

Two experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the inclusion of cassava residue (RIFM) in diets for growing and finishing pigs. In the first experiment, four levels (0,6.67,13.33 and 20%) of RIFM in growing diets were studied. The inclusion of RIFM in the diets caused a cubic effect on average daily gain (GPMD, P<

The aim of this research was to utilize the waste residues of sisal fiber separation from Agave sisalana leaves to develop a larvicide for the combat of mosquito transmitting tropical diseases. Larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were exposed to different concentrations of the Agave extract for 24 hours to determine lethal concentrations. The LC50 for A. aegypti was 322 ppm and the LC50 for C. quinquefasciatus was 183 ppm. To detect the active substances, saponins were investigated. It was found that the various components of the extract were effective in eliminating the larvae. Under field conditions, this formulation can probably be used at 100 ppm, which causes 100% mortality of C. quinquefasciatus larvae after 3-4 days. The product is not recommended for use against A. aegypti due to the necessity for high concentrations and to the fact that the larvae of this species live frequently on drinking water. To avoid fermentation, Agave extract should be used in a dehydrated form which also represent a good formulation for practical use.

There has been a growing interest in the food industry and in preventive medicine to search for

The applicability of a residue of manioc (Manihot esculenta Granz) from industrial processing as a direct compression excipient was investigated in comparison with microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel

It has been carried out the structural characterization of high oxide content glasses obtained by melting of a goethite industrial waste from the zinc hydrometallurgy with other raw materials as dolomite and glass cullet. The structural characterization has been carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Diffraction by Amorphous Dispersion (RDF) and M??ssbauer spectroscopy. It has been determined the interatomic distance, the oxidation state and the coordination of iron atoms in these glasses.

The mineralogy of anodic portions of spent alkaline batteries from a leading brand (Duracell) that had been equilibrated in ambient air for approximately 4 months was investigated to determine if material generated from this low energy process may be suitable stock material for recycling. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified the bulk of the ambient air oxidized anodic material as zincite (ZnO). Scanning electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures of zincite are present with euhedral hexagonal prisms being the most common crystal form. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that there are no minor amounts of Mn within the zincite. Transmission electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures exist in the <2 µm size fraction including near euhedral prismatic crystals, crystals with step-fashion terminations and indentations, heavily corroded zincite and near amorphous aggregates of anastomozing zinc oxide. Impurities in the <2 µm size fraction include minor amounts of unidentified mixed sulfate materials and are interpreted as dominantly occurring as thin coatings on zincite pArtigos. Discrete submicrometer-sized spherical and rhomboid pArtigos of Zn-Mn oxides are also common impurities in the <2 µm size fraction but occurr at abundance of <1% by volume. This study provides new baseline information that can be used to develop large scale recycling of zincite from spent alkaline batteries. A promising applications of zincite are numerous, including the development of new solar cell materials. The spent alkaline battery waste stream may serve as promising resource for driving further development of this sector of the economy. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Diatomite is a pozzolanic material containing amorphous silica, cristabolite and minor amounts of residual minerals. Waste marble powder (WMP) is an inert material which is obtained as an industrial by product during sawing, shaping, and polishing of marble and causes a serious environmental problem. This paper describes the procedures and results of a laboratory investigation of mechanical properties carried out on the concrete specimens containing diatomite and WMP as partial replacement of cement in concrete. The laboratory work essentially consists of characterization of the raw and waste materials, preparation of concrete specimens with diatomite and WPM in different ratios by weight as replacement for cement and a superplasticizing admixture to reduce water demand and compression and flexural tests of the specimens. Test results indicated that the concrete specimens containing 10% diatomite, 5% WPM and 5% WPM +10% diatomite replacement by weight for cement had the best compressive and flexural strength and the replacement of cement with diatomite and WMP separately and together using a superplasticizing admixture could be utilized to improve the mechanical properties of the conventional concrete mixtures. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut fibers and waste material from the coir industry, is stable and not easily degradable due to its high lignin content. Coir pith takes a decade to decompose thereby posing environmental hazard and disposal problem. Pollution by plastics creates an alternative solution to reduce problems. Hence the potential use of coir industrial wastes for production of bioplastics (Poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate - PHB) as an alternative to plastics was studied. Commercial production of this polymer is limited, however, due to higher cost and longer fermentation process as compared to petrochemical plastics. These concerned make it necessary to use the cheapest and readily available raw materials. Azotobacter beijerinickii used coir industrial waste as a substrate and produced PHB. Production of PHB was maximized at pH 6.5 with 3% coir hydrolysate. The amount of PHB produced by A. beijerinickii was 2.4 ± 0.2 g/L. The yield was 48.19%. Production of PHB was confirmed by Sudan black B staining under a light microscope, acridine orange staining under a fluorescent microscope and by an infrared spectrometer. This investigation showed that coir industrial waste could be effectively used for the production of PHB.

Use of industrial effluents for irrigation purposes is a highly warranted utility of water pollutants proposition. The objective of using waste water for irrigating crop plants is of two fold. The first and foremost of this is the safe disposal of the effluents, which may otherwise have adverse effects on the environment and human health. The other objective is to recycle it as irrigation water, as compost for its possible fertilizer value. The literatures relating the influence of industrial waste water on seed and seedling quality characters irrespective of crops are Estudoed hereunder. © 2010 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Iron humate (IH) produced as a waste by-product during an industrial manufacture of humic substances from young brown coals was tested as a new cost-effective sorbent for the removal of inorganic phosphorus from waters. The sorption capacity approaching ca. 10 mg P g^{- 1} was comparable with that reported for other non-conventional sorbents, and was nearly independent on pH in a slightly acidic to neutral working range of the sorbent. It was found that the phosphate binding to IH is a relatively slow process requiring several days to attain equilibrium. The kinetics of the phosphate sorption was described by a recently introduced modified pseudo-n-order (MPnO) rate equation. Extraction tests showed that a major part of phosphorus in IH is associated strongly with iron-containing compounds or humate matrix of the sorbent and may be hardly liberated into the environment. Only minor fraction of phosphorus is readily mobilizable by leaching with water. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study presents a screening protocol to evaluate the applicability of the ZVI pretreatment to various industrial wastewaters of which major constituents are not identified. The screening protocol consisted of a sequential analysis of UV-vis spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), and bioassay. The UV-vis and HPLC analyses represented the potential reductive transformation of unknown constituents in wastewater by the ZVI. The UV-vis and HPLC results were quantified using principal component analysis (PCA) and Euclidian distance (ED). The short-term bioassay was used to assess the increased biodegradability of wastewater constituents after ZVI treatment. The screening protocol was applied to seven different types of real industrial wastewaters. After identifying one wastewater as the best candidate for the ZVI treatment, the benefit of ZVI pretreatment was verified through continuous operation of an integrated iron-sequencing batch reactor (SBR) resulting in the increased organic removal efficiency compared to the control. The iron pretreatment was suggested as an economical option to modify some costly physico-chemical processes in the existing wastewater treatment facility. The screening protocol could be used as a robust strategy to estimate the applicability of ZVI pretreatment to a certain wastewater with unknown composition. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: Lactococcus lactis is an interesting microorganism with several industrial applications, particularly in the food industry. As well as being a probiotic species, L. lactis produces several metabolites with interesting properties, such as lactic acid (LA) and biosurfactants. Nevertheless, L. lactis is an especially demanding species since it has strong nutritional requirements, implying the use of complex and expensive culture media. RESULTS: The results showed the potential of L. lactis CECT-4434 as a LA and biosurfactant producer. The economical cost of L. lactis cultures can be reduced by replacing the MRS medium by the use of two waste materials: trimming vine shoots as C source, and 20 g L^-1 distilled wine lees (vinasses) as N, P and micronutrient sources. From the hemicellulosic fraction, 14.3 g L^-1 LA and 1.7 mg L^-1 surfactin equivalent were achieved after 74 h (surface tension reduction of 14.4 mN m^-1)

This Artigo provides an introduction to the current Special Issue of the journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, which contains eight carefully selected Artigos from the 12th Conference Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction - PRES'09. This issue builds upon the multi-year co-operation between the PRES conference planners and the journal. The Artigos cover important subjects of increased energy and resource efficiency in industrial production and emission reduction. The first paper is based on the conference plenary presentation and is providing an overview of the historical developments in the Process Integration (PI) area and the apparently significant contribution of the PRES series of conferences. This is followed by a second group of two papers dedicated to important PI topics - retrofit of Heat Exchanger Networks and simultaneous minimisation of water and energy consumption. The third group contains three contributions dedicated to energy savings via the application of PI in specific industrial sectors. The final fourth group of two papers is dedicated to the implementation of energy conversion technologies. Those papers are discussing environmental impact of waste-to-energy processes and heat exchanger improvements. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recycling of secondary raw materials is a priority of waste handling in the countries of the European community. A potentially important secondary raw material is the product of the thermal transformation of cement-asbestos, produced by prolonged annealing at 1200-1300 °C. The product is chemically comparable to a Mg-rich clinker. Previous work has assured the reliability of the transformation process. The current challenge is to find potential applications as secondary raw material. Recycling of thermally treated asbestos-containing material (named KRY·AS) in traditional ceramics has already been studied with successful results. The results presented here are the outcome of a long termed project started in 2005 and devoted to the recycling of this secondary raw materials in various industrial applications. KRY·AS can be added in medium-high percentages (10-40 wt%) to commercial mixtures for the production of clay bricks, rock-wool glasses for insulation as well as Ca-based frits and glass-ceramics for the production of ceramic tiles. The secondary raw material was also used for the synthesis of two ceramic pigments

Human gene therapy is currently seeing an increase in the use of plasmid (pDNA)-based vectors as a preferred choice of vehicle for delivery of the therapeutic gene into the body. In this regard, the environmental impacts of the waste streams from the possible industrial scale manufacture of pDNA require more detailed assessment. In this study, an initial assessment was made of the nutrient phosphorus (P) inputs to four fermentation processes recommended for the industrial scale production of pDNA for the purposes of gene therapy. Phosphorus inputs to each of the four selected fermentation processes ranged from approximately 60 mg l^-1 up to 3000 mg l^-1 in the fresh media. However, the spent media waste from each of the processes exhibited only a minor reduction in the phosphorus concentrations indicating minimal uptake of P by the microorganisms. This unutilised excess level of phosphorus nutrient within the waste streams poses a strong potential for environmental impact. Waste minimisation studies were undertaken on one model fermentation process with the aim of reducing unnecessary phosphorus input. An optimised media containing a 98% reduction in added P to the media was developed. This phosphorus-minimised media had little quantitative effect upon cell biomass produced and no effect upon the quantity or quality of pDNA produced, relative to the control media. The reduction in P requirement results in an overall cost savings of 12% per fermentation batch, would simplify subsequent wastewater treatment and would contribute to slowing the depletion rate of a valuable, finite natural resource. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Industrial ecology suggests innovative pathways for re-use and recovery of waste streams, but efforts to establish ecoindustrial networks have encountered both technical and institutional barriers. To help overcome these challenges, an Industrial Ecosystem Toolkit has been developed to quantify how such collaborative networks can reduce costs, employ assets more efficiently, increase revenue, reduce risks, and conserve natural resources. The tools draw upon methods from network flow optimization modeling and environmental life cycle assessment, and enable real-time, interactive use by decision makers. Working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Business Council for Sustainable Development, and other regional organizations, the Center for Resilience has applied these innovative tools to promote a systems approach based on sound science and informed decision-making. Future work will develop network models that represent synergies among industrial and ecological processes.

Electronic waste legislation is non-uniform, at both the national and global level, and a variety of financial and collection schemes exist [1, 2]. In some locations, e-waste stakeholders have preempted mandatory take-back by creating heir own e-waste programs. Whether involved by mandate or voluntarily, stakeholders would like to develop strategies that minimize their financial burden. However, the economic performance of an e-waste recovery system is affected by collection and market uncertainties. Thus, to ensure system success, stakeholders must first understand the impact of uncertainty on economic performance.

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is defined as discarded or obsolete electronic devices such as computers. E-waste presents a challenge to domestic and global waste infrastructure because of its large quantities, short product life, and decreasing product size [1]-[3]. These changes are due to constantly changing product characteristics and rapid technological innovation. E-waste is known to contain valuable materials such as gold and copper, which can generate revenue from recycling e-waste and recovering materials. State of the art recycling technologies available to recover materials from e-waste

The potential for environmental, social, and economic advances enabled by information and communication technologies (ICTs) is tremendous: 'Smart Grid' systems hold promise for resource conservation and climate change mitigation

Interest in recycling has surged in recent years due to shifting material costs, environmental concerns over material production and disposal, and laws in many countries designed to improve material recycling rates. In response, recycling systems are becoming more complex as increasing material recovery is required from products with complicated material mixtures such as WEEE (Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment). One common approach to increasing system separation performance is the use of multi-stage separation systems. The problem of estimating the performance and designing multi-stage separation processes has rarely been tackled from a system engineering perspective, resulting in poor integration and sub-optimal configuration of industrial multi-stage separation systems. This paper presents a systematic approach to modeling and analyzing multi-stage separation processes. Individual separation processes modeled as Bayesian binary separation steps are incorporated into network models through mass flow rate equations. The model can be used to evaluate the performance of these multistage separations under varying conditions, informing decisions about system configuration and process performance. Several basic examples demonstrate the utility of this model for design decisions. The industrial value is demonstrated through a real case study featuring PET plastic and aluminum flake separation in the beverage container recycling industry.

This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate certain mechanical properties and durability characteristics of blended cement concretes, such as silica fume, fly ash and blastfurnace slag, incorporating up to 15% cement kiln dust. The results indicate that the compressive strength of silica fume and fly ash cement concretes with up to 10% kiln dust was marginally less than that of type I cement concrete. The compressive strength of slag cement concrete incorporating kiln dust was lower than that of other blended and type I cement concretes. A significant increase in the drying shrinkage was noted in the blended cement concretes. The electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes was, however, generally more than that of type I cement concrete. It is recommended to use 5% silica fume plus 10% kiln dust or 10% fly ash plus 10% kiln dust as a replacement of type I cement. Such usage would lead to technical, economic, and environmental benefits in terms of a reduction in the quantity of cement and utilisation of waste industrial by-products. As the electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes incorporating kiln dust is more than that of type I cement without kiln dust, it is expected that the useful service-life of the former would be more than that of the latter. As the compressive strength of slag cement concretes, incorporating up to 10% kiln dust, is low, it may be used in low- strength applications. It should, however, be noted that blended cement concretes require good curing to minimise drying shrinkage cracks.

This study is focused on the development of a hydrometallurgical process which allows the zinc recovery from Waelz oxide (WO). This process is aimed to zinc oxide production. So, it must allow the production of a widely used compound, mainly in tyre and ceramics production processes, from industrial residues such as EAF dusts considered as Toxic and Hazardous Wastes (THWs), from which the WO is generated [1]. Although some studies have been previously published describing zinc oxide hydrometallurgical production processes, none of them used a raw material with similar characteristics to the WO ones. The developed process consists of a series of initial stages in which an appropriate liquor is prepared through lixiviation and purifying steps, and some final stages where the zinc ion present in the liquor is precipitated as zinc hydroxide and calcined to obtain zinc oxide. Two different acids were studied as lixiviation agents, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid liquors, obtaining in both cases zinc lixiviation yields higher than 85%. After the purifying stages, the metallic zinc impurities concentration in the liquor was lower than 85 ppm in the case of hydrochloric acid liquors and lower than 47 ppm in the case of sulphuric acid liquors. The zinc hydroxide precipitated from the purified liquor was calcined obtaining a zinc oxide whose purity was higher than 99.99% in the case of hydrochloric liquors and lower than 20% when sulphuric liquors were used. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

The search of a sustainable development for the industry can only be understood from a global approach which takes account of both the industrial activity and the product. Industrial activity needs adding new systems to the production process that minimize its impact reducing the consumption of resources and atmospheric emissions. The product must incorporate sustainable features such as the capacity to be recycled and/or valorised throuhgout its life cycle and, so, being reintroduced again in the industrial activity. This way, product turns into the cornerstone of a closed circuit production system that involves all industrial sectors in recycling products and waste and minimizes the frootprint of the process. Cement sector must continue insisting on the development of recycling of cementicious maerials and also on the recycling of materials during its production, and, especially, we must continue studying in depth the relationship between Life Cycle and recycling, which will provide the sector with a methodology and with useful tools to reduce the environmental impact. Therefore, the sector is making efforts for achieving an industry in closed circuit, in which materials and energy are re-used, minimizing to the maximum its affection to the environment. At the same time, we are working on the conceptualizing of this production model that involves all the industrial sectors in material recycling. As a reuslt of this commitment, cement industry has signed aggrement of colaboration with FER and Sigrauto to use vehicles out of use and with UNESID to valorise steel waste and also the project Pressure for a global management of industrial waste.

CARBON FER is a mechanical mixture obtained out of various powder or ground to powder ferrous or non-ferrous wastes. The ferrous powder wastes that can be used are steel dust, soot, agglomeration and blast furnace dust as well as non-ferrous coke dust

The compelling need to harness the potentials of the numerous agro- industrial by-products and the so-called wastes as part replacement for the more expensive conventional feed ingredients have been seriously expressed. This need has arisen mainly from the increasing demand and supply deficit of conventional feed resources with a concomitant sharp rise in their cost prices. The net effect of increased unit cost of the conventional feed resources is increased cost of the compounded rations, which by extension gives rise to increased cost of meat and animal products. It then becomes highly imperative that other sources for rapid livestock output to meet the growing human demands for animal protein foods are sourced. Such other sources should be cheap and nutritionally adequate for feeding animals with the aim of lowering the cost of producing meat. One of such measure is the recycling of poultry litter as part replacement for soya bean in livestock nutrition. Poultry litter is the by-product of poultry production, which should be managed in an environmentally friendly manner. As observed in this study, poultry litter contains 20% crude protein, 621.41 ME kcal kg¹, and substantial amounts of minerals that could be exploited in feeding livestock. This study has explored the possibility of including poultry litter in diets in view of its contents. © 2010 Taylor &

Production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was tested on different byproducts of food industry, like fish meal, grape waste, an industrial fibrous soybean residue, soybean meal, and cheese whey. Bacillus sp. P11 produced the higher amount of antimicrobial activity on soybean meal, followed by fish meal and fibrous soybean residue. Soybean meal was the selected medium to determine the effect of three variables (temperature, initial pH, and substrate concentration) on bacteriocin activity by response surface methodology, using a 2³ factorial design. Statistical analysis showed good adequacy to the model (R² of 0.8268). In the range studied, temperature and initial pH of the medium have a significant effect on bacteriocin production, and substrate concentration has no significant effect. Response surface data showed maximum bacteriocin production at initial pH between 7.0 and 8.5 and temperature between 39 and 42 °C. In the optimum conditions (initial pH 7.0 and 42 °C), production of bacteriocin activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was compared using a commercial medium (BHI broth) and soybean meal. Maximum activity achieved with the soybean meal-based medium was similar to that obtained with BHI, indicating that soybean meal may be a cost-effective substrate for production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

One of the most important steps taken towards ecological recovery and the improvement of environment conditions was the harmonisation of environment laws to the EU legislation, as an important part of the adheration process. At present, priority is being given to the strict fulfillment of the commitments made by Romania during the negotiation process related to the environment chapter, both institutionally and financially, in order to lead to the creation of an environment infrastructure meeting European requirements and to ensure a clean and healthy environment. Under these conditions, the recovery of the numerous wastes resulted from various industrial processes and their re-introduction into the economical circuit ranges within the above-mentioned requirements. We particularly mean the wastes that can be components of some synthetic slags used in steel secondary treatment, inside the ladle (lime wastes, the aluminum industry slag, etc.). Thus, costs can be cut down by 70%, which means an average decrease of costs of 88 $/t of slag. At the same time, the use of wastes in slag formation has a positive ecological impact upon the environment, as pollution is reduced in the areas neighbouring the aluminum, construction material or steel-making plants.

Susceptibility of industrial mango peel waste to pectin degradation during storage at ambient conditions (25 °C, 63% relative humidity) for up to 5 h before by-product stabilisation by drying was explored. Depending on the interim storage period in the wet state, pectins were recovered from the dried peels by hot-acid extraction. Most important, pectin degradation during the temporary storage of the wet peels was insignificant, as revealed by yields, composition, average molecular properties, and techno-functional quality. Hardly acetylated (DAc 2.5-4.5%), rapid-set high-methoxyl pectins were obtained at starch-corrected net yields of 14.1-15.6 g hg^-1. Irrelevant de-esterification during peel storage in the wet state was confirmed by overall uniform setting temperatures. Arabinogalactans, uniformly indicated by high molar galactose/rhamnose ratios of 13.8-16.9 mol/mol and an arabinose percentage of 9.5-14.4 mol hmol^-1 of galactose residues, affected the galacturonide contents, intrinsic viscosities, and gel strengths throughout. The wet peels, derived from widespread manual peeling in mango canning, tolerated intermediate storage for 5 h, thus facilitating by-product stabilisation on smaller scales. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Institute of Food Science and Technology.

Pyrolysis of industrial fatty wastes (soybean soapstock, beef tallow, and poultry industry waste) was carried out in the absence of catalysts. In all cases, organic mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds were obtained. These mixtures were distilled and diesel-like fractions were isolated and characterized by GC-FID, GC-MS and FT-IR, showing the formation of olefins, paraffins, and some oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids and esters. The main physical-chemical properties of those isolated diesel-like fuels (density, viscosity, distillation curve, carbon residue, copper corrosion test, cetane index, cold finger plugging point, acid index and heating value) were determined using ASTM standard methods and matched the Brazilian specification for diesel fuel. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This work illustrates the feasibility of vermitechnology to stabilize sludge from an agro-industry. To achieve the goal, industrial sludge (IS) was mixed with three different bulky agents, i.e. cow dung (CD), biogas plant slurry (BGS) and wheat straw (WS), in different ratios to produce nine different feed mixtures for earthworm Eisenia fetida. Vermicomposting bedding material was analyzed for its different physic-chemical parameters after 15 weeks of experimentations. In all waste mixtures, a decrease in pH, organic C and C:N ratio, but increase in total N, available P, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca and trace elements (Mg, Fe and Zn) was recorded. IS (40%) + CD (60%) and IS (40%) + BGS (60%) vermibeds showed the highest mineralization rate and earthworm growth patterns during vermicomposting process. Vermicompost contains (dry weight basis) a considerable range of plant available forms of P (17.5-28.9 g kg^-1), K (13.8-21.4 g kg^-1), Ca (41.1-63.4 g kg^-1), Mg (262.4-348.3 mg kg^-1), Fe (559.8-513.0 mg kg^-1) and Zn (363.1-253.6 mg kg^-1). Earthworm growth parameters, i.e. biomass gain, total cocoon production, individual growth rate (mg wt. worm^-1 day^-1), natality rate, total fecundity were optimum in bedding containing 20-40% industrial sludge. C:N ratio of worm-processed material was within the agronomic acceptable or favorable limit (<

The microbiological and physicochemical parameters were monitored for 12 weeks during composting of five piles (1.5 a

In this study, the potential re-use of waste foundry sand in high-strength concrete production was investigated. The natural fine sand is replaced with waste foundry sand (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The findings from a series of test program has shown reduction in compressive and tensile strengths, and the elasticity modulus which is directly related to waste foundry inclusion in concrete. Nevertheless the concrete with 10% waste foundry sand exhibits almost similar results to that of the control one. The slump and the workability of the fresh concrete decreases with the increase of the waste foundry sand ratio. Although the freezing and thawing significantly reduces the mechanical and physical properties of the concrete. The obtained results satisfies the acceptable limits set by the American Concrete Institute (ACI). © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Solvent extractable organic compounds in PM_2.5 samples collected in Taizhou, a city famous for its electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling industry in Zhejiang province of China, were analyzed to identify the main emission sources based on molecular markers. Two types of plastics which were most frequently contained in the e-wastes, wires/cables and plastic blocks, were burned in the lab and the pArtigos emitted analyzed. The concentrations of PAHs and phthalate esters at the e-waste dismantling area during our sampling periods were about two times of that at the reference urban site, indicating the high pollution level there. The high concentrations of quaterphenyl found at the dismantling area indicated that burning of plastics or polymers was an important emission source of the PAHs in the fine pArtigos. The diagnostic analysis based on the compositions of alkanes, hopanes and other molecular markers showed that engine exhaust, biomass burning and kitchen emissions were also important emission sources at the e-waste dismantling area. Our results suggested that more effort should be paid to control the correlative emission sources such as transportation and kitchen to achieve better air quality at the e-waste dismantling area besides regulating the recycling activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Forest industries look for multiple utilizations for their timber production. In Brazil, the genus Eucalyptus has a great potential for solid wood products

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of Sardes waste clay (SC) from the Pomza Export placer gold mine at Sardes (Salihli), Turkey, as secondary raw materials in ceramic floor tiles. To obtain consistent quality, we monitored the physical and chemical properties of SC and fabrication conditions. Once SC was demonstrated to be acceptable as a secondary raw material, laboratory and industrial tests were conducted to understand the reaction mechanisms during firing and to determine the chemical, mineralogical, and technical properties of the reagents and products. The mineralogical composition of SC is dominated by quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, hematite, calcite, and clay minerals (muscovite-illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite). Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) analyses of SC from Aksay (Aksay, E.K., 2005. Determination of the technological properties of the Izmir-Menderes Pumice Ores as an industrial mineral. Ph.D. Thesis, Dokuz Eyla

Phosphate rock (PR) is an abundant ore and represents the basic raw material for the phosphatic fertilizer industry. Prior to industrial processing, PR is concentrated by grinding-and-screening to separate a fine fraction that is very poor in P₂O₅. This fine fraction is a solid waste and represents a disposal problem. The present study shows that the fine fraction of ground-and-screened Abu-Tartour PR can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to vary with initial methylene blue concentration and contact time. Raising the temperature enhances the rate of adsorption but has no effect on the adsorption capacity at equilibrium. The adsorption equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The Elovich model can be used to predict the adsorption kinetics at ambient temperatures especially when the initial concentration of MB is relatively high, while Ho's model deviates from the data as the initial concentration increases. However, as the temperature increases and MB concentration decreases, Ho's model fits the data better than the Elovich model. On studying the mechanism of adsorption, the results showed that the overall rate of dye uptake is controlled by intrapArtigo diffusion. The multilinear plots of intrapArtigo diffusion were modeled by piecewise linear regression and related to pore-size distribution of the adsorbent. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.

The industrial treatment of spent nuclear fuel is based upon a hydrometallurgical process in nitric acid medium. In order to minimize the volume of radioactive waste it seems interesting to generate the reactive species in situ in such solutions using ultrasonic irradiation without addition of salt-forming reagents. This Estudo summarizes for the first time the versatile sonochemical processes with uranium, neptunium and plutonium in homogeneous nitric acid solutions and heterogeneous systems. The dissolution of refractory solids, ultrasonically driven liquid-liquid extraction and the sonochemical degradation of the volatile products of organic solvent radiolysis issued from PUREX process are considered. Also the guidelines for required further work to ensure successful application of the studied processes at industrial scale are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the possible use of exhausted grape marc for obtaining grape seed oil by means of the supercritical technology. An industrial-scale supercritical extraction plant (three extractors in series working in the counter-current mode) has been designed based on the availability of grape seeds of a region in the north of Italy, namely 3000ton/year (3a

Methane derived from anaerobic treatment of organic wastes has a great potential to be an alternative fuel. Abundant biomass from various industries could be a source for biomethane production where combination of waste treatment and energy production would be an advantage. This Artigo summarizes the importance of the microbial population, with a focus on the methanogenic archaea, on the anaerobic fermentative biomethane production from biomass. Types of major wastewaters that could be the source for biomethane generation such as brewery wastewater, palm oil mill effluent, dairy wastes, cheese whey and dairy wastewater, pulp and paper wastewaters and olive oil mill wastewaters in relevance to their dominant methanogenic population are fully discussed in this Artigo. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e-waste ends up in regions with sub-standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design-for-environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase-outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing-out substances

Flyash cenosphere obtained as industrial waste from thermal power plants is an effective cost and weight reducing filler for developing lightweight polymer composites. Cenospheres as fillers also help in improving the mechanical properties of base polymer matrices. However, the desired enhancement depends on homogeneous dispersion of cenospheres and excellent compatibility between cenospheres and polymer matrix. In the present work, this was achieved by modifying the surface of cenospheres using silane treatment and incorporating them in a versatile thermoplastic high density polyethylene. The silane treatment resulted in considerable improvement in the impact strength and density of the composites which ultimately translated into better wear performance of composites even in severe abrasive conditions. Lancaster-Ratner correlation between mechanical properties and wear resistance was found to be almost linear for the silane treated cenospheres filled composites unlike the untreated cenospheres filled composites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to understand the wear modes and mechanisms and supported using X-ray diffractograms. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

There is growing pressure on retailing businesses to act responsibly and comprehensively to manage their waste in a sustainable way. In addition, the practical importance of meeting waste directives and environmental credentials has made most businesses value facilities management services to business. Despite Fuller's and Pitt's observations concerning shopping centre waste management trends, little attempt has been made to investigate the existing solid waste recycling from the UK shopping centre sector. Most previous research on waste minimisation through recycling relates to municipal buildings, commercial office buildings, medical facilities, hotels, educational buildings and industrial buildings. Few studies from other sectors have developed critical success factors (CSFs) for waste management and recycling initiatives. Therefore, this Artigo sets out to identify those primary factors that are considered to be of critical importance to the successful implementation of recycling initiatives in UK retail shopping centres. The Artigo establishes how these factors can be determined and validated in accordance with current perspectives. This Artigo Estudos the relative importance of CSFs associated with shopping centres solid waste recycling initiatives in the United Kingdom. By doing so, factoring analysis is used to classify a relatively small number of factor groupings that can be used to represent the relationship among a set of many interrelated variables. This technique is significant to explore the groupings that might exist among the CSFs with regard to UK retail shopping centre solid waste recycling initiatives. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

The aim of this work is to isolate and characterize bacterial isolates form dye house effluent, and to check their ability of decolorizing sulfonated azo dyes, and also to study influence of various environmental parameters on same process. Among seven Gram positive bacterial isolates obtained form dye house effluent, M1 (Bacillus cereus) and M6 were proved to be more potent for decolorizing sulfonated azo dyes under aerobic conditions. Maltose as carbon source and peptone as nitrogen source enhanced decolorization efficiency of M1 (B. cereus). HPTLC studies proved that more than 97% of the dye (Reactive Red 195) was degraded by bacteria after 72 h of incubation. These results along with spectrophotometric data prove the efficiency of bacteria suggesting their possible use in treating dye containing effluents. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microbial granular sludge that is capable to treat textile wastewater in a single reactor under intermittent anaerobic and aerobic conditions was developed in this study. The granules were cultivated using mixed sewage and textile mill sludge in combination with anaerobic granules collected from an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor as seed. The granules were developed in a single sequential batch reactor (SBR) system under alternating anaerobic and aerobic condition fed with synthetic textile wastewater. The characteristics of the microbial granular sludge were monitored throughout the study period. During this period, the average size of the granules increased from 0.02 ± 0.01 mm to 2.3 ± 1.0 mm and the average settling velocity increased from 9.9 ± 0.7 m h^-1 to 80 ± 8 m h^-1. This resulted in an increased biomass concentration (from 2.9 ± 0.8 g L^-1 to 7.3 ± 0.9 g L^-1) and mean cell residence time (from 1.4 days to 8.3 days). The strength of the granules, expressed as the integrity coefficient also improved. The sequential batch reactor system demonstrated good removal of COD and ammonia of 94% and 95%, respectively, at the end of the study. However, only 62% of color removal was observed. The findings of this study show that granular sludge could be developed in a single reactor with an intermittent anaerobic-aerobic reaction phase and is capable in treating the textile wastewater. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

In recent decades an increasingly large fraction of the world's wrought aluminum alloys supply has come from the aluminum scrap recovered from industrial waste and discarded post-consumer items. However, replacing even a minor part of primary aluminum in wrought alloys with recycled counterpart originated from lower grades of scrap (typically scrap contaminated with various non-metallic impurities) without influencing the quality of the allay is very demanding from a metallurgical point of view. This Artigo discusses the two approaches for achieving the requested chemical composition of wrought alloys made from recycled aluminum: (i) before melting, by combining the appropriate qualities and quantities of scrap, primary aluminum, and the alloying elements and (ii) during melting, by diluting impurity content with primary aluminum to the needed level and adding, at the same time, the necessary amount of alloying elements for achieving their standard concentration in diluted melts. © 2010 TMS.

Four identically configured anaerobic packed bed biofilm reactors were developed and employed in the continuous acidogenic digestion of olive mill wastewaters to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which can be exploited in the biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Ceramic porous cubes or granular activated carbon were used as biofilm supports. Aside packing material, the role of temperature and organic loading rate (OLR) on VFA production yield and mixture composition were also studied. The process was monitored through a chemical, microbiological and molecular biology integrated procedure. The highest wastewater acidification yield was achieved with the ceramic-based technology at 25 °C, with an inlet COD and an OLR of about 17 g/L and 13 g/L/day, respectively. Under these conditions, about the 66% of the influent COD (not including its VFA content) was converted into VFAs, whose final amount represented more than 82% of the influent COD. In particular, acetic, propionic and butyric acids were the main VFAs by composing the 55.7, 21.5 and 14.4%, respectively, of the whole VFA mixture. Importantly, the relative concentrations of acetate and propionate were affected by the OLR parameter. The nature of the packing material remarkable influenced the process performances, by greatly affecting the biofilm bacterial community structure. In particular, ceramic cubes favoured the immobilization of Firmicutes of the genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Clostridium, which were probably involved in the VFA producing process. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

A short Estudo of phase change materials (PCMs) was given regarding the relevant applications and the latest development on various fiels including solar energy, industrial waste heat recovery, building materials, cold storage of air conditioning, electronic devices, heat dissipation of batteries, cosmetics, and temperature-adaptable fibers. The basic theory of PCMs' application is utilizing the heat (energy) being absorbed or released as the phase changing processes occur. It has been demonstrated that the research of PCMs is becoming one of the most popular topic in the world. It should be emphasized here that researchers of materials, technics and structure design et al. ought to cooperate intensively in order to promote the development of PCMs more efficently in the future.

The rhizomes of turmeric are processed to obtain oleoresin and subsequently curcuminoids are isolated. The mother liquor, after partial isolation of curcuminoids, known as spent turmeric oleoresin (STO), is considered as industrial waste. Curcuminoids enriched spent turmeric oleoresin (CSTO) is prepared by removal of nonantioxidant constituents, and investigated for its antioxidant potential using in vitro methods, and also the total curcuminoids and phenolic contents were determined. CSTO has a total phenolic content of 267.27 ± 5.75 mg GAE/g that is almost double the amount present in STO (118.3 ± 3.0 mg GAE/g). The total amount of curcuminoids in CSTO is found to be 39 ± 1.2%, whereas STO had 15 ± 2.0%. CSTO possessed radical scavenging activity of 84% at 50 µg/mL, antioxidant activity of 74% at 25 µg/mL, high antioxidant capacity, and moderate total reducing power. These results provide scope for utilization of CSTO/STO as natural antioxidant/preservative as well as colorant in various foods. © 2010 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Soil, sediments, water and plant samples from the mining zone of Molango were collected and analyzed and Mn-tolerant and Mn-accumulator plants were identified. Soil and sediments presented moderately alkaline and reducing conditions, a normal electrical conductivity, a sandy texture and medium-to-high cation exchange capacities. These properties favored the presence of Mn²⁺, which is the form most easily assimilated by plants, and the total Mn concentration (11,637-106,104 mg kg^-1 dried weight, DW) was at phytotoxic level. Water was also an important Mn source. Equisetum hyemale and Telypteris kunthii survived in the presence of such Mn concentrations using an exclusion strategy, while Cnidoscolus multilobus, Platanus mexicana, Solanum diversifolium, Asclepius curassavica L. and Pluchea sympitifolia employed an accumulation strategy. These plants could be useful to re-vegetate and stabilize Mn tailings in order to decrease the erosion effects. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This work compares the calculated techno-economic performance for thermochemical and biochemical conversion of sugarcane residues, considering future conversion plants adjacent to sugarcane mills in Brazil. Process models developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory were adapted to reflect the Brazilian feedstock composition and used to estimate the cost and performance of these two conversion technologies. Models assumed that surplus bagasse from the mill would be used as the feedstock for conversion, while cane trash collected from the field would be used as supplementary fuel at the mill. The integration of the conversion technology to the mill enabled an additional ethanol production of 0.033m³ per tonne of cane for the biochemical process and 0.025m³t^-1 of cane plus 0.004m³t^-1 of cane of higher alcohols for the thermochemical process. For both cases, electricity is an important co-product for the biorefinery, but especially for biochemical conversion, with surpluses of about 50kWht^-1 of cane. The economic performance of the two technologies is quite similar in terms of the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP), at 318$m^-3 (United States 2007 dollars) for biochemical conversion and 329$m^-3 for thermochemical conversion. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Red mud, an abundant industrial waste from alumina industry, represents a rich source of various metal oxides, mainly of Fe₂O_3, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. In this study, the rinsed Bosnian red mud (RBRM) was evaluated as an economical, composite sorbent for aqueous Ni²⁺ ions. The process was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration. The investigated mineral mixture exhibited a high acid neutralising capacity, and its most important role in cation immobilization was observed in the initial pH range 2-8. The initial metal ion concentration strongly influenced the sorption kinetics and equilibrium times. Addition of 5g/L of RBRM caused 100% removal from the solutions of 10^-4 to 5a

The surfactants are emerging as potential nanopArtigo stabilizing agents, however, the synthetic surfactants are not economically viable as well as they are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, the biosurfactants are emerging as a green alternate for the synthesis and stabilization of nanopArtigos. In this report, a glycolipid biosurfactant was produced from sponge-associated marine Brevibacterium casei MSA19 under solid state fermentation using the agro-industrial and industrial waste as substrate. The production was optimized with factors such as oil seed cake as substrate, glucose as carbon source, beef extract as nitrogen source, FeSO₄·7H₂O as metal, 2% NaCl, pH 7.0 and 30°C. Based on the biochemical composition, TLC chromatogram, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, the surface active compound produced by the strain MSA19 was elucidated as a glycolipid derivative. The emulsification index of the biosurfactant produced by B. casei MSA19 was invariably high over the synthetic surfactants such as SDS, Tween20 and Tween80. The purified surfactant concentration in the extract was 18g/L. It was found that the nano-scale silver can be synthesized in reverse micelles using the glycolipid as stabilizer. The silver nanopArtigos synthesized in this study were uniform and stable for 2 months. Therefore, the biosurfactant-mediated nanopArtigos synthesis can be considered as green stabilizer of nanopArtigos. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Waste utilization for biosurfactant production is an important approach contributing to the reduction of waste treatment costs, while increasing the economic value of residues and reducing biosurfactant production costs. In an attempt to optimize rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI, the effects of the oil refinery waste as carbon source, C/N ratio, agitation Speed, aeration rate, pH control and fed-batch culture conditions on the production of this biosurfactant were assessed in a bioreactor. Maximum production (16.9 g L ) was attained at a C/N ratio of 23, agitation at 800 rpm and aeration at 2.0 vvm. The rhamnolipid solution (0.1%, w/v) exhibited surface and interface tensions of 25 mN/m and 0.63 mN/m respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) wds 73,9 mg L^-1. The optimal parameters used in this study promoted the formation of a useful biosurfactant with potential for many industrial applications.

The majority of industrial, residential, service, and business customers, as well as agriculture farms, are still dominated by fossil fuels as primary energy sources. They are mostly equipped with steam and/or gas turbines, steam boilers, and water heaters (running on electricity or gas) for conversion units. The challenge to increase the share of renewables in the primary energy mix could be met by integrating solar, wind, and biomass as well as some types of waste with the fossil fuels. This work analyzes some of the most common heat transfer applications at total sites comprising users of the types just mentioned. The energy demands, the local generation capacities, and the efficient integration of renewables into the corresponding total site CHP (combined heat and power) energy systems, based on efficient heat transfer, are optimized, minimizing heat waste and carbon footprint, and maximizing economic viability.

Background, aim, and scope Clothes are often discarded when much of their potential lifetime is left. Many charitable organizations therefore collect used clothing and resell it as second-hand clothes for example in Eastern Europe or Africa. In this connection, the question arises whether reusing clothes actually results in a decrease of the environmental burden of the life cycle of clothing. The environmental burden of clothing has been studied in several studies. However, most of these studies focus solely on the energy consumption aspects and pay little attention to the potential benefits of diverting used clothing from the waste stream. The aim of the study was to assess the net environmental benefits brought by the disposal of used clothing through charities who return them for second-hand sales assuming that second-hand clothes to some extent replace the purchase of new clothes. Materials and methods The extent to which second-hand clothes (SHC) introduces such a replacement was investigated applying a methodology in which a questionnairebased survey was conducted on more than 200 consumers in second-hand shops. The survey was done in Sweden and Estonia, and Africa was included by estimation. Based on the identification of the different profiles of the consumers questioned, a methodology was developed to get a quantitative evaluation of the replacement of new clothes enabled by second-hand clothing consumption. A life cycle assessment was conducted based on the EDIP methodology. The life cycle impacts of clothes that are directly disposed of by incineration were compared with the life cycle impacts of clothes that are collected and sorted after consumer use in order to be reused. Two products were assessed: a cotton Tshirt and a pair of polyester (65%)/cotton (35%) trousers. The functional unit was 100 garments in the use stage. Results Based on the survey result and the methodology applied, the purchase of 100 second-hand garments would save between 60 and 85 new garments dependent of the place of reuse. Based on information about the second-hand clothing activities conducted by Humana People to People in Sweden and Estonia, it was assumed that over 100 collected items 60 would be reused, 30 recycled in other ways, and ten go to final disposal. Using these inputs, the LCA showed that the collection, processing, and transport of second-hand clothing has insignificant impacts on the environment in comparison to the savings that are achieved by replacing virgin clothing. The reduction of impacts resulting from collecting 100 garments for reuse range from 14% decrease of global warming for the cotton T-shirt to 45% reduction of human toxicity for the polyester/cotton trousers. Discussion The approach applied is a fair way of establishing the net benefits from introducing clothes reuse. Indeed, it enables to take into consideration all the activities connected to reusing clothes, including, for instance, recycling and disposal of the collected clothes not suitable for reuse. In addition, the routes followed by the collected clothes have been determined based on real figures. A main assumption concerns the estimation of avoided production of new clothes brought by clothes reuse. The method used, based on questionnaires, could be further developed but still suggests an approach on an issue that had not been investigated so far. Conclusions The results of the study show that clothes reuse can significantly contribute to reducing the environmental burden of clothing. Recommendations and perspectives It would be beneficial to apply other methods for estimating the avoided production of new clothes in order to check the validity and reliability of the results obtained in the current study. Such further work could include the possible difference in the lifetime of second-hand clothes compared to new clothes. © Springer-Verlag 2010.

Brought into focus by sustainable development along with related issues of resource efficiency and health hazard reduction, sustainability in industrial waste recycling is becoming an emerging area with potentials to contribute to environmental protection, economic development and social benefit. This paper examines a sustainability management approach to the development of sustainable recycling technologies. It focuses on characterizing, modeling and assessing the critical sustainability factors of a closed-loop recycling technology for recovery of nickel from waste catalysts. The sustainability factors are identified from the nickel recovery process and modeled in metrics to evaluate economic and environmental impacts. The results suggest that the economic profitability of nickel recovery from wastes strongly depends on nickel market values and it also increases over production batch size. Its environmental impact is highly sensitive to changes in energy consumption. However, energy intensity indicates that there exist improvement rooms in energy efficiency for the current process. © 2010 IEEE.

The resources shortage, resource exhaustion and environment pollution resulted from economic development awake people to think over how to achieve the sustainable development. Under the background, more and more governments, semiofficial organization, industrial association, and folk organization are beginning to pay more attention to environment and resources. Based on the cycle utilization of materials, circular economy could improve the utilization efficiency of resources and energy, and farthest decrease waste emission, and protect the ecology environment. The paper analyzed the circular economy in terms of the basic concept, the development mode, and circular system, which would provide some making-decision references for clearing the development thought of circular economy. © 2010 IEEE.

The aim of this work was to perform the screening of microorganisms, previously isolated from samples of agro-industrial waste and belonging to the culture collection of our laboratory, able to produce polygalacturonases (PG). A total of 107 microorganisms, 92 newly isolated and 15 pre-identified, were selected as potential producers of enzymes with PG activity. From these microorganisms, 20 strains were able to synthesize PG with activities above 3 U mL^-1. After the kinetic study, the enzyme activity was increased up to 13 times and the microorganism identified as Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and the newly isolated W23, W43, and D2 (Penicillium sp.) after 24 h of fermentation led to PG activities of 30, 41, 43, and 45 U mL^-1, respectively. The RAPD analysis demonstrated that the selected strains differs genetically, indicating that no duplication of strains among them in the experiments for polygalacturonases production was verified. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

In this paper, start-up characteristics of HUASB and UASB reactors for treating tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream has been studied under identical conditions of operation. Various effluent characteristics (pH, alkalinity, VFA, VSS, COD removal -%, bio-gas) were studied until the attainment of steady state. It is found that from an overall assessment the HUASB reactor has performed better than the UASB reactor during the start-up process, for treating the tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream. Copyright © EM International.

In this paper, performance of a HUASB reactor for treating a tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream has been studied and compared with that of a UASB reactor under identical conditions of operation. Six influent COD concentrations ranging from about 1700-5800 mg/L and five HRTs (8 to 24 hrs) were considered and performance of the reactors evaluated based on pre-set criteria i.e., on COD removal (%) and bio-gas yield. From an overall assessment, the HUASB reactor has performed better than the UASB reactor for treating the above waste stream. Copyright © EM International.

Waste derived from different industries coprocessing represents a priority for cement industry in its efforts towards the sustainable development. In this ' respect, it becomes highly important identifying the impact of the alternative fuels use on the composition and structure of the clinker and on the cement properties. The paper presents some investigations on some industrial clinkers produced by using a complex alternative fuel mix and a relatively high substitution rate of the traditional fuel with alternative fuels - 34 % - 60 %, in comparison with a reference clinker burnt using coal. The investigations of the mineralogical composition by Rietveld method and of the structural and textural characteristics by electronic microscopy SEM, showed no significant difference in terms of main mineralogical compounds content and of the structure and textural appearance, between the clinker burnt with traditional fuels and the clinkers produced in the same installation, but using various types of alternative fuels and thermal substitution up to 60 %.

The present Artigo is an integrated approach of energetic efficiency in the field of glass manufacturing industry as well as the reduction of its environment impact. In the same time, this Artigo is targeting an improvement of energetic and economic efficiency, a reduction of the environment impact (CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and dust emissions) and new equipment implementation in the field of glass manufacturing industry in Romania. This Artigo takes also in consideration the consequences of the glass waste recycling. As a result of the present model, complex appraisal methodologies of energetic efficiency, environmental impact and economic efficiency as well as new clean technologies will be available for the Romanian glass manufacturing domain. In this way, Romanian glass industry will be able to reach European efficiency and environment standards. Emissions reduction, especially CO₂, will create appropriate conditions to implement the main Kyoto Agreement measures. New methodologies techniques and technologies (solutions, equipments, etc) and also the new developed evaluation models might have a replication potential for other industrial branches.

When geotechnical Engineers are faced with problematic soils (such as clayey or expansive soils), the engineering properties of those soils may need to be improved to make them suitable for construction. Waste materials such as flyash or pozzolanic materials have been used for soil improvement. Flyash is a waste material of burring coal at electric power plants and one of the most useful and versatile industrial by products. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the viability and environmental suitability. Effective utilization of waste materials with technical development in each field is indeed necessary. Attempts are made to investigate the stabilization process with model test tracks over expansive/sand subgrades. Loading-unloading tests are carriedout on the tracks with chemicals like lime and cement introduced in flyash subbase laid on expansive/sand subgrades. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity is obtained for stabilized flyash subbase compared to untreated flyash subbase. © Global Science Publications.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate an adhesive prepared from soy flour (SF) modified with urea, citric acid and boric acid as an environmentally friendly product for the wood industry. Design/methodology/ approach - Urea solution was prepared at 30°C and then SF was added and stirred at 30°C for 2 hours. Citric acid solution was added and stirred for another 0.5 hours and then boric acid solution was added and heated at 30°C for a further 0.5 hours. The resulting adhesive was used to bond poplar veneers. Shear strength was measured to evaluate the bonding property of the adhesive. Viscometry and FT-IR spectrometry were used to test the viscosity and chemical changes, respectively. Findings - Soy protein has potential value in the preparation of adhesives because of its unique functional characteristics. The optimum formulation was 100 g of soy powder treated with 9 g of citric acid at 30°C for 0.5 hours in the presence of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH ₂PO₄). After addition of 6 g of boric acid the resulting adhesive exhibited a shear strength of 0.82 MPa when bonded samples were treated with water, indicating that boric acid improved the water resistance via the formation of a chelating polymer. Research limitations/implications - Compared to synthetic resin such as urea formaldehyde, the SF adhesive exhibited lower water resistance. Further modification methods and optimum chemical reagents still need to be investigated. Originality/value - A new formulation for an environmentally friendly adhesive prepared from SF is identified for the panel industry. The bonding potential of soy protein was developed without any synthetic resin, which will promote industrial utilisation of an agricultural by-product. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds, which have the advantages over synthetic counterparts such as lower toxicity, biodegradability, selectivity, specific activity at extreme temperatures, pH, salinity, and the possibility of their production through fermentation. These have wide range of potential applications in areas of environmental protection and management, crude oil recovery, as antimicrobial agents in health care and food processing industries. The advantages of biosurfactants over their synthetic derivatives and wide range of applications have attracted the strong interest of scientific community. In the present investigation, the food industry waste namely molasses and whey have been tested for their suitability for biosurfactant production. Five bacterial strains have been evaluated for their ability to use these raw materials and compared their performance on the conventional media. Among the bacterial strains tested, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2297 displayed the maximum emulsification activity (65%) on molasses medium after 120 hrs of incubation period. © Global Science Publications.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) industrial waste as a source of raw material for certain applications, as well as to understand the effects of the annealing on the fracture behavior of PLA. PLA waste has been simulated by an initial step of extrusion in a single screw extruder and pelletizing. Specimens of virgin and reprocessed PLA were obtained by injection molding. An annealing treatment capable of increasing the percentage of crystallinity (determined by differential scanning calorimetry) was also analyzed in reprocessed and non reprocessed specimens. The fracture behavior was studied at slow and high testing speed, applying the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) on single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. This study revealed that the fracture toughness of the reprocessed PLA was basically the same that the virgin PLA and also that the increase in the crystalline fraction produced an improvement on the fracture toughness, at slow loading rate. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Conventional process in saponin industry resulted in severe environmental problems in China. Millions of tons of high strength wastewater discharged to the ambient rivers and threatened the safety of local drinking water and the major function as drinking water source of the ambitious South-to-North Water Transfer Project. In this paper, cleaner production alternatives for saponin industry were investigated with material flow analysis (MFA) with particular attention to pollutants reduction through starch transformation. Simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the two proposed schemes primarily in terms of recycling principle characterized by reduce, reuse and recycle. Quantitative evaluation was carried out from four aspects including resource conservation, pollution reduction, starch recycling efficiency and diosgenin yield. The experimental results showed that starch recycle was an effective measure for the cleaner production of saponin industry, and especially the starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (scheme I) would greatly alleviate the load to acid hydrolysis and reduce pollution at the source. By recycling starch, both schemes could reduce 45-50% of pollutants and 32-35% of wastewater comparingwith the conventional process, besides, about 64% (scheme I) and 75% (scheme II) of starch could be utilized and thus extra profit which was more than 20,000 RMB yuan/t diosgenin could be achieved. Starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (in scheme I) would result in a saving of 40% sulfuric acid and a lowering of 50% material intensity, while the starch recycle after acid hydrolysis (in scheme II) would have much less contribution to the reduction of both material intensity and pollutants. Therefore, starch recycling should be implemented with priority at the earlier stage of the whole processing system. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A resistant and capable fungal strain in removing hexavalent chromium was isolated from an environment near of Chemical Science Faculty, located in the city of San Luis Potosa

Background and purpose: European Community claims for end-of-vehicles (ELVs) targets of at least 85% recycling and 95% recovery rate by 2015. At present, only about 80% of ELV total weight is being recycled, whereas the remaining fraction of 20%, which is called automotive shredder residue (ASR), is disposed by landfilling in most of the EU countries. In this study a comparison has been carried out among five ASR management strategies, chosen after a screening of the most common technologies suitable and available nowadays, aiming at proposing alternatives to the current disposal in terms of benefits resulting from the conservation of nonrenewable resources and reduction of wastes disposal. These scenarios are ASR landfill disposal, the current status quo for a further nonferrous metals recovery, ASR incineration with energy recovery, an advanced material recovery followed by thermal treatment of ASR residue and a feedstock recycling by means of gasification. Methods: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was applied in order to characterise and quantify the environmental impacts related to each scenario analysed, using the SimaPro 7.1 software and the Eco-indicator'99 method, according to a hierarchic approach. Results and discussion: The analysis shows that recovering nonferrous metals ensures a reduction of the environmental loads related to resources depletion due to landfill disposal, but no significant benefit for human health end point can be observed. The ASR thermal treatment in incinerators allows both the decrease of impacts due to plastic fraction disposal and benefits from energy recovery, but a decrease of ecosystem quality occurs because of stack emissions. A net environmental performance upgrading seems to be ensured by those scenarios which include the application of post-shredder technologies. Conclusions: Industrial processes aimed to matter recovery, after shredding, resulted not only in a necessary solution to fit the European recovery and recycling targets for ELVs but also to the options that can obtain greater environmental benefits compared to present practises. However, further improvement can be achieved only by integrating end-of-life treatments into Eco-design strategies aiming at a more efficient separation of high value-added materials such as plastics and metals. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Solid waste management is gaining significant importance with the ever-increasing quantities of industrial by-products and wastes. With the environmental awareness and scarcity of space for landfilling, wastes/by-product utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several industrial by-products are produced from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes. Some of these industrial by-products/waste materials could possibility be used in cement-based materials. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) represent incombustible materials left after combustion of coal in conventional and/or advanced clean-coal technology combustors. These include fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products from advanced clean-coal technology combustors. This paper briefly describes various coal combustion products produced, as well as current best recycling use options for these materials. Materials, productions, properties, potential applications in manufacture of emerging materials for sustainable construction, as well as environmental impact are also briefly discussed. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Scanning electron microscopy is a useful tool for understanding food contamination and directing product development of food and industrial products. The current trend in food research is to produce foods that are fast to prepare and/or ready to eat. At the same time, these processed foods must be safe, high quality and maintain all or most of the nutritional value of the original whole foods. Minimally processed foods, is the phrase used to characterize these new foods. New techniques are needed which take advantage of minimal processing or processing which enhances the fresh properties and characteristics of whole foods while spending less time on food preparation. The added benefit coupled to less cooking time in an individual kitchen translates to an overall energy savings and reduces the carbon emissions to the environment. Food processing changes the microstructure, and therefore, the quality, texture and flavor, of the resulting food product. Additionally, there is the need to reduce waste, transportation costs and product loss during transportation and storage. Unlike food processing, structural changes are desirable in co-products as function follows form for food packaging films and boxes as well as for building materials and other industrial products. Thus, the standard materials testing procedures are coupled with SEM to provide direction in the development of products from agricultural residues or what would otherwise be considered waste materials. The use of agricultural residues reduces waste and adds value to a currently underutilized or unutilized product. The product might be biodegradable or compostable, thus reducing landfill requirements. Manufacturing industrial and packaging products from biological materials also reduces the amount of petroleum products currently standard in the industry. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

A mesophilic bacterium, Aeromonas veronii PG01, isolated from industrial wastes produced an extracellular thermostable organic solvent tolerant protease. The optimum condition for cell growth and protease production waspH7.0and 30°C. The protease produced was purified 53-fold to homogeneity with overall yield of 32%, through ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The molecular weight, as determined by GPC-HPLC, was found to be about 67kDa. SDS-PAGE revealed that the enzyme consisted of two subunits, with molecular weight of 33kDa. The protease was active in broad range of pH from 6.0 to 10.0 with optimum activity at pH 7.5. The optimum temperature for this protease was 607deg

The rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the production of various types of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes which pose serious problems to the environment. The disposal and use of solid industrial wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum, fly ash, slag, and lime sludge, is significant in view of their availability and potential applications. The paper deals with studies on select wastes like phosphogypsum and chalk for use in value-added building materials. The engineering properties and techno-economics of materials like gypsum plasters, cementitious binders, boards/blocks, masonry cement and flooring tiles produced from phosphogypsum and lime have been detailed. The production and use of building materials from such wastes will protect the environment from degradation. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Agricultural natural fibers like jute, kenaf, sisal, flax, and industrial hemp have been extensively studied in green composites. The continuous supply of biofibers in high volumes to automotive part makers has raised concerns. Because extrusion followed by injection molding drastically reduces the aspect ratio of biofibers, the mechanical performance of injection molded agricultural residue and agricultural fiber-based composites are comparable. Here, the use of inexpensive agricultural residues and their hybrids that are 8-10 times cheaper than agricultural fibers is demonstrated to be a better way of getting sustainable materials with better performance. Green renewable composites from polylactide (PLA), agricultural residues (wheat straw, corn stover, soy stalks, and their hybrids) were successfully prepared through twin-screw extrusion, followed by injection molding. The effect on mechanical properties of varying the wheat straw amount from 10 to 40 wt % in PLA-wheat straw composites was studied. Tensile moduli were compared with theoretical calculations from the rule of mixture (ROM). Combination of agricultural residues as hybrids is proved to reduce the supply chain concerns for injection molded green composites. Densities of the green composites were found to be lower than those of conventional glass fiber composites. © 2010 American Chemical Society.

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (f_anti ) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p >

Citric acid consumption is escalating gradually, witnessing high annual growth rate due to more and more advanced applications coming to light. The present Estudo discusses different aspects of fermentation and effects of various environmental parameters and deals with the potential ways to increase the yield of citric acid to meet the ever-increasing demands of this commercially important organic acid. Different techniques for the hyperproduction of citric acid are continuously being studied from the past few decades and still there is a gap, and hence, there is an obvious need to consider new pragmatic ways to achieve industrially feasible and environmentally sustainable bio-production of citric acid. The utilization of inexpensive agro-industrial wastes and their by-products through solid-state fermentation by existing and genetically engineered strains is a potential route. This Estudo also deals with downstream processing considering the classical and advanced approaches, which also need significant improvement. In situ product recovery method which leads to improved yields and productivity can be further optimized for large-scale production and recovery of citric acid. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

Lubricant is one of the important resources that cannot be disposed of randomly due to the presence of pollutants. In response to economic efficiency and environmental protection, there is a growing trend of regeneration and reuse of waste lubricant. However, the technologies shall be compared to provide a useful reference for the use of waste lubricant. The major aim of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process to select, analyze, and compare the regenerative technologies, thus laying a basis for the governmental bodies in policy making of lubricant recovery as well as for industrial operators in deciding the recovery methods. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

A large variety of ornamental and decorative items are manufactured from bone waste by various unorganized sectors in India. An initial survey indicated that workers were exposed at various phases of final product. The subjects (12 industrial units) were tested for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter <

Tin is an essential industrial metal with many applications from plastics to electronics. In contrast to other metals, tin reserves are very small with a static lifetime of 22 years. Mining is heavily concentrated in a few countries. Together, these characteristics render primary tin supply potentially vulnerable to short and long-term disruptions. An increased use of secondary tin resources (e.g., scrap from retiring products) could replace primary tin and thereby mitigate both challenges. In order to identify the potential for secondary resource use, it is necessary to know both where tin is accumulating in the anthroposphere and where tin could be recovered most effectively.Wefirst analyzed the global, historical tin metabolism on a highly aggregated level to identify areas of stock accumulation. Subsequently, we studied the contemporary (2005) U.S. tin cycle in more detail to detect flows rich in tin for potential recycling. Most of the tin mined globally in the 20th century has been accumulating in landfills due to a relatively short lifetime and low recovery rates. The global tin reservoir in landfills has reached about double the size of current reserves, while products in use constitute about half the amount in reserves. In addition, substantial amounts of tin have accumulated in steel (where it forms a tramp element and is virtually lost for future recovery). Landfills might become important tin mines in the future, however, currently more attractive is a focus on in-use stocks, where tin is available in higher concentrations. Today, the U.S. has a post-consumer recycling rate of about 28%, exclusively in alloy form. The most important current source of post-consumer recycled material is lead acid batteries. Products that are good candidates for improved end of life recycling include containers and electronics, although this potential is not currently being harvested in the U.S. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete. Various mortar and concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from 0% (for the control mixture) to 100% as fine aggregates replacement. Cement mortar mixtures were evaluated for compressive strength, whereas concrete mixtures were evaluated for workability, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and durability. The results obtained for cement mortars revealed that all mixtures with different copper slag proportions yielded comparable or higher compressive strength than that of the control mixture. Also, there was more than 70% improvement in the compressive strength of mortars with 50% copper slag substitution in comparison with the control mixture. The results obtained for concrete indicated that there is a slight increase in density of nearly 5% as copper slag content increases, whereas the workability increased significantly as copper slag percentage increased compared with the control mixture. A substitution of up to 40-50% copper slag as a sand replacement yielded comparable strength to that of the control mixture. However, addition of more copper slag resulted in strength reduction due to the increase in the free water content in the mix. Also, the results demonstrated that surface water absorption decreased as copper slag content increases up to 50% replacement. Beyond that, the absorption rate increased rapidly and the percentage volume of the permeable voids was comparable to the control mixture. Therefore, it is recommended that up to 40-50% (by weight of sand) of copper slag can be used as a replacement for fine aggregates in order to obtain a concrete with good strength and durability requirements. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper provides an up-to-date assessment of global mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. On an annual basis, natural sources account for 5207 Mg of mercury released to the global atmosphere, including the contribution from re-emission processes, which are emissions of previously deposited mercury originating from anthropogenic and natural sources, and primary emissions from natural reservoirs. Anthropogenic sources, which include a large number of industrial point sources, are estimated to account for 2320 Mg of mercury emitted annually. The major contributions are from fossil-fuel fired power plants (810 Mg yr^-1), artisanal small scale gold mining (400 Mg yr^-1), non-ferrous metals manufacturing (310 Mg yr^-1), cement production (236 Mg yr^-1), waste disposal (187 Mg yr ^-1) and caustic soda production (163 Mg yr^-1). Therefore, our current estimate of global mercury emissions suggests that the overall contribution from natural sources (primary emissions + re-emissions) and anthropogenic sources is nearly 7527 Mg per year, the uncertainty associated with these estimates are related to the typology of emission sources and source regions. © 2010 Author(s).

Gases with a low-heating value of 1.2 a

Many mining wastes, especially those from the metal mining industry, have traditionally been treated as a matter of little or no value and in practice a cost burden. Some wastes, due to their reactivity characteristics, have emergent values that go beyond purely economic and into the environmentally beneficial realm. This paper discusses the changing paradigm of mine waste management. Such fundamental parameters such as cut off grade, and strip ratio, are positively impacted by the revaluation of waste rock material. Mine rock waste can now be seen as a commodity of value, similar to the underlying ore being mined and influences the economic performance of suitable projects. This valuable material can be used for industrial purposes including acid neutralization as well as the capture and long-term disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. The Turnagain Nickel project, located in northern British Columbia serves as an example of how waste rock material can become an important matrix for carbon capture and sequestration and can benefit economically from it. By producing material that has emergent economic value as well as carbon capture and sequestration capabilities, the sequestration matrix producer is a beneficiary of new carbon credits that have a market value and is looked upon favourably by regulatory authorities and affected stakeholders.

Industrial residues generated by the modern society constitute an environmental problem and are harmful both to the health and to the environment (greenhouse effect). In addition, they can give place to leaching pollutants [1,2] more concretely in the European area

Industrial wastes contribute significantly to environmental pollution following the directives of European environmental policies, we must look for alternatives for minimization, treatment and / or recovery of wastes [1]. Several studies have found that basic materials such as polymers, cements and ceramics are better suited to inerting and neutralization of the waste by encapsulation in your matrix [2]. They are also increasingly used more insulating bricks. One way to increase this capacity is introduce additives organics into the matrix [3]. This is the case presented below, where they have used sludge from water purification of the brewing industry for the manufacture of ceramics. © (2010) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

Unused blood obtained by slaughter of animals is great contaminant of the environment. On the other hand, if industrial blood are collected and processed using the corresponding technological procedure in a factory for processing of other animal by products on the separate line, it is possible to obtain high-quality animal feed that is reach in deficient essential amino acids, vitamins and mineral substances, especially iron. Object of investigations was plant for processing of blood that implicates expansion of program of production by introducing a new line for processing of blood into the existing object for processing of the animal by products. Based on the conducted analyses it is possible to obtain conclusion concerning the sustainability of the planned investment for the realization and of its effects. Discussed economic analysis of processing of animal raw materials which is given in the study refers to the effects of total investments that represent closed techno - economic complex. With overview of total necessary investments and their putting into relation with the total incomes it is possible to establish that the coefficient of return of the total assets amounts to 1.2, thus indicating the very successful production.

This paper addresses the influence of stabilizer content, compaction effort and curing time on the mechanical strength and swelling of two soils from the Zona da Mata Norte region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two residual gneiss soils from the municipality of Vi?

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the total replacement of corn with a dry residue extracted from cassava starch on production of crossbred heifers in feedlot. Thirty crossbred heifers averaging 21 months of age and 325 kg of body weight were distributed in two experimental groups and then housed in two stalls. Both groups were submitted to a pretrial period of 49 days, in which animals received ad libitum sorghum silage and 1.05% of body weight as concentrate (19.67% CP) composed of soybean meal, corn, and urea. In this period, daily weigh gain (DWG) averaged 1.08 kg for both groups. The experimental period lasted 57 days with animals averaging 378 kg of body weight. At the beginning of the experimental period, one group remained receiving the pre-trial diet while the other was fed ad libitum sorghum silage and 1.18% of body weight as concentrate (18.12% CP) containing dry cassava byproduct rather than corn. Daily weight gain was significantly higher for heifers fed corn-based concentrate (0.97 kg) compared to those receiving dry cassava byproduct-based concentrate (0.78 kg). In addition, dry matter intake and feed conversion were both lower on heifers fed the diet containing dry cassava byproduct.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the chemical composition and protein value of soybean residue, which is a sub product of soybean oil extraction. The centesimal composition, energy value and amino acid contents were determined from soybean residue and soybean grain. The protein value was estimated by means of biological indexes. Weaning male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups that were fed for ten days with 10% protein diets (soybean residue, soybean grain, casein- control) or a non-protein diet. The soybean residue showed a greater content of protein (47%) and lower energetic value (334 kcal/100 g) than soybean grain (40% e 452 kcal/100 g, respectively) and it also showed an essential amino acid score of 101% compared to the reference pattern and protein digestibility of 88%. Protein quality of soybean residue is similar to the protein of soybean grain (protein values of 87% and 85%, respectively), according to RNPR (Relative Net Protein Ratio) and PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score) indexes. The soybean residue is a source of carbohydrates, minerals, fibers and adequate protein in nutritional terms and it shows advantages in relation to soybean grain such as lower energetic value and greater protein content.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) hay with a dehydrated pineapple by-product (DPB) on performance, apparent digestibility, and intake of digestible nutrients in growing goats. Twenty-four crossbred Saanen x Criola female goats averaging 19.2 kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the trial were used in a completely randomized design. Animals were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 0, 33, 66, or 100% of DPB in the diet. Replacing coastcross hay with DPB did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). However, the apparent digestibility of both organic matter (OM) and cellulose (CEL) increased linearly while that of acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed a quadratic effect with the increasing levels of DPB in the diet. The average intake of digestible nutrients, expressed in g/kg BW^0.75, for treatments with 0, 33, 66, or 100% of dietary DPB were in this order: 62.35, 63.58, 59.53 and 54.47 for DM

Twenty crossbred bulls (1/2 and 3/4 Bos taurus x Bos indicus) averaging 24 months of age and 532 kg of body weight at the beginning of the experiment were used. Animals were randomly assigned to five treatments (four replicates/treatment) in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of replacing corn grain with a wet byproduct of cassava starch extraction on apparent digestibility of nutrients. Bulls were fed diets containing sorghum silage and one of the following levels of cassava byproduct in the concentrate: 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100%. No significant differences were observed for apparent digestibility of nutrients that averaged: 65.42% (dry matter), 68.30% (crude protein), 67.72% (ether extract), 49.58% (neutral detergent fiber), 50.71% (acid detergent fiber), and 81.79% (nonfiber carbohydrates). The contents of TDN (65.47%) and ME (2.36 Mcal/kg) also did not differ among diets. Only apparent digestibility of total carbohydrates differed across diets: ?? = -0.0684N + 0.0015N² + 63.756

Transformation of particle size along anaerobic digestion of wastewater is considered in relation to the methane production kinetics model describing the process. Substratum utilized is the solid constituent of the slurry from a pig farm, after screening through a hydraulic filter with 1 mm mesh. Particle size characterization, following membrane separation of wastewater samples and quantification of Chemical Oxygen Demand was considered, in order to analyze particulate contaminants in wastewater related to size distribution and biological degradation process. The present study utilizes kinetics under Strayer and Tiedje model (1978). Thus, series of membrane separation technique was applied in order to classify particulate contaminants in settleable, supracolloidal, colloidal and dissolved particles. Two types of pilot-plant scale reactors were considered: stratified or no mixed, and completely-mixed digester, to determine their effects on the particle size modification. Experiments were carried out in mesophilic range, around 35 Celsius degrees, and organic load was treated along 56 days as hydraulic detention time. Results presented significant differences for both reactors, although proposed kinetic model seems to be fairly adequate for the completely mixed reactor, but it is not suitable for the no mixed one.

[No abstract available

Normally used in rubber formulations, fillers can be classified as reinforcing or non-reinforcing fillers, according to their mechanical performance. The EVA waste (EVAR) is a crosslinked material, which can be used as filler in rubber compositions. In this work, mechanical and rheological properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) compositions with EVAR were investigated before, during and after vulcanization with the help of a rubber processing analyzer (RPA). The filler content varied from 0 to 70 phr. The set of results showed that EVAR acts as a median reinforcing filler and also makes the cure faster.

The discard of waste is a problem that worries the whole society. The metallurgical solid waste is obtained in the process of cooking of the mineral coal, together with other liquid and gaseous wastes reused for the own metallurgical industry. In the present work is done an evaluation on the metallurgical solid waste addition in masses used for red ceramics fabrication. The clay used in this work was given up by the Ceramic Industry of the Baixada Campista, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. Ceramic masses containing up to 3,0 wt% of waste were prepared. Ceramic bodies were produced by the extrusion and fired in electric furnace in the temperatures of 950 degrees C, 1000 degrees C and 1050 degrees C. The following properties were determined: flexure rupture tension (3 points), linear skinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity and apparent specific mass. The results obtained shown that the metallurgical waste addition influences a little in the properties of ceramic bodies. However, burning temperature has strong influence on the same ones.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the possibility of incorporation of granite dust residue, proceeding from the industry of ornamental rocks of the State of the Esp??rito Santo, for manufacture of structural ceramics products the clay base. Special emphasis is given to the effect of the addition of granite dust residue in the technological structural ceramics properties. The raw materials used in this work are red clay and granite dust (residue), proceeding from the region of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim - ES. These materials had been characterized how much its chemical composition, so great of particle and analysis for difra?

Clay ceramic materials incorporated with solid wastes can form complex multiphase structures, which need analytical procedures for a previous evaluation of their properties. In the present work a simplified model for waste added clay ceramics considered as a composite material, is proposed. The model takes into account the reactions and transformations that the incorporated body could suffer at high temperatures in order to consolidate the multiphase ceramic structure. It is suggested that the waste added clay ceramics properties be evaluated by means of the Rule of Mixtures characteristic equations, which apply for particle composites.

Feathers are a poultry by-product rich in protein (mainly keratin), generated in very large amounts as a waste product from the poultry-processing industry. For many years, feathers have been subject to nutritional studies in order to incorporate them as protein supplement in animal feedstock. This allows the poultry industry to take advantage of their usefulness and eliminate the environmental problem of their accumulation, Industrially, a great part of the feather waste is cooked under high pressure and temperature, producing a feather meal. However, this product has two important nutritional limitations: an amino acid imbalance and poor digestibility. In spite of this, the meal is used in nutrition of chicken poultry (5%), rainbow trout (15%), shrimp (33%) and salmon (40%) but needs amino acids supplementation, especially feed-grade L-lysine. Their nutritional value might be improved by microbial action by modification of the structure of keratin and increasing the amino acid content. Thus, there is a growing interest in alternative methods for the treatment of feathers to improve the nutritional quality of the feather meal and to develop new added value products (enzymes, pigments, etc). This research has been conducted on LPB-3 bacterial strain of Kocuria rosea isolated from soil, to determine their potential use to produce fermented feather meal, enzymes and carotenoid pigments in feathers submerged fermentation. Under these conditions: 1) K. rosea excretes at least two proteolytic activities, able to degrade keratin, collagen and elastin. 2) The feather meal enriched with cells of K. rosea mainly contains protein (67%), with an in vitro digestibility (88%) similar to the value of the commercial non fermented feather meal. The bacterial cells incorporated into the final product improve the content of essential amino acids lysine, histidine and methionine. Additionally, by spectrometric data it was detected that this bacterium synthesizes an orange-pink carotenoid pigment astaxanthin, that may useful in alimentary industry for increase colour of some foods and salmonids feed in aquaculture operations.

In function of the need of use of the phosphogypsum generated by the industry it was viabilitely a research line that involves an agreement Brazil/Germany, which looks for a viable alternative for use of the phosphogypsum in the industry of the building site. This article presents the preliminary studies accomplished that contemplated a mineralogical and chemical characterization of the phosphogypsum

In civil engineering, sustainable development comprises the use and production of materials, the characteristics of which are a longer, more useful life with the lowest environmental impact possible. The use of industrial solid waste in concrete production may aid in decreasing negative environmental impact by reducing the consumption of natural resources, the pollution generated by and the power consumed in concrete production. This text contains the results of a study on the use of copper slag and granite saw-waste as mineral admixture for concrete production. The findings state the technical viability of the proposed waste.

The objective of this work was evaluate the effect of gradative substitution of corn silage (0, 20, 40 and 60%, of dry matter) by pineapple by-products silage on average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion, carcass yield, fat thickness and loin eye area of bulls, finished in feedlot. Twenty eight bulls were used with approximately 20 months and initial body weight of 328 kg. The animals were divided in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (levels of pineapple by-products silage) and seven repetitions. Besides the corn silage and/or pineapple by-products silage, the animals received a concentrate formed by soybean meal, corn, mineral salt, urea and monensin. The animals were kept in a individually stable, fed ad libitum during 96 days. At the end of the period, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass characteristics were measured. There was no treatment effect on final body weight, average daily gain, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber ingestion, dry matter feed conversion, hot carcass weight and yield, loin eye area and fat thickness. Dry matter, organic matter, metabolizable energy ingestion for 100 kg body weight reduced linearly.

In this work, the residue generated in the new two-step centrifugation process for olive oil extraction is assessed for the production of bioethanol. Both olive pulp and fragmented stones fractions comprised in such residue are analyzed and tested at laboratory scale for bioconversion to ethanol by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. Firstly, optima conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis step of steam-exploded pretreated sustrates were determined. Then, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was assayed using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus in different assay conditions. For the selected conditions, 9 kg of unpretreated pulp or 6 kg of pretreated fragmented stones (both based on dry matter) would be necessary to obtain 1 liter of ethanol.

This research demonstrated the possibility to use a secondary product of paper industry (BIODAC 12/20) as carrier of microorganisms. The BIODAC granules showed high porosity (65.19%) and buffer properties in acid and basic medium. The mentioned characteristics are important to incorporate the microorganisms and to keep them viable during storage and proliferation on soil. Six different genres of microorganisms (bacteria and fungus) were used as study models, isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils from Southern Mexico. CFU/ mL values 10 to 1000 times above those observed in control samples were obtained in culture tests in liquid with BIODAC. The inhibition of microbial growth was not observed in the assays on petri dishes with agars containing granules that occupied 10, 50 and 100% of the surface. It is possible to recover live microorganisms after 42 days of storage on desiccating state in BIODAC. The number of living microorganisms was maintained on a considerable level, above 10⁹ (CFU/g). The experiments to define the effects of BIODAC 12/20 on plant growth were carried out using the granule quantity (equivalent to 1% of soil volume) that saturated the surface of the container It was demonstrated that the product did not inhibit the emergence time and biomass production. It was observe that after 40 days in the open air, previously inoculated model microporganisms on artifically soil (6% hydrocarbons), the CFU with BIODAC was up to 100% times greater than without BIODAC.

No abstract available

The effects of the addition of bakery waste (BW) replacing corn in the diet of Holstein steers was studied on carcass dressing and meat quality. Four treatments were applied, respectively, 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste replacing corn in the concentrated mixture. The animals were fed with complete pelleted mixtures, with 30% of Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon L.) as roughage. A randomized block design with four treatments and five repetitions, total of 20 animals, was used. The experiment began when the calves reached 90 kg of live weight and lasted for 120 days. At the end of experiment, the animals were slaughtered and carcass dressing, commercial cuts and meat composition and quality were evaluated. The meat quality was evaluated by color, tenderness and chemistry composition (moisture, fat, protein and minerals). The results showed no differences among treatments concerning parameters studied (P>0,05). Therefore, bakery waste can be considered an alternative source for feeding growing steers, when compared with corn.

This work analyzes the feasibility of using

The effects of addition of bakery waste (BW) replacing corn in the diet of Holstein steers were studied. Four treatments, respectively to the addition of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste were applied in the concentrated mixture for corn replacement. Animals were fed with complete mixtures pelleted ration, with 30% of Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon L.) as roughage. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four treatments and five repetitions, totalizing 20 animals. The performance was evaluated by intake and feed conversion, weight gain, heart-girth and size. Diarrhea incidence was evaluated through daily observation of faeces. The experiment began when calves reached 90 kg of life weight, and lasted for 120 days. The results did not show statistically significant differences among treatments concerning weight gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion, heart-girth, height at whiter and diarrhea incidence. The addition of bakery waste caused feed costs reduction of 3.74%, 7.44% and 10.90% respectively for 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste, in comparison to the control diet (0%). So, bakery waste is an alternative source for feeding and for reduction of costs of growing steers, in comparison to corn.

[No abstract available

This work shows a preliminary study of the technical-economic viability of the Pinas sp. wood waste utilization, for the electric energy production. Approximately 30 sawmills in ?

The objective of this work was to compare the computerized monitoring of the in vitro gas production system with the in vivo and in situ methods. On the comparisons, corn silage with high/low dry matter contents, with/without inoculation, were used. The digestibility of silage with high dry matter (DM) content, with/without inoculation, did not present differences among the analyzed methods. When evaluated apart from the inoculation effect, that silage differed in vitro/gas and in situ methods

The qualitative trend of some trace elements (Ni, V, Zn, Pb, Cr) in the carbon residue (CCR) formation process (according to ASTM D189), starting from commercial fuel oils, is discussed. The experimental findings show that the metals enrichment in CCR matches with metals concentration and with the compound type in the parent oil. Moreover, a deep dependence of the metals enrichment on the oil aromaticity has been evidenced. In particular, the metals enrichment scales with the aromaticity except for Ni which shows an opposite trend. In other words, when the heating conditions are particulary favorable to coke formation, the Ni enrichment in carbon residue decreases with the parent oil aromaticity. Thus, as the oil aromaticity increases, an enhanced tendency of nickel to volatilize (and to concentrate in fine particle fractions more difficult to remove) is absented. Thus, from an emission control point of view, it is possible to postulate that, owing to the general temperature reduction, in low-NO_x burners the volatilization process of the volatile elements (i.e. nickel), will be depressed. In the light of the above considerations, the relative reduction of nickel emissions will be enhanced too, especially for highly aromatic oils.

The objective of the present study was to utilize the soymilk residue (SR), wheat flour and peanuts to formulate pa?

Dietary fiber in industrial tomato residue and its effect on glycaemic response and seric cholesterol in rats. The left over after ketchup sauce is obtained is a tomato residue (RIT) that contains skin and seeds. Proximal analysis of the flour of this industrial product reveals that it has 50% dietary fiber, 18% protein and 10% fat. Due to the high dietary fiber content the effect on glucose absorption and seric cholesterol was studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intragastric meal after a 12 hours fast containing 263 g tomato residue flour (RIT)/diet or a control meal (0% RIT) and glucose plasma levels were determined. Results show that the presence of RIT in the test meal flattened glucose response curves. Ad lib administration of four diets differing in RIT content to four groups of rats for 18 days showed that although animals on a high RIT diet ate increased amounts of cholesterol the plasma lipid levels remained constant which suggest that the presence of RIT fibre on the diet is responsible for this effect. The results reported in this paper suggest that the dietary fiber of RIT diminishes glucose absorption and reduces seric cholesterol levels, which in turn could be useful in the treatment of NIDD and hipercholesterolaemic patients.

Two experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the inclusion of cassava residue (RIFM) in diets for growing and finishing pigs. In the first experiment, four levels (0,6.67,13.33 and 20%) of RIFM in growing diets were studied. The inclusion of RIFM in the diets caused a cubic effect on average daily gain (GPMD, P<

The aim of this research was to utilize the waste residues of sisal fiber separation from Agave sisalana leaves to develop a larvicide for the combat of mosquito transmitting tropical diseases. Larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were exposed to different concentrations of the Agave extract for 24 hours to determine lethal concentrations. The LC50 for A. aegypti was 322 ppm and the LC50 for C. quinquefasciatus was 183 ppm. To detect the active substances, saponins were investigated. It was found that the various components of the extract were effective in eliminating the larvae. Under field conditions, this formulation can probably be used at 100 ppm, which causes 100% mortality of C. quinquefasciatus larvae after 3-4 days. The product is not recommended for use against A. aegypti due to the necessity for high concentrations and to the fact that the larvae of this species live frequently on drinking water. To avoid fermentation, Agave extract should be used in a dehydrated form which also represent a good formulation for practical use.

There has been a growing interest in the food industry and in preventive medicine to search for

The applicability of a residue of manioc (Manihot esculenta Granz) from industrial processing as a direct compression excipient was investigated in comparison with microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel

It has been carried out the structural characterization of high oxide content glasses obtained by melting of a goethite industrial waste from the zinc hydrometallurgy with other raw materials as dolomite and glass cullet. The structural characterization has been carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Diffraction by Amorphous Dispersion (RDF) and M??ssbauer spectroscopy. It has been determined the interatomic distance, the oxidation state and the coordination of iron atoms in these glasses.

The mineralogy of anodic portions of spent alkaline batteries from a leading brand (Duracell) that had been equilibrated in ambient air for approximately 4 months was investigated to determine if material generated from this low energy process may be suitable stock material for recycling. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified the bulk of the ambient air oxidized anodic material as zincite (ZnO). Scanning electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures of zincite are present with euhedral hexagonal prisms being the most common crystal form. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that there are no minor amounts of Mn within the zincite. Transmission electron microscopy investigation indicates a variety of textures exist in the <2 µm size fraction including near euhedral prismatic crystals, crystals with step-fashion terminations and indentations, heavily corroded zincite and near amorphous aggregates of anastomozing zinc oxide. Impurities in the <2 µm size fraction include minor amounts of unidentified mixed sulfate materials and are interpreted as dominantly occurring as thin coatings on zincite pArtigos. Discrete submicrometer-sized spherical and rhomboid pArtigos of Zn-Mn oxides are also common impurities in the <2 µm size fraction but occurr at abundance of <1% by volume. This study provides new baseline information that can be used to develop large scale recycling of zincite from spent alkaline batteries. A promising applications of zincite are numerous, including the development of new solar cell materials. The spent alkaline battery waste stream may serve as promising resource for driving further development of this sector of the economy. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Diatomite is a pozzolanic material containing amorphous silica, cristabolite and minor amounts of residual minerals. Waste marble powder (WMP) is an inert material which is obtained as an industrial by product during sawing, shaping, and polishing of marble and causes a serious environmental problem. This paper describes the procedures and results of a laboratory investigation of mechanical properties carried out on the concrete specimens containing diatomite and WMP as partial replacement of cement in concrete. The laboratory work essentially consists of characterization of the raw and waste materials, preparation of concrete specimens with diatomite and WPM in different ratios by weight as replacement for cement and a superplasticizing admixture to reduce water demand and compression and flexural tests of the specimens. Test results indicated that the concrete specimens containing 10% diatomite, 5% WPM and 5% WPM +10% diatomite replacement by weight for cement had the best compressive and flexural strength and the replacement of cement with diatomite and WMP separately and together using a superplasticizing admixture could be utilized to improve the mechanical properties of the conventional concrete mixtures. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut fibers and waste material from the coir industry, is stable and not easily degradable due to its high lignin content. Coir pith takes a decade to decompose thereby posing environmental hazard and disposal problem. Pollution by plastics creates an alternative solution to reduce problems. Hence the potential use of coir industrial wastes for production of bioplastics (Poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate - PHB) as an alternative to plastics was studied. Commercial production of this polymer is limited, however, due to higher cost and longer fermentation process as compared to petrochemical plastics. These concerned make it necessary to use the cheapest and readily available raw materials. Azotobacter beijerinickii used coir industrial waste as a substrate and produced PHB. Production of PHB was maximized at pH 6.5 with 3% coir hydrolysate. The amount of PHB produced by A. beijerinickii was 2.4 ± 0.2 g/L. The yield was 48.19%. Production of PHB was confirmed by Sudan black B staining under a light microscope, acridine orange staining under a fluorescent microscope and by an infrared spectrometer. This investigation showed that coir industrial waste could be effectively used for the production of PHB.

Use of industrial effluents for irrigation purposes is a highly warranted utility of water pollutants proposition. The objective of using waste water for irrigating crop plants is of two fold. The first and foremost of this is the safe disposal of the effluents, which may otherwise have adverse effects on the environment and human health. The other objective is to recycle it as irrigation water, as compost for its possible fertilizer value. The literatures relating the influence of industrial waste water on seed and seedling quality characters irrespective of crops are Estudoed hereunder. © 2010 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Iron humate (IH) produced as a waste by-product during an industrial manufacture of humic substances from young brown coals was tested as a new cost-effective sorbent for the removal of inorganic phosphorus from waters. The sorption capacity approaching ca. 10 mg P g^{- 1} was comparable with that reported for other non-conventional sorbents, and was nearly independent on pH in a slightly acidic to neutral working range of the sorbent. It was found that the phosphate binding to IH is a relatively slow process requiring several days to attain equilibrium. The kinetics of the phosphate sorption was described by a recently introduced modified pseudo-n-order (MPnO) rate equation. Extraction tests showed that a major part of phosphorus in IH is associated strongly with iron-containing compounds or humate matrix of the sorbent and may be hardly liberated into the environment. Only minor fraction of phosphorus is readily mobilizable by leaching with water. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study presents a screening protocol to evaluate the applicability of the ZVI pretreatment to various industrial wastewaters of which major constituents are not identified. The screening protocol consisted of a sequential analysis of UV-vis spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), and bioassay. The UV-vis and HPLC analyses represented the potential reductive transformation of unknown constituents in wastewater by the ZVI. The UV-vis and HPLC results were quantified using principal component analysis (PCA) and Euclidian distance (ED). The short-term bioassay was used to assess the increased biodegradability of wastewater constituents after ZVI treatment. The screening protocol was applied to seven different types of real industrial wastewaters. After identifying one wastewater as the best candidate for the ZVI treatment, the benefit of ZVI pretreatment was verified through continuous operation of an integrated iron-sequencing batch reactor (SBR) resulting in the increased organic removal efficiency compared to the control. The iron pretreatment was suggested as an economical option to modify some costly physico-chemical processes in the existing wastewater treatment facility. The screening protocol could be used as a robust strategy to estimate the applicability of ZVI pretreatment to a certain wastewater with unknown composition. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: Lactococcus lactis is an interesting microorganism with several industrial applications, particularly in the food industry. As well as being a probiotic species, L. lactis produces several metabolites with interesting properties, such as lactic acid (LA) and biosurfactants. Nevertheless, L. lactis is an especially demanding species since it has strong nutritional requirements, implying the use of complex and expensive culture media. RESULTS: The results showed the potential of L. lactis CECT-4434 as a LA and biosurfactant producer. The economical cost of L. lactis cultures can be reduced by replacing the MRS medium by the use of two waste materials: trimming vine shoots as C source, and 20 g L^-1 distilled wine lees (vinasses) as N, P and micronutrient sources. From the hemicellulosic fraction, 14.3 g L^-1 LA and 1.7 mg L^-1 surfactin equivalent were achieved after 74 h (surface tension reduction of 14.4 mN m^-1)

This Artigo provides an introduction to the current Special Issue of the journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, which contains eight carefully selected Artigos from the 12th Conference Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction - PRES'09. This issue builds upon the multi-year co-operation between the PRES conference planners and the journal. The Artigos cover important subjects of increased energy and resource efficiency in industrial production and emission reduction. The first paper is based on the conference plenary presentation and is providing an overview of the historical developments in the Process Integration (PI) area and the apparently significant contribution of the PRES series of conferences. This is followed by a second group of two papers dedicated to important PI topics - retrofit of Heat Exchanger Networks and simultaneous minimisation of water and energy consumption. The third group contains three contributions dedicated to energy savings via the application of PI in specific industrial sectors. The final fourth group of two papers is dedicated to the implementation of energy conversion technologies. Those papers are discussing environmental impact of waste-to-energy processes and heat exchanger improvements. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recycling of secondary raw materials is a priority of waste handling in the countries of the European community. A potentially important secondary raw material is the product of the thermal transformation of cement-asbestos, produced by prolonged annealing at 1200-1300 °C. The product is chemically comparable to a Mg-rich clinker. Previous work has assured the reliability of the transformation process. The current challenge is to find potential applications as secondary raw material. Recycling of thermally treated asbestos-containing material (named KRY·AS) in traditional ceramics has already been studied with successful results. The results presented here are the outcome of a long termed project started in 2005 and devoted to the recycling of this secondary raw materials in various industrial applications. KRY·AS can be added in medium-high percentages (10-40 wt%) to commercial mixtures for the production of clay bricks, rock-wool glasses for insulation as well as Ca-based frits and glass-ceramics for the production of ceramic tiles. The secondary raw material was also used for the synthesis of two ceramic pigments

Human gene therapy is currently seeing an increase in the use of plasmid (pDNA)-based vectors as a preferred choice of vehicle for delivery of the therapeutic gene into the body. In this regard, the environmental impacts of the waste streams from the possible industrial scale manufacture of pDNA require more detailed assessment. In this study, an initial assessment was made of the nutrient phosphorus (P) inputs to four fermentation processes recommended for the industrial scale production of pDNA for the purposes of gene therapy. Phosphorus inputs to each of the four selected fermentation processes ranged from approximately 60 mg l^-1 up to 3000 mg l^-1 in the fresh media. However, the spent media waste from each of the processes exhibited only a minor reduction in the phosphorus concentrations indicating minimal uptake of P by the microorganisms. This unutilised excess level of phosphorus nutrient within the waste streams poses a strong potential for environmental impact. Waste minimisation studies were undertaken on one model fermentation process with the aim of reducing unnecessary phosphorus input. An optimised media containing a 98% reduction in added P to the media was developed. This phosphorus-minimised media had little quantitative effect upon cell biomass produced and no effect upon the quantity or quality of pDNA produced, relative to the control media. The reduction in P requirement results in an overall cost savings of 12% per fermentation batch, would simplify subsequent wastewater treatment and would contribute to slowing the depletion rate of a valuable, finite natural resource. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Industrial ecology suggests innovative pathways for re-use and recovery of waste streams, but efforts to establish ecoindustrial networks have encountered both technical and institutional barriers. To help overcome these challenges, an Industrial Ecosystem Toolkit has been developed to quantify how such collaborative networks can reduce costs, employ assets more efficiently, increase revenue, reduce risks, and conserve natural resources. The tools draw upon methods from network flow optimization modeling and environmental life cycle assessment, and enable real-time, interactive use by decision makers. Working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Business Council for Sustainable Development, and other regional organizations, the Center for Resilience has applied these innovative tools to promote a systems approach based on sound science and informed decision-making. Future work will develop network models that represent synergies among industrial and ecological processes.

Electronic waste legislation is non-uniform, at both the national and global level, and a variety of financial and collection schemes exist [1, 2]. In some locations, e-waste stakeholders have preempted mandatory take-back by creating heir own e-waste programs. Whether involved by mandate or voluntarily, stakeholders would like to develop strategies that minimize their financial burden. However, the economic performance of an e-waste recovery system is affected by collection and market uncertainties. Thus, to ensure system success, stakeholders must first understand the impact of uncertainty on economic performance.

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is defined as discarded or obsolete electronic devices such as computers. E-waste presents a challenge to domestic and global waste infrastructure because of its large quantities, short product life, and decreasing product size [1]-[3]. These changes are due to constantly changing product characteristics and rapid technological innovation. E-waste is known to contain valuable materials such as gold and copper, which can generate revenue from recycling e-waste and recovering materials. State of the art recycling technologies available to recover materials from e-waste

The potential for environmental, social, and economic advances enabled by information and communication technologies (ICTs) is tremendous: 'Smart Grid' systems hold promise for resource conservation and climate change mitigation

Interest in recycling has surged in recent years due to shifting material costs, environmental concerns over material production and disposal, and laws in many countries designed to improve material recycling rates. In response, recycling systems are becoming more complex as increasing material recovery is required from products with complicated material mixtures such as WEEE (Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment). One common approach to increasing system separation performance is the use of multi-stage separation systems. The problem of estimating the performance and designing multi-stage separation processes has rarely been tackled from a system engineering perspective, resulting in poor integration and sub-optimal configuration of industrial multi-stage separation systems. This paper presents a systematic approach to modeling and analyzing multi-stage separation processes. Individual separation processes modeled as Bayesian binary separation steps are incorporated into network models through mass flow rate equations. The model can be used to evaluate the performance of these multistage separations under varying conditions, informing decisions about system configuration and process performance. Several basic examples demonstrate the utility of this model for design decisions. The industrial value is demonstrated through a real case study featuring PET plastic and aluminum flake separation in the beverage container recycling industry.

This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate certain mechanical properties and durability characteristics of blended cement concretes, such as silica fume, fly ash and blastfurnace slag, incorporating up to 15% cement kiln dust. The results indicate that the compressive strength of silica fume and fly ash cement concretes with up to 10% kiln dust was marginally less than that of type I cement concrete. The compressive strength of slag cement concrete incorporating kiln dust was lower than that of other blended and type I cement concretes. A significant increase in the drying shrinkage was noted in the blended cement concretes. The electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes was, however, generally more than that of type I cement concrete. It is recommended to use 5% silica fume plus 10% kiln dust or 10% fly ash plus 10% kiln dust as a replacement of type I cement. Such usage would lead to technical, economic, and environmental benefits in terms of a reduction in the quantity of cement and utilisation of waste industrial by-products. As the electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes incorporating kiln dust is more than that of type I cement without kiln dust, it is expected that the useful service-life of the former would be more than that of the latter. As the compressive strength of slag cement concretes, incorporating up to 10% kiln dust, is low, it may be used in low- strength applications. It should, however, be noted that blended cement concretes require good curing to minimise drying shrinkage cracks.

This study is focused on the development of a hydrometallurgical process which allows the zinc recovery from Waelz oxide (WO). This process is aimed to zinc oxide production. So, it must allow the production of a widely used compound, mainly in tyre and ceramics production processes, from industrial residues such as EAF dusts considered as Toxic and Hazardous Wastes (THWs), from which the WO is generated [1]. Although some studies have been previously published describing zinc oxide hydrometallurgical production processes, none of them used a raw material with similar characteristics to the WO ones. The developed process consists of a series of initial stages in which an appropriate liquor is prepared through lixiviation and purifying steps, and some final stages where the zinc ion present in the liquor is precipitated as zinc hydroxide and calcined to obtain zinc oxide. Two different acids were studied as lixiviation agents, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid liquors, obtaining in both cases zinc lixiviation yields higher than 85%. After the purifying stages, the metallic zinc impurities concentration in the liquor was lower than 85 ppm in the case of hydrochloric acid liquors and lower than 47 ppm in the case of sulphuric acid liquors. The zinc hydroxide precipitated from the purified liquor was calcined obtaining a zinc oxide whose purity was higher than 99.99% in the case of hydrochloric liquors and lower than 20% when sulphuric liquors were used. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

The search of a sustainable development for the industry can only be understood from a global approach which takes account of both the industrial activity and the product. Industrial activity needs adding new systems to the production process that minimize its impact reducing the consumption of resources and atmospheric emissions. The product must incorporate sustainable features such as the capacity to be recycled and/or valorised throuhgout its life cycle and, so, being reintroduced again in the industrial activity. This way, product turns into the cornerstone of a closed circuit production system that involves all industrial sectors in recycling products and waste and minimizes the frootprint of the process. Cement sector must continue insisting on the development of recycling of cementicious maerials and also on the recycling of materials during its production, and, especially, we must continue studying in depth the relationship between Life Cycle and recycling, which will provide the sector with a methodology and with useful tools to reduce the environmental impact. Therefore, the sector is making efforts for achieving an industry in closed circuit, in which materials and energy are re-used, minimizing to the maximum its affection to the environment. At the same time, we are working on the conceptualizing of this production model that involves all the industrial sectors in material recycling. As a reuslt of this commitment, cement industry has signed aggrement of colaboration with FER and Sigrauto to use vehicles out of use and with UNESID to valorise steel waste and also the project Pressure for a global management of industrial waste.

CARBON FER is a mechanical mixture obtained out of various powder or ground to powder ferrous or non-ferrous wastes. The ferrous powder wastes that can be used are steel dust, soot, agglomeration and blast furnace dust as well as non-ferrous coke dust

The compelling need to harness the potentials of the numerous agro- industrial by-products and the so-called wastes as part replacement for the more expensive conventional feed ingredients have been seriously expressed. This need has arisen mainly from the increasing demand and supply deficit of conventional feed resources with a concomitant sharp rise in their cost prices. The net effect of increased unit cost of the conventional feed resources is increased cost of the compounded rations, which by extension gives rise to increased cost of meat and animal products. It then becomes highly imperative that other sources for rapid livestock output to meet the growing human demands for animal protein foods are sourced. Such other sources should be cheap and nutritionally adequate for feeding animals with the aim of lowering the cost of producing meat. One of such measure is the recycling of poultry litter as part replacement for soya bean in livestock nutrition. Poultry litter is the by-product of poultry production, which should be managed in an environmentally friendly manner. As observed in this study, poultry litter contains 20% crude protein, 621.41 ME kcal kg¹, and substantial amounts of minerals that could be exploited in feeding livestock. This study has explored the possibility of including poultry litter in diets in view of its contents. © 2010 Taylor &

Production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was tested on different byproducts of food industry, like fish meal, grape waste, an industrial fibrous soybean residue, soybean meal, and cheese whey. Bacillus sp. P11 produced the higher amount of antimicrobial activity on soybean meal, followed by fish meal and fibrous soybean residue. Soybean meal was the selected medium to determine the effect of three variables (temperature, initial pH, and substrate concentration) on bacteriocin activity by response surface methodology, using a 2³ factorial design. Statistical analysis showed good adequacy to the model (R² of 0.8268). In the range studied, temperature and initial pH of the medium have a significant effect on bacteriocin production, and substrate concentration has no significant effect. Response surface data showed maximum bacteriocin production at initial pH between 7.0 and 8.5 and temperature between 39 and 42 °C. In the optimum conditions (initial pH 7.0 and 42 °C), production of bacteriocin activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was compared using a commercial medium (BHI broth) and soybean meal. Maximum activity achieved with the soybean meal-based medium was similar to that obtained with BHI, indicating that soybean meal may be a cost-effective substrate for production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

One of the most important steps taken towards ecological recovery and the improvement of environment conditions was the harmonisation of environment laws to the EU legislation, as an important part of the adheration process. At present, priority is being given to the strict fulfillment of the commitments made by Romania during the negotiation process related to the environment chapter, both institutionally and financially, in order to lead to the creation of an environment infrastructure meeting European requirements and to ensure a clean and healthy environment. Under these conditions, the recovery of the numerous wastes resulted from various industrial processes and their re-introduction into the economical circuit ranges within the above-mentioned requirements. We particularly mean the wastes that can be components of some synthetic slags used in steel secondary treatment, inside the ladle (lime wastes, the aluminum industry slag, etc.). Thus, costs can be cut down by 70%, which means an average decrease of costs of 88 $/t of slag. At the same time, the use of wastes in slag formation has a positive ecological impact upon the environment, as pollution is reduced in the areas neighbouring the aluminum, construction material or steel-making plants.

Susceptibility of industrial mango peel waste to pectin degradation during storage at ambient conditions (25 °C, 63% relative humidity) for up to 5 h before by-product stabilisation by drying was explored. Depending on the interim storage period in the wet state, pectins were recovered from the dried peels by hot-acid extraction. Most important, pectin degradation during the temporary storage of the wet peels was insignificant, as revealed by yields, composition, average molecular properties, and techno-functional quality. Hardly acetylated (DAc 2.5-4.5%), rapid-set high-methoxyl pectins were obtained at starch-corrected net yields of 14.1-15.6 g hg^-1. Irrelevant de-esterification during peel storage in the wet state was confirmed by overall uniform setting temperatures. Arabinogalactans, uniformly indicated by high molar galactose/rhamnose ratios of 13.8-16.9 mol/mol and an arabinose percentage of 9.5-14.4 mol hmol^-1 of galactose residues, affected the galacturonide contents, intrinsic viscosities, and gel strengths throughout. The wet peels, derived from widespread manual peeling in mango canning, tolerated intermediate storage for 5 h, thus facilitating by-product stabilisation on smaller scales. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Institute of Food Science and Technology.

Pyrolysis of industrial fatty wastes (soybean soapstock, beef tallow, and poultry industry waste) was carried out in the absence of catalysts. In all cases, organic mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds were obtained. These mixtures were distilled and diesel-like fractions were isolated and characterized by GC-FID, GC-MS and FT-IR, showing the formation of olefins, paraffins, and some oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids and esters. The main physical-chemical properties of those isolated diesel-like fuels (density, viscosity, distillation curve, carbon residue, copper corrosion test, cetane index, cold finger plugging point, acid index and heating value) were determined using ASTM standard methods and matched the Brazilian specification for diesel fuel. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This work illustrates the feasibility of vermitechnology to stabilize sludge from an agro-industry. To achieve the goal, industrial sludge (IS) was mixed with three different bulky agents, i.e. cow dung (CD), biogas plant slurry (BGS) and wheat straw (WS), in different ratios to produce nine different feed mixtures for earthworm Eisenia fetida. Vermicomposting bedding material was analyzed for its different physic-chemical parameters after 15 weeks of experimentations. In all waste mixtures, a decrease in pH, organic C and C:N ratio, but increase in total N, available P, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca and trace elements (Mg, Fe and Zn) was recorded. IS (40%) + CD (60%) and IS (40%) + BGS (60%) vermibeds showed the highest mineralization rate and earthworm growth patterns during vermicomposting process. Vermicompost contains (dry weight basis) a considerable range of plant available forms of P (17.5-28.9 g kg^-1), K (13.8-21.4 g kg^-1), Ca (41.1-63.4 g kg^-1), Mg (262.4-348.3 mg kg^-1), Fe (559.8-513.0 mg kg^-1) and Zn (363.1-253.6 mg kg^-1). Earthworm growth parameters, i.e. biomass gain, total cocoon production, individual growth rate (mg wt. worm^-1 day^-1), natality rate, total fecundity were optimum in bedding containing 20-40% industrial sludge. C:N ratio of worm-processed material was within the agronomic acceptable or favorable limit (<

The microbiological and physicochemical parameters were monitored for 12 weeks during composting of five piles (1.5 a

In this study, the potential re-use of waste foundry sand in high-strength concrete production was investigated. The natural fine sand is replaced with waste foundry sand (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The findings from a series of test program has shown reduction in compressive and tensile strengths, and the elasticity modulus which is directly related to waste foundry inclusion in concrete. Nevertheless the concrete with 10% waste foundry sand exhibits almost similar results to that of the control one. The slump and the workability of the fresh concrete decreases with the increase of the waste foundry sand ratio. Although the freezing and thawing significantly reduces the mechanical and physical properties of the concrete. The obtained results satisfies the acceptable limits set by the American Concrete Institute (ACI). © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Solvent extractable organic compounds in PM_2.5 samples collected in Taizhou, a city famous for its electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling industry in Zhejiang province of China, were analyzed to identify the main emission sources based on molecular markers. Two types of plastics which were most frequently contained in the e-wastes, wires/cables and plastic blocks, were burned in the lab and the pArtigos emitted analyzed. The concentrations of PAHs and phthalate esters at the e-waste dismantling area during our sampling periods were about two times of that at the reference urban site, indicating the high pollution level there. The high concentrations of quaterphenyl found at the dismantling area indicated that burning of plastics or polymers was an important emission source of the PAHs in the fine pArtigos. The diagnostic analysis based on the compositions of alkanes, hopanes and other molecular markers showed that engine exhaust, biomass burning and kitchen emissions were also important emission sources at the e-waste dismantling area. Our results suggested that more effort should be paid to control the correlative emission sources such as transportation and kitchen to achieve better air quality at the e-waste dismantling area besides regulating the recycling activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Forest industries look for multiple utilizations for their timber production. In Brazil, the genus Eucalyptus has a great potential for solid wood products

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of Sardes waste clay (SC) from the Pomza Export placer gold mine at Sardes (Salihli), Turkey, as secondary raw materials in ceramic floor tiles. To obtain consistent quality, we monitored the physical and chemical properties of SC and fabrication conditions. Once SC was demonstrated to be acceptable as a secondary raw material, laboratory and industrial tests were conducted to understand the reaction mechanisms during firing and to determine the chemical, mineralogical, and technical properties of the reagents and products. The mineralogical composition of SC is dominated by quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, hematite, calcite, and clay minerals (muscovite-illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite). Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) analyses of SC from Aksay (Aksay, E.K., 2005. Determination of the technological properties of the Izmir-Menderes Pumice Ores as an industrial mineral. Ph.D. Thesis, Dokuz Eyla

Phosphate rock (PR) is an abundant ore and represents the basic raw material for the phosphatic fertilizer industry. Prior to industrial processing, PR is concentrated by grinding-and-screening to separate a fine fraction that is very poor in P₂O₅. This fine fraction is a solid waste and represents a disposal problem. The present study shows that the fine fraction of ground-and-screened Abu-Tartour PR can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to vary with initial methylene blue concentration and contact time. Raising the temperature enhances the rate of adsorption but has no effect on the adsorption capacity at equilibrium. The adsorption equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The Elovich model can be used to predict the adsorption kinetics at ambient temperatures especially when the initial concentration of MB is relatively high, while Ho's model deviates from the data as the initial concentration increases. However, as the temperature increases and MB concentration decreases, Ho's model fits the data better than the Elovich model. On studying the mechanism of adsorption, the results showed that the overall rate of dye uptake is controlled by intrapArtigo diffusion. The multilinear plots of intrapArtigo diffusion were modeled by piecewise linear regression and related to pore-size distribution of the adsorbent. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.

The industrial treatment of spent nuclear fuel is based upon a hydrometallurgical process in nitric acid medium. In order to minimize the volume of radioactive waste it seems interesting to generate the reactive species in situ in such solutions using ultrasonic irradiation without addition of salt-forming reagents. This Estudo summarizes for the first time the versatile sonochemical processes with uranium, neptunium and plutonium in homogeneous nitric acid solutions and heterogeneous systems. The dissolution of refractory solids, ultrasonically driven liquid-liquid extraction and the sonochemical degradation of the volatile products of organic solvent radiolysis issued from PUREX process are considered. Also the guidelines for required further work to ensure successful application of the studied processes at industrial scale are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the possible use of exhausted grape marc for obtaining grape seed oil by means of the supercritical technology. An industrial-scale supercritical extraction plant (three extractors in series working in the counter-current mode) has been designed based on the availability of grape seeds of a region in the north of Italy, namely 3000ton/year (3a

Methane derived from anaerobic treatment of organic wastes has a great potential to be an alternative fuel. Abundant biomass from various industries could be a source for biomethane production where combination of waste treatment and energy production would be an advantage. This Artigo summarizes the importance of the microbial population, with a focus on the methanogenic archaea, on the anaerobic fermentative biomethane production from biomass. Types of major wastewaters that could be the source for biomethane generation such as brewery wastewater, palm oil mill effluent, dairy wastes, cheese whey and dairy wastewater, pulp and paper wastewaters and olive oil mill wastewaters in relevance to their dominant methanogenic population are fully discussed in this Artigo. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e-waste ends up in regions with sub-standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design-for-environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase-outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing-out substances

Flyash cenosphere obtained as industrial waste from thermal power plants is an effective cost and weight reducing filler for developing lightweight polymer composites. Cenospheres as fillers also help in improving the mechanical properties of base polymer matrices. However, the desired enhancement depends on homogeneous dispersion of cenospheres and excellent compatibility between cenospheres and polymer matrix. In the present work, this was achieved by modifying the surface of cenospheres using silane treatment and incorporating them in a versatile thermoplastic high density polyethylene. The silane treatment resulted in considerable improvement in the impact strength and density of the composites which ultimately translated into better wear performance of composites even in severe abrasive conditions. Lancaster-Ratner correlation between mechanical properties and wear resistance was found to be almost linear for the silane treated cenospheres filled composites unlike the untreated cenospheres filled composites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to understand the wear modes and mechanisms and supported using X-ray diffractograms. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

There is growing pressure on retailing businesses to act responsibly and comprehensively to manage their waste in a sustainable way. In addition, the practical importance of meeting waste directives and environmental credentials has made most businesses value facilities management services to business. Despite Fuller's and Pitt's observations concerning shopping centre waste management trends, little attempt has been made to investigate the existing solid waste recycling from the UK shopping centre sector. Most previous research on waste minimisation through recycling relates to municipal buildings, commercial office buildings, medical facilities, hotels, educational buildings and industrial buildings. Few studies from other sectors have developed critical success factors (CSFs) for waste management and recycling initiatives. Therefore, this Artigo sets out to identify those primary factors that are considered to be of critical importance to the successful implementation of recycling initiatives in UK retail shopping centres. The Artigo establishes how these factors can be determined and validated in accordance with current perspectives. This Artigo Estudos the relative importance of CSFs associated with shopping centres solid waste recycling initiatives in the United Kingdom. By doing so, factoring analysis is used to classify a relatively small number of factor groupings that can be used to represent the relationship among a set of many interrelated variables. This technique is significant to explore the groupings that might exist among the CSFs with regard to UK retail shopping centre solid waste recycling initiatives. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

The aim of this work is to isolate and characterize bacterial isolates form dye house effluent, and to check their ability of decolorizing sulfonated azo dyes, and also to study influence of various environmental parameters on same process. Among seven Gram positive bacterial isolates obtained form dye house effluent, M1 (Bacillus cereus) and M6 were proved to be more potent for decolorizing sulfonated azo dyes under aerobic conditions. Maltose as carbon source and peptone as nitrogen source enhanced decolorization efficiency of M1 (B. cereus). HPTLC studies proved that more than 97% of the dye (Reactive Red 195) was degraded by bacteria after 72 h of incubation. These results along with spectrophotometric data prove the efficiency of bacteria suggesting their possible use in treating dye containing effluents. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microbial granular sludge that is capable to treat textile wastewater in a single reactor under intermittent anaerobic and aerobic conditions was developed in this study. The granules were cultivated using mixed sewage and textile mill sludge in combination with anaerobic granules collected from an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor as seed. The granules were developed in a single sequential batch reactor (SBR) system under alternating anaerobic and aerobic condition fed with synthetic textile wastewater. The characteristics of the microbial granular sludge were monitored throughout the study period. During this period, the average size of the granules increased from 0.02 ± 0.01 mm to 2.3 ± 1.0 mm and the average settling velocity increased from 9.9 ± 0.7 m h^-1 to 80 ± 8 m h^-1. This resulted in an increased biomass concentration (from 2.9 ± 0.8 g L^-1 to 7.3 ± 0.9 g L^-1) and mean cell residence time (from 1.4 days to 8.3 days). The strength of the granules, expressed as the integrity coefficient also improved. The sequential batch reactor system demonstrated good removal of COD and ammonia of 94% and 95%, respectively, at the end of the study. However, only 62% of color removal was observed. The findings of this study show that granular sludge could be developed in a single reactor with an intermittent anaerobic-aerobic reaction phase and is capable in treating the textile wastewater. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

In recent decades an increasingly large fraction of the world's wrought aluminum alloys supply has come from the aluminum scrap recovered from industrial waste and discarded post-consumer items. However, replacing even a minor part of primary aluminum in wrought alloys with recycled counterpart originated from lower grades of scrap (typically scrap contaminated with various non-metallic impurities) without influencing the quality of the allay is very demanding from a metallurgical point of view. This Artigo discusses the two approaches for achieving the requested chemical composition of wrought alloys made from recycled aluminum: (i) before melting, by combining the appropriate qualities and quantities of scrap, primary aluminum, and the alloying elements and (ii) during melting, by diluting impurity content with primary aluminum to the needed level and adding, at the same time, the necessary amount of alloying elements for achieving their standard concentration in diluted melts. © 2010 TMS.

Four identically configured anaerobic packed bed biofilm reactors were developed and employed in the continuous acidogenic digestion of olive mill wastewaters to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which can be exploited in the biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Ceramic porous cubes or granular activated carbon were used as biofilm supports. Aside packing material, the role of temperature and organic loading rate (OLR) on VFA production yield and mixture composition were also studied. The process was monitored through a chemical, microbiological and molecular biology integrated procedure. The highest wastewater acidification yield was achieved with the ceramic-based technology at 25 °C, with an inlet COD and an OLR of about 17 g/L and 13 g/L/day, respectively. Under these conditions, about the 66% of the influent COD (not including its VFA content) was converted into VFAs, whose final amount represented more than 82% of the influent COD. In particular, acetic, propionic and butyric acids were the main VFAs by composing the 55.7, 21.5 and 14.4%, respectively, of the whole VFA mixture. Importantly, the relative concentrations of acetate and propionate were affected by the OLR parameter. The nature of the packing material remarkable influenced the process performances, by greatly affecting the biofilm bacterial community structure. In particular, ceramic cubes favoured the immobilization of Firmicutes of the genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Clostridium, which were probably involved in the VFA producing process. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

A short Estudo of phase change materials (PCMs) was given regarding the relevant applications and the latest development on various fiels including solar energy, industrial waste heat recovery, building materials, cold storage of air conditioning, electronic devices, heat dissipation of batteries, cosmetics, and temperature-adaptable fibers. The basic theory of PCMs' application is utilizing the heat (energy) being absorbed or released as the phase changing processes occur. It has been demonstrated that the research of PCMs is becoming one of the most popular topic in the world. It should be emphasized here that researchers of materials, technics and structure design et al. ought to cooperate intensively in order to promote the development of PCMs more efficently in the future.

The rhizomes of turmeric are processed to obtain oleoresin and subsequently curcuminoids are isolated. The mother liquor, after partial isolation of curcuminoids, known as spent turmeric oleoresin (STO), is considered as industrial waste. Curcuminoids enriched spent turmeric oleoresin (CSTO) is prepared by removal of nonantioxidant constituents, and investigated for its antioxidant potential using in vitro methods, and also the total curcuminoids and phenolic contents were determined. CSTO has a total phenolic content of 267.27 ± 5.75 mg GAE/g that is almost double the amount present in STO (118.3 ± 3.0 mg GAE/g). The total amount of curcuminoids in CSTO is found to be 39 ± 1.2%, whereas STO had 15 ± 2.0%. CSTO possessed radical scavenging activity of 84% at 50 µg/mL, antioxidant activity of 74% at 25 µg/mL, high antioxidant capacity, and moderate total reducing power. These results provide scope for utilization of CSTO/STO as natural antioxidant/preservative as well as colorant in various foods. © 2010 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Soil, sediments, water and plant samples from the mining zone of Molango were collected and analyzed and Mn-tolerant and Mn-accumulator plants were identified. Soil and sediments presented moderately alkaline and reducing conditions, a normal electrical conductivity, a sandy texture and medium-to-high cation exchange capacities. These properties favored the presence of Mn²⁺, which is the form most easily assimilated by plants, and the total Mn concentration (11,637-106,104 mg kg^-1 dried weight, DW) was at phytotoxic level. Water was also an important Mn source. Equisetum hyemale and Telypteris kunthii survived in the presence of such Mn concentrations using an exclusion strategy, while Cnidoscolus multilobus, Platanus mexicana, Solanum diversifolium, Asclepius curassavica L. and Pluchea sympitifolia employed an accumulation strategy. These plants could be useful to re-vegetate and stabilize Mn tailings in order to decrease the erosion effects. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This work compares the calculated techno-economic performance for thermochemical and biochemical conversion of sugarcane residues, considering future conversion plants adjacent to sugarcane mills in Brazil. Process models developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory were adapted to reflect the Brazilian feedstock composition and used to estimate the cost and performance of these two conversion technologies. Models assumed that surplus bagasse from the mill would be used as the feedstock for conversion, while cane trash collected from the field would be used as supplementary fuel at the mill. The integration of the conversion technology to the mill enabled an additional ethanol production of 0.033m³ per tonne of cane for the biochemical process and 0.025m³t^-1 of cane plus 0.004m³t^-1 of cane of higher alcohols for the thermochemical process. For both cases, electricity is an important co-product for the biorefinery, but especially for biochemical conversion, with surpluses of about 50kWht^-1 of cane. The economic performance of the two technologies is quite similar in terms of the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP), at 318$m^-3 (United States 2007 dollars) for biochemical conversion and 329$m^-3 for thermochemical conversion. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Red mud, an abundant industrial waste from alumina industry, represents a rich source of various metal oxides, mainly of Fe₂O_3, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. In this study, the rinsed Bosnian red mud (RBRM) was evaluated as an economical, composite sorbent for aqueous Ni²⁺ ions. The process was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration. The investigated mineral mixture exhibited a high acid neutralising capacity, and its most important role in cation immobilization was observed in the initial pH range 2-8. The initial metal ion concentration strongly influenced the sorption kinetics and equilibrium times. Addition of 5g/L of RBRM caused 100% removal from the solutions of 10^-4 to 5a

The surfactants are emerging as potential nanopArtigo stabilizing agents, however, the synthetic surfactants are not economically viable as well as they are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, the biosurfactants are emerging as a green alternate for the synthesis and stabilization of nanopArtigos. In this report, a glycolipid biosurfactant was produced from sponge-associated marine Brevibacterium casei MSA19 under solid state fermentation using the agro-industrial and industrial waste as substrate. The production was optimized with factors such as oil seed cake as substrate, glucose as carbon source, beef extract as nitrogen source, FeSO₄·7H₂O as metal, 2% NaCl, pH 7.0 and 30°C. Based on the biochemical composition, TLC chromatogram, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, the surface active compound produced by the strain MSA19 was elucidated as a glycolipid derivative. The emulsification index of the biosurfactant produced by B. casei MSA19 was invariably high over the synthetic surfactants such as SDS, Tween20 and Tween80. The purified surfactant concentration in the extract was 18g/L. It was found that the nano-scale silver can be synthesized in reverse micelles using the glycolipid as stabilizer. The silver nanopArtigos synthesized in this study were uniform and stable for 2 months. Therefore, the biosurfactant-mediated nanopArtigos synthesis can be considered as green stabilizer of nanopArtigos. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Waste utilization for biosurfactant production is an important approach contributing to the reduction of waste treatment costs, while increasing the economic value of residues and reducing biosurfactant production costs. In an attempt to optimize rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI, the effects of the oil refinery waste as carbon source, C/N ratio, agitation Speed, aeration rate, pH control and fed-batch culture conditions on the production of this biosurfactant were assessed in a bioreactor. Maximum production (16.9 g L ) was attained at a C/N ratio of 23, agitation at 800 rpm and aeration at 2.0 vvm. The rhamnolipid solution (0.1%, w/v) exhibited surface and interface tensions of 25 mN/m and 0.63 mN/m respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) wds 73,9 mg L^-1. The optimal parameters used in this study promoted the formation of a useful biosurfactant with potential for many industrial applications.

The majority of industrial, residential, service, and business customers, as well as agriculture farms, are still dominated by fossil fuels as primary energy sources. They are mostly equipped with steam and/or gas turbines, steam boilers, and water heaters (running on electricity or gas) for conversion units. The challenge to increase the share of renewables in the primary energy mix could be met by integrating solar, wind, and biomass as well as some types of waste with the fossil fuels. This work analyzes some of the most common heat transfer applications at total sites comprising users of the types just mentioned. The energy demands, the local generation capacities, and the efficient integration of renewables into the corresponding total site CHP (combined heat and power) energy systems, based on efficient heat transfer, are optimized, minimizing heat waste and carbon footprint, and maximizing economic viability.

Background, aim, and scope Clothes are often discarded when much of their potential lifetime is left. Many charitable organizations therefore collect used clothing and resell it as second-hand clothes for example in Eastern Europe or Africa. In this connection, the question arises whether reusing clothes actually results in a decrease of the environmental burden of the life cycle of clothing. The environmental burden of clothing has been studied in several studies. However, most of these studies focus solely on the energy consumption aspects and pay little attention to the potential benefits of diverting used clothing from the waste stream. The aim of the study was to assess the net environmental benefits brought by the disposal of used clothing through charities who return them for second-hand sales assuming that second-hand clothes to some extent replace the purchase of new clothes. Materials and methods The extent to which second-hand clothes (SHC) introduces such a replacement was investigated applying a methodology in which a questionnairebased survey was conducted on more than 200 consumers in second-hand shops. The survey was done in Sweden and Estonia, and Africa was included by estimation. Based on the identification of the different profiles of the consumers questioned, a methodology was developed to get a quantitative evaluation of the replacement of new clothes enabled by second-hand clothing consumption. A life cycle assessment was conducted based on the EDIP methodology. The life cycle impacts of clothes that are directly disposed of by incineration were compared with the life cycle impacts of clothes that are collected and sorted after consumer use in order to be reused. Two products were assessed: a cotton Tshirt and a pair of polyester (65%)/cotton (35%) trousers. The functional unit was 100 garments in the use stage. Results Based on the survey result and the methodology applied, the purchase of 100 second-hand garments would save between 60 and 85 new garments dependent of the place of reuse. Based on information about the second-hand clothing activities conducted by Humana People to People in Sweden and Estonia, it was assumed that over 100 collected items 60 would be reused, 30 recycled in other ways, and ten go to final disposal. Using these inputs, the LCA showed that the collection, processing, and transport of second-hand clothing has insignificant impacts on the environment in comparison to the savings that are achieved by replacing virgin clothing. The reduction of impacts resulting from collecting 100 garments for reuse range from 14% decrease of global warming for the cotton T-shirt to 45% reduction of human toxicity for the polyester/cotton trousers. Discussion The approach applied is a fair way of establishing the net benefits from introducing clothes reuse. Indeed, it enables to take into consideration all the activities connected to reusing clothes, including, for instance, recycling and disposal of the collected clothes not suitable for reuse. In addition, the routes followed by the collected clothes have been determined based on real figures. A main assumption concerns the estimation of avoided production of new clothes brought by clothes reuse. The method used, based on questionnaires, could be further developed but still suggests an approach on an issue that had not been investigated so far. Conclusions The results of the study show that clothes reuse can significantly contribute to reducing the environmental burden of clothing. Recommendations and perspectives It would be beneficial to apply other methods for estimating the avoided production of new clothes in order to check the validity and reliability of the results obtained in the current study. Such further work could include the possible difference in the lifetime of second-hand clothes compared to new clothes. © Springer-Verlag 2010.

Brought into focus by sustainable development along with related issues of resource efficiency and health hazard reduction, sustainability in industrial waste recycling is becoming an emerging area with potentials to contribute to environmental protection, economic development and social benefit. This paper examines a sustainability management approach to the development of sustainable recycling technologies. It focuses on characterizing, modeling and assessing the critical sustainability factors of a closed-loop recycling technology for recovery of nickel from waste catalysts. The sustainability factors are identified from the nickel recovery process and modeled in metrics to evaluate economic and environmental impacts. The results suggest that the economic profitability of nickel recovery from wastes strongly depends on nickel market values and it also increases over production batch size. Its environmental impact is highly sensitive to changes in energy consumption. However, energy intensity indicates that there exist improvement rooms in energy efficiency for the current process. © 2010 IEEE.

The resources shortage, resource exhaustion and environment pollution resulted from economic development awake people to think over how to achieve the sustainable development. Under the background, more and more governments, semiofficial organization, industrial association, and folk organization are beginning to pay more attention to environment and resources. Based on the cycle utilization of materials, circular economy could improve the utilization efficiency of resources and energy, and farthest decrease waste emission, and protect the ecology environment. The paper analyzed the circular economy in terms of the basic concept, the development mode, and circular system, which would provide some making-decision references for clearing the development thought of circular economy. © 2010 IEEE.

The aim of this work was to perform the screening of microorganisms, previously isolated from samples of agro-industrial waste and belonging to the culture collection of our laboratory, able to produce polygalacturonases (PG). A total of 107 microorganisms, 92 newly isolated and 15 pre-identified, were selected as potential producers of enzymes with PG activity. From these microorganisms, 20 strains were able to synthesize PG with activities above 3 U mL^-1. After the kinetic study, the enzyme activity was increased up to 13 times and the microorganism identified as Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and the newly isolated W23, W43, and D2 (Penicillium sp.) after 24 h of fermentation led to PG activities of 30, 41, 43, and 45 U mL^-1, respectively. The RAPD analysis demonstrated that the selected strains differs genetically, indicating that no duplication of strains among them in the experiments for polygalacturonases production was verified. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

In this paper, start-up characteristics of HUASB and UASB reactors for treating tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream has been studied under identical conditions of operation. Various effluent characteristics (pH, alkalinity, VFA, VSS, COD removal -%, bio-gas) were studied until the attainment of steady state. It is found that from an overall assessment the HUASB reactor has performed better than the UASB reactor during the start-up process, for treating the tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream. Copyright © EM International.

In this paper, performance of a HUASB reactor for treating a tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream has been studied and compared with that of a UASB reactor under identical conditions of operation. Six influent COD concentrations ranging from about 1700-5800 mg/L and five HRTs (8 to 24 hrs) were considered and performance of the reactors evaluated based on pre-set criteria i.e., on COD removal (%) and bio-gas yield. From an overall assessment, the HUASB reactor has performed better than the UASB reactor for treating the above waste stream. Copyright © EM International.

Waste derived from different industries coprocessing represents a priority for cement industry in its efforts towards the sustainable development. In this ' respect, it becomes highly important identifying the impact of the alternative fuels use on the composition and structure of the clinker and on the cement properties. The paper presents some investigations on some industrial clinkers produced by using a complex alternative fuel mix and a relatively high substitution rate of the traditional fuel with alternative fuels - 34 % - 60 %, in comparison with a reference clinker burnt using coal. The investigations of the mineralogical composition by Rietveld method and of the structural and textural characteristics by electronic microscopy SEM, showed no significant difference in terms of main mineralogical compounds content and of the structure and textural appearance, between the clinker burnt with traditional fuels and the clinkers produced in the same installation, but using various types of alternative fuels and thermal substitution up to 60 %.

The present Artigo is an integrated approach of energetic efficiency in the field of glass manufacturing industry as well as the reduction of its environment impact. In the same time, this Artigo is targeting an improvement of energetic and economic efficiency, a reduction of the environment impact (CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and dust emissions) and new equipment implementation in the field of glass manufacturing industry in Romania. This Artigo takes also in consideration the consequences of the glass waste recycling. As a result of the present model, complex appraisal methodologies of energetic efficiency, environmental impact and economic efficiency as well as new clean technologies will be available for the Romanian glass manufacturing domain. In this way, Romanian glass industry will be able to reach European efficiency and environment standards. Emissions reduction, especially CO₂, will create appropriate conditions to implement the main Kyoto Agreement measures. New methodologies techniques and technologies (solutions, equipments, etc) and also the new developed evaluation models might have a replication potential for other industrial branches.

When geotechnical Engineers are faced with problematic soils (such as clayey or expansive soils), the engineering properties of those soils may need to be improved to make them suitable for construction. Waste materials such as flyash or pozzolanic materials have been used for soil improvement. Flyash is a waste material of burring coal at electric power plants and one of the most useful and versatile industrial by products. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the viability and environmental suitability. Effective utilization of waste materials with technical development in each field is indeed necessary. Attempts are made to investigate the stabilization process with model test tracks over expansive/sand subgrades. Loading-unloading tests are carriedout on the tracks with chemicals like lime and cement introduced in flyash subbase laid on expansive/sand subgrades. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity is obtained for stabilized flyash subbase compared to untreated flyash subbase. © Global Science Publications.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate an adhesive prepared from soy flour (SF) modified with urea, citric acid and boric acid as an environmentally friendly product for the wood industry. Design/methodology/ approach - Urea solution was prepared at 30°C and then SF was added and stirred at 30°C for 2 hours. Citric acid solution was added and stirred for another 0.5 hours and then boric acid solution was added and heated at 30°C for a further 0.5 hours. The resulting adhesive was used to bond poplar veneers. Shear strength was measured to evaluate the bonding property of the adhesive. Viscometry and FT-IR spectrometry were used to test the viscosity and chemical changes, respectively. Findings - Soy protein has potential value in the preparation of adhesives because of its unique functional characteristics. The optimum formulation was 100 g of soy powder treated with 9 g of citric acid at 30°C for 0.5 hours in the presence of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH ₂PO₄). After addition of 6 g of boric acid the resulting adhesive exhibited a shear strength of 0.82 MPa when bonded samples were treated with water, indicating that boric acid improved the water resistance via the formation of a chelating polymer. Research limitations/implications - Compared to synthetic resin such as urea formaldehyde, the SF adhesive exhibited lower water resistance. Further modification methods and optimum chemical reagents still need to be investigated. Originality/value - A new formulation for an environmentally friendly adhesive prepared from SF is identified for the panel industry. The bonding potential of soy protein was developed without any synthetic resin, which will promote industrial utilisation of an agricultural by-product. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds, which have the advantages over synthetic counterparts such as lower toxicity, biodegradability, selectivity, specific activity at extreme temperatures, pH, salinity, and the possibility of their production through fermentation. These have wide range of potential applications in areas of environmental protection and management, crude oil recovery, as antimicrobial agents in health care and food processing industries. The advantages of biosurfactants over their synthetic derivatives and wide range of applications have attracted the strong interest of scientific community. In the present investigation, the food industry waste namely molasses and whey have been tested for their suitability for biosurfactant production. Five bacterial strains have been evaluated for their ability to use these raw materials and compared their performance on the conventional media. Among the bacterial strains tested, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2297 displayed the maximum emulsification activity (65%) on molasses medium after 120 hrs of incubation period. © Global Science Publications.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) industrial waste as a source of raw material for certain applications, as well as to understand the effects of the annealing on the fracture behavior of PLA. PLA waste has been simulated by an initial step of extrusion in a single screw extruder and pelletizing. Specimens of virgin and reprocessed PLA were obtained by injection molding. An annealing treatment capable of increasing the percentage of crystallinity (determined by differential scanning calorimetry) was also analyzed in reprocessed and non reprocessed specimens. The fracture behavior was studied at slow and high testing speed, applying the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) on single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. This study revealed that the fracture toughness of the reprocessed PLA was basically the same that the virgin PLA and also that the increase in the crystalline fraction produced an improvement on the fracture toughness, at slow loading rate. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Conventional process in saponin industry resulted in severe environmental problems in China. Millions of tons of high strength wastewater discharged to the ambient rivers and threatened the safety of local drinking water and the major function as drinking water source of the ambitious South-to-North Water Transfer Project. In this paper, cleaner production alternatives for saponin industry were investigated with material flow analysis (MFA) with particular attention to pollutants reduction through starch transformation. Simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the two proposed schemes primarily in terms of recycling principle characterized by reduce, reuse and recycle. Quantitative evaluation was carried out from four aspects including resource conservation, pollution reduction, starch recycling efficiency and diosgenin yield. The experimental results showed that starch recycle was an effective measure for the cleaner production of saponin industry, and especially the starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (scheme I) would greatly alleviate the load to acid hydrolysis and reduce pollution at the source. By recycling starch, both schemes could reduce 45-50% of pollutants and 32-35% of wastewater comparingwith the conventional process, besides, about 64% (scheme I) and 75% (scheme II) of starch could be utilized and thus extra profit which was more than 20,000 RMB yuan/t diosgenin could be achieved. Starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (in scheme I) would result in a saving of 40% sulfuric acid and a lowering of 50% material intensity, while the starch recycle after acid hydrolysis (in scheme II) would have much less contribution to the reduction of both material intensity and pollutants. Therefore, starch recycling should be implemented with priority at the earlier stage of the whole processing system. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A resistant and capable fungal strain in removing hexavalent chromium was isolated from an environment near of Chemical Science Faculty, located in the city of San Luis Potosa

Background and purpose: European Community claims for end-of-vehicles (ELVs) targets of at least 85% recycling and 95% recovery rate by 2015. At present, only about 80% of ELV total weight is being recycled, whereas the remaining fraction of 20%, which is called automotive shredder residue (ASR), is disposed by landfilling in most of the EU countries. In this study a comparison has been carried out among five ASR management strategies, chosen after a screening of the most common technologies suitable and available nowadays, aiming at proposing alternatives to the current disposal in terms of benefits resulting from the conservation of nonrenewable resources and reduction of wastes disposal. These scenarios are ASR landfill disposal, the current status quo for a further nonferrous metals recovery, ASR incineration with energy recovery, an advanced material recovery followed by thermal treatment of ASR residue and a feedstock recycling by means of gasification. Methods: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was applied in order to characterise and quantify the environmental impacts related to each scenario analysed, using the SimaPro 7.1 software and the Eco-indicator'99 method, according to a hierarchic approach. Results and discussion: The analysis shows that recovering nonferrous metals ensures a reduction of the environmental loads related to resources depletion due to landfill disposal, but no significant benefit for human health end point can be observed. The ASR thermal treatment in incinerators allows both the decrease of impacts due to plastic fraction disposal and benefits from energy recovery, but a decrease of ecosystem quality occurs because of stack emissions. A net environmental performance upgrading seems to be ensured by those scenarios which include the application of post-shredder technologies. Conclusions: Industrial processes aimed to matter recovery, after shredding, resulted not only in a necessary solution to fit the European recovery and recycling targets for ELVs but also to the options that can obtain greater environmental benefits compared to present practises. However, further improvement can be achieved only by integrating end-of-life treatments into Eco-design strategies aiming at a more efficient separation of high value-added materials such as plastics and metals. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Solid waste management is gaining significant importance with the ever-increasing quantities of industrial by-products and wastes. With the environmental awareness and scarcity of space for landfilling, wastes/by-product utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several industrial by-products are produced from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes. Some of these industrial by-products/waste materials could possibility be used in cement-based materials. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) represent incombustible materials left after combustion of coal in conventional and/or advanced clean-coal technology combustors. These include fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products from advanced clean-coal technology combustors. This paper briefly describes various coal combustion products produced, as well as current best recycling use options for these materials. Materials, productions, properties, potential applications in manufacture of emerging materials for sustainable construction, as well as environmental impact are also briefly discussed. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Scanning electron microscopy is a useful tool for understanding food contamination and directing product development of food and industrial products. The current trend in food research is to produce foods that are fast to prepare and/or ready to eat. At the same time, these processed foods must be safe, high quality and maintain all or most of the nutritional value of the original whole foods. Minimally processed foods, is the phrase used to characterize these new foods. New techniques are needed which take advantage of minimal processing or processing which enhances the fresh properties and characteristics of whole foods while spending less time on food preparation. The added benefit coupled to less cooking time in an individual kitchen translates to an overall energy savings and reduces the carbon emissions to the environment. Food processing changes the microstructure, and therefore, the quality, texture and flavor, of the resulting food product. Additionally, there is the need to reduce waste, transportation costs and product loss during transportation and storage. Unlike food processing, structural changes are desirable in co-products as function follows form for food packaging films and boxes as well as for building materials and other industrial products. Thus, the standard materials testing procedures are coupled with SEM to provide direction in the development of products from agricultural residues or what would otherwise be considered waste materials. The use of agricultural residues reduces waste and adds value to a currently underutilized or unutilized product. The product might be biodegradable or compostable, thus reducing landfill requirements. Manufacturing industrial and packaging products from biological materials also reduces the amount of petroleum products currently standard in the industry. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

A mesophilic bacterium, Aeromonas veronii PG01, isolated from industrial wastes produced an extracellular thermostable organic solvent tolerant protease. The optimum condition for cell growth and protease production waspH7.0and 30°C. The protease produced was purified 53-fold to homogeneity with overall yield of 32%, through ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The molecular weight, as determined by GPC-HPLC, was found to be about 67kDa. SDS-PAGE revealed that the enzyme consisted of two subunits, with molecular weight of 33kDa. The protease was active in broad range of pH from 6.0 to 10.0 with optimum activity at pH 7.5. The optimum temperature for this protease was 607deg

The rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the production of various types of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes which pose serious problems to the environment. The disposal and use of solid industrial wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum, fly ash, slag, and lime sludge, is significant in view of their availability and potential applications. The paper deals with studies on select wastes like phosphogypsum and chalk for use in value-added building materials. The engineering properties and techno-economics of materials like gypsum plasters, cementitious binders, boards/blocks, masonry cement and flooring tiles produced from phosphogypsum and lime have been detailed. The production and use of building materials from such wastes will protect the environment from degradation. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Agricultural natural fibers like jute, kenaf, sisal, flax, and industrial hemp have been extensively studied in green composites. The continuous supply of biofibers in high volumes to automotive part makers has raised concerns. Because extrusion followed by injection molding drastically reduces the aspect ratio of biofibers, the mechanical performance of injection molded agricultural residue and agricultural fiber-based composites are comparable. Here, the use of inexpensive agricultural residues and their hybrids that are 8-10 times cheaper than agricultural fibers is demonstrated to be a better way of getting sustainable materials with better performance. Green renewable composites from polylactide (PLA), agricultural residues (wheat straw, corn stover, soy stalks, and their hybrids) were successfully prepared through twin-screw extrusion, followed by injection molding. The effect on mechanical properties of varying the wheat straw amount from 10 to 40 wt % in PLA-wheat straw composites was studied. Tensile moduli were compared with theoretical calculations from the rule of mixture (ROM). Combination of agricultural residues as hybrids is proved to reduce the supply chain concerns for injection molded green composites. Densities of the green composites were found to be lower than those of conventional glass fiber composites. © 2010 American Chemical Society.

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (f_anti ) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p >

Citric acid consumption is escalating gradually, witnessing high annual growth rate due to more and more advanced applications coming to light. The present Estudo discusses different aspects of fermentation and effects of various environmental parameters and deals with the potential ways to increase the yield of citric acid to meet the ever-increasing demands of this commercially important organic acid. Different techniques for the hyperproduction of citric acid are continuously being studied from the past few decades and still there is a gap, and hence, there is an obvious need to consider new pragmatic ways to achieve industrially feasible and environmentally sustainable bio-production of citric acid. The utilization of inexpensive agro-industrial wastes and their by-products through solid-state fermentation by existing and genetically engineered strains is a potential route. This Estudo also deals with downstream processing considering the classical and advanced approaches, which also need significant improvement. In situ product recovery method which leads to improved yields and productivity can be further optimized for large-scale production and recovery of citric acid. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

Lubricant is one of the important resources that cannot be disposed of randomly due to the presence of pollutants. In response to economic efficiency and environmental protection, there is a growing trend of regeneration and reuse of waste lubricant. However, the technologies shall be compared to provide a useful reference for the use of waste lubricant. The major aim of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process to select, analyze, and compare the regenerative technologies, thus laying a basis for the governmental bodies in policy making of lubricant recovery as well as for industrial operators in deciding the recovery methods. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

A large variety of ornamental and decorative items are manufactured from bone waste by various unorganized sectors in India. An initial survey indicated that workers were exposed at various phases of final product. The subjects (12 industrial units) were tested for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter <

Tin is an essential industrial metal with many applications from plastics to electronics. In contrast to other metals, tin reserves are very small with a static lifetime of 22 years. Mining is heavily concentrated in a few countries. Together, these characteristics render primary tin supply potentially vulnerable to short and long-term disruptions. An increased use of secondary tin resources (e.g., scrap from retiring products) could replace primary tin and thereby mitigate both challenges. In order to identify the potential for secondary resource use, it is necessary to know both where tin is accumulating in the anthroposphere and where tin could be recovered most effectively.Wefirst analyzed the global, historical tin metabolism on a highly aggregated level to identify areas of stock accumulation. Subsequently, we studied the contemporary (2005) U.S. tin cycle in more detail to detect flows rich in tin for potential recycling. Most of the tin mined globally in the 20th century has been accumulating in landfills due to a relatively short lifetime and low recovery rates. The global tin reservoir in landfills has reached about double the size of current reserves, while products in use constitute about half the amount in reserves. In addition, substantial amounts of tin have accumulated in steel (where it forms a tramp element and is virtually lost for future recovery). Landfills might become important tin mines in the future, however, currently more attractive is a focus on in-use stocks, where tin is available in higher concentrations. Today, the U.S. has a post-consumer recycling rate of about 28%, exclusively in alloy form. The most important current source of post-consumer recycled material is lead acid batteries. Products that are good candidates for improved end of life recycling include containers and electronics, although this potential is not currently being harvested in the U.S. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete. Various mortar and concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from 0% (for the control mixture) to 100% as fine aggregates replacement. Cement mortar mixtures were evaluated for compressive strength, whereas concrete mixtures were evaluated for workability, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and durability. The results obtained for cement mortars revealed that all mixtures with different copper slag proportions yielded comparable or higher compressive strength than that of the control mixture. Also, there was more than 70% improvement in the compressive strength of mortars with 50% copper slag substitution in comparison with the control mixture. The results obtained for concrete indicated that there is a slight increase in density of nearly 5% as copper slag content increases, whereas the workability increased significantly as copper slag percentage increased compared with the control mixture. A substitution of up to 40-50% copper slag as a sand replacement yielded comparable strength to that of the control mixture. However, addition of more copper slag resulted in strength reduction due to the increase in the free water content in the mix. Also, the results demonstrated that surface water absorption decreased as copper slag content increases up to 50% replacement. Beyond that, the absorption rate increased rapidly and the percentage volume of the permeable voids was comparable to the control mixture. Therefore, it is recommended that up to 40-50% (by weight of sand) of copper slag can be used as a replacement for fine aggregates in order to obtain a concrete with good strength and durability requirements. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper provides an up-to-date assessment of global mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. On an annual basis, natural sources account for 5207 Mg of mercury released to the global atmosphere, including the contribution from re-emission processes, which are emissions of previously deposited mercury originating from anthropogenic and natural sources, and primary emissions from natural reservoirs. Anthropogenic sources, which include a large number of industrial point sources, are estimated to account for 2320 Mg of mercury emitted annually. The major contributions are from fossil-fuel fired power plants (810 Mg yr^-1), artisanal small scale gold mining (400 Mg yr^-1), non-ferrous metals manufacturing (310 Mg yr^-1), cement production (236 Mg yr^-1), waste disposal (187 Mg yr ^-1) and caustic soda production (163 Mg yr^-1). Therefore, our current estimate of global mercury emissions suggests that the overall contribution from natural sources (primary emissions + re-emissions) and anthropogenic sources is nearly 7527 Mg per year, the uncertainty associated with these estimates are related to the typology of emission sources and source regions. © 2010 Author(s).

Gases with a low-heating value of 1.2 a

Many mining wastes, especially those from the metal mining industry, have traditionally been treated as a matter of little or no value and in practice a cost burden. Some wastes, due to their reactivity characteristics, have emergent values that go beyond purely economic and into the environmentally beneficial realm. This paper discusses the changing paradigm of mine waste management. Such fundamental parameters such as cut off grade, and strip ratio, are positively impacted by the revaluation of waste rock material. Mine rock waste can now be seen as a commodity of value, similar to the underlying ore being mined and influences the economic performance of suitable projects. This valuable material can be used for industrial purposes including acid neutralization as well as the capture and long-term disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. The Turnagain Nickel project, located in northern British Columbia serves as an example of how waste rock material can become an important matrix for carbon capture and sequestration and can benefit economically from it. By producing material that has emergent economic value as well as carbon capture and sequestration capabilities, the sequestration matrix producer is a beneficiary of new carbon credits that have a market value and is looked upon favourably by regulatory authorities and affected stakeholders.

Industrial residues generated by the modern society constitute an environmental problem and are harmful both to the health and to the environment (greenhouse effect). In addition, they can give place to leaching pollutants [1,2] more concretely in the European area

Industrial wastes contribute significantly to environmental pollution following the directives of European environmental policies, we must look for alternatives for minimization, treatment and / or recovery of wastes [1]. Several studies have found that basic materials such as polymers, cements and ceramics are better suited to inerting and neutralization of the waste by encapsulation in your matrix [2]. They are also increasingly used more insulating bricks. One way to increase this capacity is introduce additives organics into the matrix [3]. This is the case presented below, where they have used sludge from water purification of the brewing industry for the manufacture of ceramics. © (2010) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

Unused blood obtained by slaughter of animals is great contaminant of the environment. On the other hand, if industrial blood are collected and processed using the corresponding technological procedure in a factory for processing of other animal by products on the separate line, it is possible to obtain high-quality animal feed that is reach in deficient essential amino acids, vitamins and mineral substances, especially iron. Object of investigations was plant for processing of blood that implicates expansion of program of production by introducing a new line for processing of blood into the existing object for processing of the animal by products. Based on the conducted analyses it is possible to obtain conclusion concerning the sustainability of the planned investment for the realization and of its effects. Discussed economic analysis of processing of animal raw materials which is given in the study refers to the effects of total investments that represent closed techno - economic complex. With overview of total necessary investments and their putting into relation with the total incomes it is possible to establish that the coefficient of return of the total assets amounts to 1.2, thus indicating the very successful production.

O objetivo do projeto proposto

Procura-se mostrar neste trabalho os beneficios ambientais e financeiros provenientes da utilizacao das atividades da logistica reversa na industria de equipamentos eletronicos, com enfase na industria de computadores e televisores. O maior desafio e mostrar para os empresarios nao so a grande contribuicao ao meio ambiente, mas tambem a viabilidade financeira do uso da logistica reversa. A logistica reversa de produtos eletronicos vem recebendo muita atencao dos governantes e empresarios. Os governantes buscam reduzir o impacto do lixo gerado pelos produtos eletronicos no meio ambiente e, os empresarios, alem da preocupacao ambiental, visam tambem agregar valor aos equipamentos eletronicos usados, aumentando a competitividade de suas empresas. O trabalho apresenta uma revisao bibliografica e tres estudos de caso, visando cumprir seu objetivo de detalhar os beneficios ambientais e financeiros da logistica reversa de produtos eletronicos.