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A caracterizacao quali-quantitativa dos residuos em servicos de saude e fundamental para a elaboracao e implantacao de um programa de gerenciamento de residuos (PGRSS), com a identificacao da porcentagem de residuos infecciosos, especiais e comuns. Dessa forma, e possivel controlar os riscos para a saude que a exposicao a residuos hospitalares do tipo infecciosos ou especiais poderia ocasionar, alem de facilitar a reciclagem, o tratamento, o armazenamento, o transporte e a disposicao final, de forma eficiente, econ

O trabalho proposto tem como objetivo contribuir para a melhoria do meio ambiente, da saude e da qualidade de vida, promovendo a despoluicao dos riachos e corregos formadores da bacia hidrografica do Reginaldo, atraves de estudos de solucoes adequadas de coleta e tratamento de esgotos e drenagem urbana, a fim de atingir os seguintes objetivos especificos: Apresentar propostas de despoluicao do Riacho Reginaldo atraves da reducao da carga org

A caracterizacao quali-quantitativa dos residuos em servicos de saude e fundamental para a elaboracao e implantacao de um programa de gerenciamento de residuos (PGRSS), com a identificacao da porcentagem de residuos infecciosos, especiais e comuns. Dessa forma, e possivel controlar os riscos para a saude que a exposicao a residuos hospitalares do tipo infecciosos ou especiais poderia ocasionar, alem de facilitar a reciclagem, o tratamento, o armazenamento, o transporte e a disposicao final, de forma eficiente, econ

Trabalho desenvolvido no

Consiste no planejamento e acompanhamento da elaboracao dos projetos arquitet

O Plano de Gerenciamento de Residuos Solidos tem por objetivo orientar quanto aos procedimentos minimos de gerenciamento e tratamento dos residuos. e documento importante quando se pretende implantar um sistema de gestao ambiental. A pesquisa acerca de residuos solidos urbanos e dos residuos gerados na Unipampa de Sao Gabriel teve inicio em 2007. Num estudo piloto ocorrido em fevereiro de 2008, fez-se a caracterizacao gravimetrica dos residuos gerados durante uma semana nas antigas instalacoes administrativas. Na caracterizacao, os sacos de residuos sao pesados; m seguida, sao abertos e os diversos materiais separados por tipo e/ou produto, como papel jornal, papel de escritorio, revistas, copos descartaveis, sacolas plasticas, entre outros. Apos a separacao completa, os diversos materiais sao ensacados e pesados. Feita a analise dos resultados da Unipampa/SG, verificou-se que mais de 50% corresponde aos papeis, 15% materia org

Nesse projeto foram envolvidos alunos dos cursos de Ciencias Biologicas e Engenharia Florestal. Tem como principais objetivos; * Conhecer o sistema de gerenciamento de residuos solidos do Municipio de Sao Gabriel-RS. * Identificar os problemas urbanos associados aos residuos solidos existentes no municipio; * Fazer um diagnostico local da geracao e destinacao dos residuos domiciliares; * Conhecer a percepcao de parcela da populacao acerca dos residuos solidos; * Conhecer a atuacao dos catadores de material reciclavel..

O desenvolvimento de um setor produtivo em dada regiao da-se por meio de implementacao de estrategias para sua melhoria continua. Na construcao civil, uma delas e a aplicacao de instrumentos de pesquisa desenvolvidos dentro de tecnicas gerenciais modernas. Esses instrumentos respondem a situacoes de estagnacao na producao, para situar, comunicar e desenvolver o setor na regiao. As estrategias repercutem diretamente no objetivo principal das empresas de construcao, ou seja, produzir bens para a sociedade morar e trabalhar, a um custo competitivo e dentro de padroes de qualidade esperados pelos clientes, visando minimizar os impactos econ

A questao dos residuos solidos consta na pauta dos problemas ambientais de solucao urgente. Esses residuos constituem-se em um dos mais graves problemas ambientais da atualidade, principalmente devido a falta de destinacao adequada para os mesmos. Soma-se a isso, o crescente aumento de sua quantidade e diversidade. Sao evidentes os problemas de saude publica e poluicao ambiental decorrentes de praticas inadequadas de manejo e disposicao dos residuos solidos. Neste sentido, os estabelecimentos comerciais que geram quantidades significativas de residuos solidos (Shoppings, por exemplo) devem dar sua contribuicao e, principalmente, seu exemplo para a comunidade consumidora, elaborando uma politica para planejamento e implementacao do gerenciamento adequado de seus residuos. Uma vez implantado o Plano de Gerenciamento Integrado de Residuos Solidos, o estabelecimento gerador de residuos estara contribuindo com a preservacao dos recursos naturais; protecao do meio ambiente e da saude publica; aumento da vida util dos aterros sanitarios; aumento da comercializacao de materiais reciclaveis, o que ira balizar eventuais custos com o gerenciamento dos residuos; otimizacao dos sistemas de coleta interna, acondicionamento e armazenamento de residuos; destinacao adequada de residuos perigosos; conscientizacao da comunidade, dentre outros aspectos. Por fim, o trabalho proposto tem como objetivo elaborar o plano de gerenciamento de residuos solidos para o shopping Flamboyant. 2. METODOLOGIA Para o desenvolvimento dos estudos, dois ciclos de trabalho foram previstos. O primeiro ciclo correspondera aos levantamentos necessarios a elaboracao do diagnostico e a etapa de discussao do diagnostico e elaboracao das proposicoes; e o segundo ciclo, a etapa de discussao das proposicoes, com vistas a consolidacao do plano, e levantamento dos custos envolvidos. O prazo para conclusao do trabalho e de 12 meses. Para elaboracao do presente trabalho, serao desenvolvidas, basicamente, as seguintes.

Os residuos solidos urbanos e industriais constituem-se em um dos principais problemas da atualidade. A falta de uma politica ambiental estrategica e planejada, aliada a pequena quantidade de recursos financeiros para o setor, tem contribuido com o triste panorama que o pais enfrenta. Desta forma, o presente projeto de pesquisa tem por objetivo principal desenvolver planos de gerenciamento para os residuos solidos urbanos e industriais gerados no Estado de Goias. Com objetivos especificos, caracterizar e classificar os residuos e avaliar alternativas de minimizacao, acondicionamento, armazenamento, coleta, transporte, tratamento e disposicao final para os mesmos. Com relacao aos residuos solidos urbanos, vale frisar que estao incluidos os residuos residenciais, comerciais, publicos, especiais, insttucionais, dos servicos de saude e os lodos de Estacoes de Tratamento de agua e Esgoto. A metodologia basica utilizada consistira na elaboracao de diagnostico, prognostico, avaliacao econ

O projeto tem como objetivo elaborar o plano de gerenciamento de residuos solidos para o Shopping Flamboyant, localizado na cidade de Goi

Os residuos solidos urbanos e industriais constituem-se em um dos principais problemas da atualidade. A falta de uma politica ambiental estrategica e planejada, aliada a pequena quantidade de recursos financeiros para o setor, tem contribuido com o triste panorama que o pais enfrenta. Desta forma, o presente projeto de pesquisa tem por objetivo principal desenvolver planos de gerenciamento para os residuos solidos urbanos e industriais gerados no Estado de Goias..

O NUPRES tem como principais linhas de atuacao o aproveitamento de residuos solidos da construcao civil, a educacao ambiental e gestao ambiental no municipio, tratamento de esgotos sanitarios, tratamento e reuso de agua e planejamento de recursos hidricos e recuperacao de areas degradadas. Com isso busca-se potencializar regionalmente o desenvolvimento e difusao de tecnologias apropriadas que contribuam para a melhoria da qualidade de vida e conservacao ambiental..

O projeto esta inserido dentro de um programa de parceria estabelecido entre a prefeitura Municipal de Novo Hamburgo e a ULBRA e visa dar continuidade aos estudos iniciados em 2007, no Aterro de Residuos Solidos Urbanos da Rosel

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Sistemas impermeaves de cobertura de aterros sanitarios, se por um lado garantem o isolamento dos residuos e subprodutos da degradacao anaerobia, como gases e liquidos contaminantes, apresentam como desvantagem o fato de que evitam a entrada de agua e com isso inibem a atividade microbiana. Sao sistemas que representam passivos ambientais com risco de contaminacao ambiental presente por muitos anos. Sistemas alternativos de cobertura sao foco de estudo neste momento, nos quais se busca alcancar um equilibrio entre o ingresso de agua e a saida de gases. Neste projeto, se estuda uma alternativa que visa promover a oxidacao do biogas durante a percolacao pela camada de cobertura. .

O objetivo geral deste projeto consiste em estudar alternativas de recuperacao da area de disposicao de residuos solidos urbanos da Central Rosel

Este projeto esta inserido dentro de um programa de parceria estabelecido entre a prefeitura do municipio de Novo Hamburgo e a ULBRA que objetiva avaliar o impacto ambiental causado pela disposicao inadequada de residuos urbanos na area do Aterro da Rosel

A utilizacao de uma estrutura ambiental integrada e preventiva, com o objetivo de aumentar a eco-eficiencia e reduzir os riscos para os seres humanos e o meio ambiente tem sido aplicada pelas industrias objetivando minimizar os impactos causados ao meio ambiente. Apesar da crescente preocupacao ambiental, e necessario o estudo constante do impacto causado pelas atividades do setor produtivo tanto no meio ambiente quanto no que se refere a saude publica. Desta forma, o projeto visa investigar diferentes abordagens sobre o impacto causado pela dispersao de poluentes na atmosfera, na agua e no solo e os riscos associados a saude publica, a fauna e a flora. A pesquisa envolve o estudo de mecanismos de propagacao de poluentes, considerando o transporte, a difusao, a degradacao dos mesmos, avaliando os efeitos ambientais atraves do uso de ferramentas de modelagem matematica. Ainda, o estudo inclui o monitoramento da qualidade da agua, do ar e do solo como efeito da atividade antropica. A pesquisa visa a realizacao de diagnostico de regioes do Rio Grande do Sul, considerando a poluicao ambiental. Medicoes do nivel de ruido e vibracao de produtos industrializados sao consideradas na avaliacao do impacto a saude.A utilizacao de uma estrutura ambiental integrada e preventiva, com o objetivo de aumentar a eco-eficiencia e reduzir os riscos para os seres humanos e o meio ambiente tem sido aplicada pelas industrias objetivando minimizar os impactos causados ao meio ambiente. Apesar da crescente preocupacao ambiental, e necessario o estudo constante do impacto causado pelas atividades do setor produtivo tanto no meio ambiente quanto no que se refere a saude publica. Desta forma, o projeto visa investigar diferentes abordagens sobre o impacto causado pela dispersao de poluentes na atmosfera, na agua e no solo e os riscos associados a saude publica, a fauna e a flora. A pesquisa envolve o estudo de mecanismos de propagacao de poluentes, considerando o transporte, a difusao, a degra.

O projeto Gerenciamento Integrado dos Residuos Rurais na area de abrangencia do COREDE Serra(33 municipios), e uma parceria entre secretaria de Meio Ambiente do RGS e UCS(ISAM/PPGP/ETT). O Objetivo principal e diagnosticar a geracao de residuos no meio rural envolvendo as atividades de suinocultura, avicultura, abatedouros, residuos solidos domesticos rurais e disposicao de embalagens de agrotoxicos, avaliando as quantidades geradas e a tipificacao dos residuos..

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O projeto cotempla a investigacao a respeito da influencia do comportamento de agentes turisticos em relacao ao manejo de residuos no

O municipio de Canela, situado na serra geral, na porcao nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, compoe a Regiao das Hortensias, juntamente com os municipios de Gramado, Nova Petropolis e Sao Francisco de Paula, constituindo-se, esta regiao, num dos mais importantes polos turisticos do sul do pais. Sensivel ao potencial turistico da regiao, a Universidade de Caxias do Sul, implantou os cursos de Graduacao Tecnologia em Hotelaria e Turismo na cidade de Canela, visando atender a demanda gerada pelos inumeros hoteis ali consolidados. Atualmente,os reflexos da atividade turistica em Canela tem como decorrencia inumeros impactos: rede hoteleira em expansao, amplo mercado imobiliario, comercio diversificado, uso e ocupacao do solo desordenado, concentracao da geracao de residuos solidos em periodos sazonais, entre outros. O aumento do fluxo turistico em Canela e o grande numero de meios de hospedagem, aproximadamente 52 (3.370 leitos), justifica um estudo de gerenciamento integrado de residuos solidos gerados na hotelaria, com enfase na materia org

Estudo de alternativas, tecnico-econ

Este projeto teve como objetivo propor um programa de manejo de residuos solidos de servicos de saude, visando uma sistematizacao da fonte geradora especifica

Este projeto teve como objetivo propor um programa de manejo de residuos solidos de servicos de saude, visando uma sistematizacao da fonte geradora. .

O projeto tem como objetivo a avaliacao do desempenho de sistemas alternativos de cobertura final em aterros sanitarios. Foram estudadas duas configuracoes com mesma espessura total, denominadas camada evapotranspirativa, formada por uma camada de 60 cm solo compactado, e camada do tipo barreira capilar, constituida por uma camada de 30 cm de solo compactado sobreposta a uma de solo granular de 30 cm de espessura, constituida de residuos de construcao civil reciclados. A metodologia envolveu a caracterizacao geotecnica dos materiais empregados; a construcao, instrumentacao (tensi

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Os problemas decorrentes da geracao excessiva e da deposicao inadequada de residuos de construcao e demolicao (RCD), decorrentes do crescimento demografico e do processo da urbanizacao tem afetado negativamente o ambiente das cidades com reflexo na saude da populacao. O municipio de Bauru (SP), com aproximadamente 350 mil habitantes, tem sido atingido por estes problemas, necessitando ainda de solucoes adequadas. Procurando conhecer melhor a situacao, procurou-se neste trabalho identificar e classificar os pontos de lancamento de RCD na cidade de Bauru. Foi feito um levantamento de tais pontos no ano de 2005, percorrendo-se toda a area urbana e registrando as ocorrencias observadas. Os pontos foram cadastrados em um software especialmente desenvolvido e, em seguida, georreferenciados por meio de uma ferramenta SIG (MaxiCad 3.2). Com isto, puderam ser obtidos mapas relacionando os pontos de lancamento com outras variaveis (regioes da cidade, vazios urbanos, recursos hidricos) e com ocorrencias relacionadas a saude publica (casos de leishmaniose e acidentes com animais peconhentos). Foi feita tambem uma comparacao destes pontos com levantamento realizado no ano de 2000, observando-se um aumento significativo dos mesmos. Concluiu-se que o lancamento indevido de RCD em Bauru continua gerando impactos negativos importantes, e que a ferramenta desenvolvida na pesquisa pode contribuir para uma melhor identificacao dos problemas, auxiliando na tomada de decisoes que levem a uma gestao adequada destes residuos.

Os servicos publicos estao situados num ambiente bastante din

Argamassas e concretos convencionais e reciclados com agregados de entulho de concreto e lodo de estacao de tratamento de agua foram produzidos e os resultados dos ensaios de resistencia a compressao axial e absorcao de agua foram comparados. Foi determinada a quantidade de aluminio presente no extrato lixiviado resultante do processo de solubilizacao dos concretos produzidos com a adicao conjunta dos residuos de construcao e demolicao civil e lodo de estacao de tratamento de agua. Em termos de resistencia a compressao axial, a adicao de ate 4 % em massa de lodo substituindo o agregado miudo natural possibilitou a obtencao de concretos com caracteristicas similares as dos concretos convencionais. Embora a absorcao de agua dos concretos e das argamassas produzidas com a adicao conjunta de lodo de estacao de tratamento de agua e agregados reciclados de entulho de concreto seja muito maior que a absorcao de agua dos concretos e argamassas convencionais, os resultados nao impediram o uso, apenas o restringiu a lugares livres de umidade e da acao de intemperies. O extrato lixiviado resultante do processo de solubilizacao do concreto produzido com adicao conjunta de lodo de estacao de tratamento de agua e agregado reciclado de entulho de concreto apresentou concentracao de aluminio superior ao padrao de potabilidade da agua definido pelo Anexo H da NBR 10.004, mas nao em teor que torne perigoso o possivel residuo do produto assim reciclado.

Uma forma de operacionalizar o conceito de sustentabilidade e por meio da utilizacao de indicadores, uteis nas etapas de planejamento, monitoramento e avaliacao de politicas publicas voltadas para a gestao dos Residuos Solidos Urbanos (RSU). Podem tambem auxiliar os gestores publicos na definicao de prioridades e metas, fornecendo subsidios tecnicos para o processo decisorio. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo central contribuir para a elaboracao de indicadores de sustentabilidade para a gestao publica de RSU em Sao Carlos/SP, sob a perspectiva de cinco dimensoes - ambiental, econ

O crescimento da producao mundial de aco bruto em taxas superiores a 7% ao ano nos ultimos cinco anos, fortemente impulsionado pela China, que saltou de 222,4 milhoes em 2003 para 489,0 milhoes de toneladas em 20071, gerou um forte aumento na demanda de minerio de ferro. Com isso, o preco do minerio fino de Carajas para a asia saiu de 28,14 em 2003 para 73,20 US$ cents por unidade de ferro em 2007. Um aumento de 160%. Estes fatos, associados a exaustao das jazidas e as crescentes pressoes ambientais sobre as Siderurgicas de todo o mundo, tem levado a uma serie de estudos para o aproveitamento dos residuos portadores de ferro gerados nestas Usinas. Ate entao, nao se consolidou nenhuma tecnologia viavel tecnica e economicamente para esta reciclagem. O presente trabalho trata da utilizacao da lama de alto-forno, da carepa de laminacao e do oxido de ferro gerado nas linhas de decapagem da Companhia Siderurgica Nacional

Esse trabalho visou a caracterizacao dos residuos solidos de um grupo de Industrias Cer

A quantidade de residuos gerada pela atividade humana aliada a diminuicao de locais adequados para a disposicao final tem se apresentado como um dos grandes desafios a serem enfrentados nao so pelas administracoes municipais como tambem por toda a comunidade geradora de residuos. Atualmente a gestao dos residuos solidos domiciliares e tratada segundo o modelo reducionista de Descartes e Newton, caracterizada pela separacao e analise de partes do sistema, resultando em tomadas de decisao isoladas e pontuais. Aspectos, como a carencia de capacitacao tecnica e de recursos financeiros, contribuem para a continuidade deste cenario. Ciente desta problematica e incorporando alguns principios do pensamento sistemico, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de apoio a decisao na perspectiva de auxiliar os gestores na avaliacao de cenarios de gestao integrada de residuos solidos domiciliares. O metodo consistiu, primeiramente, em definir e delimitar o campo de trabalho do sistema de apoio a decisao seguindo-se para a construcao do modelo conceitual com base no conhecimento adquirido na literatura pertinente, para depois traduzi-lo em telas de acao e fluxogramas de decisao, atividade imprescindivel para a proxima etapa. Terminado estes procedimentos iniciou-se a codificacao do modelo em linguagem de programacao (Delphi 6.0). Esta etapa foi realizada aplicando a metodologia Extreme Programming (XP) em que o programador e o agente cognitivo atuam juntos na codificacao do sistema. Por fim, a aplicacao em Sao Carlos (SP) possibilitou verificar a validacao do software SIMGERE em dois momentos

Este trabalho avaliou a questao dos residuos

As universidades tem um papel fundamental na formacao do cidadao, ou seja, sao centros de ciencia, de tecnologia e de conhecimento que afetam toda a sociedade. Entretanto, as universidades, atraves das suas atividades de pesquisa, ensino e extensao, acabam gerando residuos potencialmente perigosos, como os de laboratorios quimicos. Porem elas nao podem mais postergar a solucao deste problema. Este trabalho de pesquisa foi elaborado com o objetivo de apresentar um estudo sobre o manejo dos residuos quimicos potencialmente perigosos em campi universitarios, com estudo de caso do Departamento de Quimica (DQ) da Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos. Atraves de visitas a outras instituicoes para conhecer suas experiencias em gerenciamento de residuos quimicos e, com base no levantamento do passivo e do ativo de residuos de laboratorios quimicos do DQ, pode-se elaborar propostas para a gestao destes residuos. Estas propostas sao baseadas na prevencao e no controle corretivo. O enfoque preventivo, prioritario, visa a levantamento de tecnicas e acoes para reducao nas fontes geradoras (laboratorios quimicos de ensino e de pesquisa). O controle corretivo visa o tratamento e posterior disposicao dos residuos gerados. Como conclusoes, objetiva-se subsidiar a implantacao de um programa de gestao dos residuos perigosos na UFSCar, visando reduzir seus impactos ambientais.

Em funcao da grande quantidade de residuos contendo solucoes de carrapaticidas normalmente gerada em fazendas de criacao de bovinos, nesse trabalho foram avaliados diferentes processos oxidativos visando sua degradacao. Inicialmente, foram estudadas duas c

O pneu, apos mais de 150 anos de desenvolvimento e ainda com um papel insubstituivel e fundamental na vida atual, quando se torna inservivel constitui um passivo ambiental. No Brasil, em face da quantidade significativa gerada, e da durabilidade dos pneumaticos inserviveis, os problemas ambientais decorrentes de sua disposicao final inadequada assumem grandes proporcoes, principalmente, no meio ambiente urbano, se tornando necessaria a minimizacao desses residuos solidos especiais por meio de seu gerenciamento, com a articulacao de acoes da municipalidade e dos responsaveis diretos e indiretos identificados pelas Resolucoes CONAMA n

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral a sistematizacao dos dados sobre os aspectos dos meios fisico e biologico (vegetacao, geologia, hidrografia, clima, topografia e ocupacao urbana) da cidade de Praia Grande/SP, com enfoque nas areas de manguezal ocupadas por favelas, gerada atraves de subsidios para diretrizes de uso do solo que sirva como ferramenta de auxilio do planejamento ambiental do citado municipio. O processo historico de ocupacao da cidade, as necessidades da populacao local, as esferas de governo envolvidas, a participacao de entidades nao governamentais, entre outros, sao abordados com a finalidade de contextualizar os aspectos fisicos em questao. Como objetivos especificos foram estudados: fatores influentes da populacao de favela em areas de manguezal, abordando os aspectos negativos de tal situacao, bem como as diretrizes de usos potenciais que eq

A maioria dos municipios do Pais sofre impactos de alteracoes ambientais. A situacao se agrava quando se fala de cidades pequenas, onde a estrutura para politicas ambientais ainda e precaria. Nesse escopo quando se fala de planejamento urbano das cidades da Amaz

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em duas escolas do municipio de Caceres, regiao do Alto Pantanal, no Oeste do Estado de Mato Grosso. A pesquisa enfoca o rio Paraguai como tema indicador de acao em educacao ambiental (EA) atraves da escola para a sustentabilidade do rio. O objetivo e compreender o rio como elemento de analise e reflexao para elaboracao de uma proposta de intervencao educativa escolar que contribua para o processo de planejamento das acoes educativas a sustentabilidade do rio Paraguai. Os participantes da pesquisa sao professores (as) e estudantes do ensino medio da Escola Estadual

Mais ou menos 97% da agua doce disponivel para uso da humanidade encontra-se no subsolo, na forma de agua subterr

A problematica dos residuos solidos urbanos tem sido uma das grandes questoes ambientais atualmente. Para solucao deste problema surge o gerenciamento integrado de residuos, que tem como objetivo a minimizacao dos volumes enviados para aterros sanitarios. A reciclagem e parte deste gerenciamento, onde se reprocessam materiais, para obtencao de materiais alternativos presentes da vida cotidiana. Um dos residuos solidos enviados para a reciclagem e a embalagem cartonada, composta por papel, polietileno e aluminio. Aliado a este fato, a busca por novos compostos plasticos reforcados com fibras celulosicas tem-se apresentado como uma demanda de mercado, devido ao alto numero de aplicacoes possiveis para estes materiais, como, por exemplo, na industria automotiva, construcao civil e outras mais. Assim, neste estudo procurou-se investigar a modificacao do composito polietileno de baixa densidade / aluminio proveniente de embalagens cartonadas atraves do reforcamento com fibras celulosicas, e adicao de copolimero graftzado com anidrido maleico, que age como compatibilizante, de forma a agregar-se valor comercial ao material produzido, tornando-o mais atrativo do ponto de vista mercadologico. Os compositos elaborados foram gerados atraves de duas diferentes extrusoes. Ao composito PE/Al adicionou-se o copolimero graftzado, e estes foram posteriormente extrudados. As fibras celulosicas, em diferentes teores e com diferentes tamanhos de particulas, foram misturadas ao material resultante da primeira extrusao, e assim posteriormente extrudadas, em segunda etapa, na forma de l

Estudar a Implantacao de infra-estruturas de saneamento ambiental (abastecimento de agua, uso de agua pluvial, tratamento de esgoto e residuos solidos) em assentamento rurais, capacitando os agentes envolvidos na busca de solucoes mais sustentaveis, utilizando tecnicas e conceitos da permacultura nos sistemas de saneamento e uso e ocupacao adequados dos lotes, priorizando recursos locais e renovaveis e a participacao das familias no processo de decisao,.

Investigacao sobre aspectos relativos a residuos solidos, com enfase na producao dematerial de divulgacao e capacitacao (assistencia a dist

Estudo de metodos e tecnicas de reciclagem de residuos solidos urbanos, com enfase em materiais plasticos (caracteristicas, misturas, composicao, coletores, produtos reciclados, educacao para reciclagem etc.).

O Governo Federal por meio do Decreto Lei 5940 de 2006 instituiu a obrigatoriedade das separacao de maeriais reciclaveis descartados por entidades da administracao publica direta e indireta., com a participacao de cooperativas de catadores. Esta pesquisa visa levantar informacoes sobre as condicoes existentes na unidade de ensino da Escola Politecnica da UFBA , bem como das possibiidades de parcerias com cooperativas da cidade de Salvador - Ba . Deste modo, espera-se obter diretrizes para a futura implantacao do sistema de coleta seletiva solidaria na UFBA

O objetivo principal do projeto e desenvolver e realizar um programa de capacitacao em saneamento ambiental, em carater piloto, com uma visao multidisciplinar e integrada dos sistemas de abastecimento de agua, sistemas de esgotamento sanitario, manejo integrado de residuos solidos e drenagem de agua pluviais urbanas com enfase na operacao destes sistemas.

Avaliacao da toxicidade produzida pela borracha dos pneus descartados na biota marinha sera realizada por meio de ensaios de lixiviaccao atrelados a ensaios ecotoxicidade utillizando tres especies marinhas, paralelamente serao realizados ensaios fisico quimicos com o objetivo de analisar o conjunto dos dados obtidos.

Propor um sistema de manejo, tratamento e disposicao final de residuso solidos segundo medolologia de desenvolvimento participativa da comunidade enfatizando-se solucoes que priorizem a reducao na fonte e valorizacao do residuo..

Os Residuos da Construcao e Demolicao representam parcela significativa dos residuos solidos municipais . Sua destinacao e deposicao irregular causam problemas econ

Estudo dos residuos envolvendo: - identificacao e pesquisa bibliografica sobre cada residuo - caracterizacao - segregacao - acondicionamento e rotulagem - armazenamento - tecnicas de minimizacao e de reuso - alternativas de tratamento e de disposicao final.

Consolidacao de um centro colaborador em defesa agropecuaria que promova melhoria continua na determinacao de residuos e contaminantes inorg

Projeto de infra-estrutura voltado a implementacao do Programa de Gerenciamento de Residuos Quimicos da Embrapa Pecuaria Sudeste.

We present a case report of a young male patient, with a bilateral vesico renal reflux. The urodynamic study findings suggested the possibility of a non-neurogenic bladder-external spincter dissinergya producing a valuable residual volume. After biofeedback treatment, the dissinergia disappeaed, but residual volume persisted. The videourodynamic assessment allowed us the accurate diagnosis of a false residual volume, produced by the voiding of the refluxed urine from the ureters into the bladder.

The work was performed in the municipal district of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro State and had as objective to obtain information on the contents of chemical forms of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil Gleissolo pouco humico treated with composted urban residues, and the concentrations in the leaves and fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Three areas with different land use history were used: area that received doses of 40 t.ha^-1 of composted of urban solid residue (CRSU) in the surface for eleven consecutive years

New occurrences of complex gold copper ores have been found recently in which gold is associated with high grades of copper minerals. The conventional cyanidation process becomes unfeasible due to copper dissolution in sodium cyanide solutions, which increases the leach reagent consumption. This fact justifies efforts in researching on innovative technological routes for developing a feasible and economical process, able to maximize the metals and cyanide recovery. One of the alternatives involves a pre-treatment stage to extract copper minerals prior to the cyanidation stage. Sulfuric acid leaching was studied, throughout the application of a statistical approach, to determine the optimum experimental conditions to achieve the maximum copper dissolution for lgarape Bahia gold copper ore (Mendes, 1999). The sulfuric acid residue presented 1.76g/t of gold and 0.52% of copper. This experimental work aimed at studying the feasibility of alkaline cyanide leaching of this sulfuric acid residue for gold recovery. The copper remaining in the sulfuric acid leach tailings was extracted in a large extent (67%) in the cyanidation stage, and gold was 94% extracted under these conditions. Copper in the metallic form (0.30%) was completely dissolved and iron cyanide complexes, as well as cyanate and thiocyanate composites, were formed contributing to the high cyanide consumption.

No abstract available

Several Marlim vacuum residue (VR) hydroconversion experiments were conducted in a batch reactor with changing temperature, time and catalyst mass (NiMo/

The dynamic of ruminal fermentation of corn crop residue (CCR) after treatment with sodium hydroxide (TII) or non treated CCR (TI), both supplemented with urea, as the only food source given to sheep was studied. The fermentation rate of dry matter using nylon bags was the same for both diets, and turnover rate was lower in TI. In ruminal liquid, fatty acid concentration, as function of fermentation time, was similar in both treatments. In TII the N-NH₃ concentration was lower than in TI.

The aim of this work was to determine the nutritive value of corn crop residue (CCR) treated chemically with sodium hydroxide (TII) or non treated CCR (TI), both supplemented with urea for ruminants. Dry matter digestibilities were 55.53% in TI and 60.34% in TII. Digestive energy intake were 124.27kcal/day/kg^0.75 in TI and 148.13kcal/day/kg^0.75 in TII.

[No abstract available

No abstract available

The influence of pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cu(II) concentration and contact time on the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by the batch adsorption technique using waste tire rubber ash as a low-cost adsorbent was investigated. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 2 h at pH 4-6, the optimum for the adsorption of Cu(II) ions. A dose of 1.5 g/L of adsorbent was sufficient for the optimum removal of copper ions. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the corresponding sorption constants were evaluated. The adsorption kinetics data were fitted by a first-order equation. The cost of removal is expected to be quite low, as the adsorbent is cheap and easily available in large quantities. The present study showed that waste tire rubber ash was capable of removing copper ions from industrial wastewater samples.

During reclamation the water associated with the runoff or groundwater flushing from dry stackable tailings technologies may become available to the reclaimed environment within an oil sands lease. Here we evaluate the performance of the emergent macrophyte, common reed (Phragmites australis), grown in chemically amended mature fine tailings (MFT) and simulated runoff/seepage water from different MFT drying treatments. The present study also investigated the phytotoxicity of the concentration of oil sands naphthenic acids (NAs) in different MFT drying chemical treatments, in both planted and unplanted systems. We demonstrate that although growth was reduced, the emergent macrophyte common reed was capable of growing in diluted unamended MFT runoff, as well as in diluted runoff from MFT amended with either 0.25% lime and gypsum or 0.5% gypsum. Common reed can thus assist in the dewatering process of oil sands MFT. However, simulated runoff or seepage waters from chemically amended and dried MFT were phytotoxic, due to combined levels of salts, naphthenic acids and pH. Phytoremediation of runoff water/ground water seepage from dry-land applied MFT will thus require pre-treatment in order to make conditions more favorable for plant growth.

Thermodynamic data for palladium(II) in Pd2sup>-OH ^--ClO₄^- system were obtained through critical Estudos and reinterpretations of literature data using the Bra

Degradation of leather industry wastewater by sole aerobic treatment incorporating Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Fenton's reagents, and combined treatment was investigated in this study. The sole treatment by Fenton's oxidation involving the introduction of 6g FeSO(4) and 266 g H(2)O(2) in a liter of wastewater at pH of 3.5 and 30 degrees C for 30 min at batch conditions reduced COD, BOD(5), sulfide, total chromium and color up to 69%, 72%, 88%, 5%, 100% and T. ferrooxidans alone showed maximum reduction to an extent of 77, 80, 85, 52, 89, respectively, in 21 d treatment at pH 2.5, FeSO(4) 16 g/L and temperature of 30 degrees C. The combined treatment at batch conditions involving 30 min chemical treatment by Fenton's oxidation followed by 72 h biochemical treatment by T. ferrooxidans at batch conditions gave rise up to 93%, 98%, 72%, 62% and 100% removal efficiencies of COD, BOD, sulfide, chromium and color at pH of 2.5 and 30 degrees C. Decrease in photo absorption of the Fenton's reagent treated samples, as compared to the banks, at 280, 350 and 470 nm wave lengths was observed. This may be the key factor for stimulating the biodegradation by T. ferrooxidans. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Botanical Garden lies within the city of Palermo, a few meters away from one of the largest unused Manufacturing Gas Plant in Sicily. The total concentrations of PAHs (23 compounds) in the soil of Botanical Garden ranged from 947 to 18,072 µg/kg. The wide range of PAH concentrations (RSD = 84%) found in the soil samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in the area and this can be explained by considering the different tree distributions which prevents the homogeneous deposition of pollutants on the soil. Soils collected in the Botanical Garden generally showed the highest PAH concentrations, being almost 2-3 times higher than the concentration samples obtained in the urban reference sites and about 20 times higher than those in the rural stations. The total PAH concentrations, in the Botanical Garden soil, resulted higher than the maximum concentrations allowed by the Italian legislation for the green areas. Perylene, was found in all the stations. From a careful study of the isomeric ratios, we can hypothesize that the soils of the Botanical Garden are mainly affected by localized MGP particulate deposition, suggesting that the partitioning between organic matter and PAHs is not the dominant process in the soils with higher organic matter content. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In aqueous systems, chromium usually exists in both trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states, being Cr(VI) of particular importance and concern due to its great toxicity. Industrial sources of Cr(VI) are leather tanning, mining of chrome ore, production of steel and alloys, etc. The most common conventional method for Cr(VI) removal is reduction to Cr(III) at pH 2.0 and precipitation of Cr (OH)(3) with lime at pH 9-10. The disadvantage of precipitation is the disposal of the solid waste. Adsorption of Cr by different low cost materials seems to be a suitable choice for wastewater treatment. Many by-products of agriculture have proved to be suitable low cost adsorbents for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) removal from water. Lignocellulosic residues, which include both wood residues and agricultural residues, have adsorption capacity comparable to other natural sorbents, but they have the advantage of very low or no cost, great availability and simple operational process. This study is a Estudo of the recent literature on the use of natural and modified lignocellulosic residues for Cr adsorption. The Cr maximum adsorption capacity and the adsorption mechanism under different experimental conditions are reported when possibly. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Watershed of Beysehir Lake, with an overall surface area of 88 750 ha, was selected as the case study area, since it is under the pressure of potential pollutants arising from human-induced activities such as settlements, insufficient infrastructure, agricultural activities and excessive water traffic due to fishery boats. Even though the study area surrounding Beysehir Lake is ecologically vulnerable and taken under protection as a national park

A model of a waste water treatment plant is investigated. The model is described by a nonlinear system of two differential equations with one bounded control. An optimal control problem of minimizing concentration of the polluted water on the given time interval is stated and solved analytically with the use of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle and Green's Theorem. Computer simulations of a model of an industrial waste water treatment plant show the advantage of using our optimal strategy. Possible applications are discussed. © 2010 E. V. Grigorieva and E. N. Khailov.

Human gene therapy is currently seeing an increase in the use of plasmid (pDNA)-based vectors as a preferred choice of vehicle for delivery of the therapeutic gene into the body. In this regard, the environmental impacts of the waste streams from the possible industrial scale manufacture of pDNA require more detailed assessment. In this study, an initial assessment was made of the nutrient phosphorus (P) inputs to four fermentation processes recommended for the industrial scale production of pDNA for the purposes of gene therapy. Phosphorus inputs to each of the four selected fermentation processes ranged from approximately 60 mg l^-1 up to 3000 mg l^-1 in the fresh media. However, the spent media waste from each of the processes exhibited only a minor reduction in the phosphorus concentrations indicating minimal uptake of P by the microorganisms. This unutilised excess level of phosphorus nutrient within the waste streams poses a strong potential for environmental impact. Waste minimisation studies were undertaken on one model fermentation process with the aim of reducing unnecessary phosphorus input. An optimised media containing a 98% reduction in added P to the media was developed. This phosphorus-minimised media had little quantitative effect upon cell biomass produced and no effect upon the quantity or quality of pDNA produced, relative to the control media. The reduction in P requirement results in an overall cost savings of 12% per fermentation batch, would simplify subsequent wastewater treatment and would contribute to slowing the depletion rate of a valuable, finite natural resource. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

⁹⁰Sr is one of the major isotopes present in the low level radioactive liquid waste (LLW) generated during operation of nuclear reactors and spent fuel reprocessing plants. A composite ion exchange material consisting of hydrous manganese oxide and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) was developed for removal of strontium from aqueous radioactive waste. The prepared composite material showed very good strontium adsorption properties in aqueous solutions. Sorption of strontium on the composite material as a function of pH, equilibration time and strontium ion concentrations were studied. The process of sorption of strontium from solution was analysed using different isotherm models like Langmuir, D-R and Freundlich. Four different error functions were employed to find out the most suitable isotherm model to represent the experimental data and it was found that Freundlich model best fits the sorption of strontium on the composite material. Analysis of the data obtained from the sorption kinetics studies showed that the data fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Lab scale column performance study of the composite material revealed that the material could be effectively used in column operations to remove strontium from LLW solutions. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study was conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals in two different contaminated field soils, and to assess its influence on remedial performance. The two field soils were obtained from two different polluted industrial sites in the Metropolitan Chicago area and were characterized for physical and chemical properties. The soils were referred to as silty sand and silty clay, based on their pArtigo-size distribution. A five-step sequential liquid-solid extraction procedure was used to speciate the heavy metals into: (1) easily exchangeable

The rising quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) around the world necessitates new approaches for sustainable management of this waste stream. One strategy for managing this waste stream is the use of e-waste mono disposal landfills, or monofills, as temporary storage for future mining. E-waste monofills can be a sustainable waste management solution. However, lifecycle costs must be considered to determine if e-waste monofills are feasible alternatives. The lifecycle cost of e-waste monofilling depends on a variety of different variables, including the configuration of the containment system and discretionary operational considerations. Classification of e-waste as hazardous waste suggests that a RCRA Subtitle C-compliant (hazardous waste landfill) containment system should be employed. However, available data indicates that a RCRA Subtitle D-compliant (municipal solid waste landfill) containment systems should provide more than adequate environmental protection. Discretionary landfill operational decisions that may impact lifecycle cost include processing e-waste prior to placement and/or placement of the e-waste in a soil matrix. Ultimately, the feasibility of e-waste monofilling depends upon the potential value assigned to future recovery.

The three-level management syste m on municipalsolid waste treatment which are the source, middle and end treatment methods in Beijing are introduced in this paper, three waste handle workflows which are waste transfer station, refuse derived fuel and composting workflow about these methods are also shown. All of these treatment methods should be fully used to rationally and economically develop the municipal solid waste resource and the threelevel management system is proved to be efficient in municipal solid waste treatment in Beijing. © 2010 IEEE.

The search of a sustainable development for the industry can only be understood from a global approach which takes account of both the industrial activity and the product. Industrial activity needs adding new systems to the production process that minimize its impact reducing the consumption of resources and atmospheric emissions. The product must incorporate sustainable features such as the capacity to be recycled and/or valorised throuhgout its life cycle and, so, being reintroduced again in the industrial activity. This way, product turns into the cornerstone of a closed circuit production system that involves all industrial sectors in recycling products and waste and minimizes the frootprint of the process. Cement sector must continue insisting on the development of recycling of cementicious maerials and also on the recycling of materials during its production, and, especially, we must continue studying in depth the relationship between Life Cycle and recycling, which will provide the sector with a methodology and with useful tools to reduce the environmental impact. Therefore, the sector is making efforts for achieving an industry in closed circuit, in which materials and energy are re-used, minimizing to the maximum its affection to the environment. At the same time, we are working on the conceptualizing of this production model that involves all the industrial sectors in material recycling. As a reuslt of this commitment, cement industry has signed aggrement of colaboration with FER and Sigrauto to use vehicles out of use and with UNESID to valorise steel waste and also the project Pressure for a global management of industrial waste.

Passive treatment of landfill leachate is an enticing option for landfill sites since efficient treatment of the leachate generated can continue after the landfill closes and is no longer receiving waste (therefore not generating a profit). Treatment performance in these systems is affected by regional climate and therefore site-specific research needs to be considered for each treatment system design. This three-phase treatability study was designed to determine a pretreatment system that would minimize the size of the subsequent passive treatment system, and to evaluate various passive treatment technologies at both the bench and pilot scales. The results from this treatability study will be used to support the use of passive treatment systems for landfill leachate mitigation in North Bay, as well as serving as a template for other sites in the northern Ontario climate looking to implement passive treatment of landfill leachate. © 2010 ASCE.

The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a uranium enrichment facility built in the mid-1950s in western Kentucky. Many thousands of people over several generations have been employed at, or in activities devoted to, the PGDP. Over the years, the plant has also generated significant nuclear and industrial contamination. This contamination is composed of various surface disposal activities, such as burial grounds, which have resulted in multiple potential sites across the plant grounds, and in surface and subsurface water contamination, the extent and full nature of which is still subject to ongoing research and monitoring. Because of this, the PGDP retains a joint legacy as a regional economic engine and a major source of environmental contamination and worker exposure. Because of advances in the technology of uranium enrichment, however, there are expectations that the plant eventually will be decommissioned. This will result in dramatic impacts on the region's economy and encourage the pursuit of replacement activities for the site. This, in turn, will highlight the complications arising from various sorts of contamination, as well as the strategies for mitigating them. Thus, envisioning a future for the plant site is a complex decision making process involving a wide range of variables that interact with each other in intricate and not altogether-understood ways. Proactively involving the affected community in a productive way is the challenge. © 2010 ASCE.

Electromagnetic filters (EMFs) can be effectively used for the cleaning of both industrial and domestic disposals such as waste water having low concentration and micron size of dispersed pArtigos that show magnetic characteristics. In this work, we investigated the effect of some parameters of the filtration process, external magnetic field density, size of the filter matrix elements, filter length, filtration velocity, viscosity of the suspension, and number of the cycle on the separation efficiency of micron-sized pArtigos that can be magnetized in an external magnetic field. It has been found that filtration efficiency decreased with increasing filtration velocity and suspension viscosity. Furthermore, the filter matrix elements geometry, pH value of the medium, and number of the cycling processes affected the cleaning efficiency. Recycling the suspension to the filter body allowed the cleaning process to be made in a smaller filter size with a high quality factor. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Two things are needed for any technology to be suitable for use in the industry, viz. 1. Technical feasibility and 2. Economical feasibility. The use of ultrasound for waste water treatment has been shown to be technically feasible by numerous reports in the literature over the years. But there are hardly any exhaustive reports which address the issue of economical feasibility of the use of ultrasound for waste water treatment on industrial scale. Hence an attempt was made to estimate the cost for the waste water treatment using ultrasound. The costs have been calculated for 1000 L/min capacity treatment plant. The costs were calculated based upon the rate constants for pollutant degradation. The pollutants considered were phenol, trichloroethylene (TCE) and reactive azo dyes. Time required for ninety percent degradation of pollutant was taken as the residence time. The amount of energy required to achieve the target degradation was calculated from the energy density (watt/ml) used in the treatability study. The cost of treatment was calculated by considering capital cost and operating cost involved for the waste water treatment. Quotations were invited from vendors to ascertain the capital cost of equipments involved and operating costs were calculated based on annual energy usage. The cost was expressed in dollars per 1000 gallons of waste water treated. These treatment costs were compared with other established Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) technologies. The cost of waste water treatment for phenol was in the range of $89 per 1000 gallons for UV/US/O₃ to $15,536 per 1000 gallons for US alone. These costs for TCE were in the range of $25 per 1000 gallons to $91 for US + UV treatment and US alone, respectively. The cost of waste water treatment for reactive azo dyes was in the range of $65 per 1000 gallon for US + UV + H₂O₂ to $14,203 per 1000 gallon for US alone. This study should help in quantifying the economics of waste water treatment using ultrasound on industrial scale. We strongly believe that this study will immensely help the researchers working in the area of applications of ultrasound for waste water treatment in terms of where the technology stands today as compared to other available commercial AOP technologies. This will also help them think for different ways to improve the efficiency of using ultrasound or search for other ways of generating cavitation which may be more efficient and help reduce the cost of treatment in future. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A rapid and effective preconcentration method for extraction of rhodamine 6G was developed by using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) prior to UV-vis spectrophotometry. In this extraction method, a suitable mixture of acetone (disperser solvent) and chloroform (extractant solvent) was injected rapidly into a conical test tube containing aqueous solution of rhodamine 6G. Therefore, a cloudy solution was formed. After centrifugation of the cloudy solution, sedimented phase was evaporated, reconstituted with methanol and measured by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Different operating variables such as type and volume of extractant solvent, type and volume of disperser solvent, pH of the sample solution, salt concentration and extraction time were investigated. The optimized conditions (extractant solvent: 300µL of chloroform, disperser solvent: 3mL of acetone, pH: 8 and without salt addition) resulted in a linear calibration graph in the range of 5-900ngmL^-1 of rhodamine 6G in initial solution with R²=0.9988 (n=5). The Limits of detection and quantification were 2.39 and 7.97ngmL^-1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 50 and 250ngmL^-1 of rhodamine 6G in water were 2.88% and 1.47% (n=5), respectively. Finally, the DLLME method was applied for determination of rhodamine 6G in different industrial waste waters. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The recycling of mineral wastes is considered today an activity of utmost importance, contributing in the diversification of products, reduction of final costs, besides promoting alternative raw materials for some industrial sectors. This work focuses on the incorporation of steatite wastes in cementitious composites. A full design of experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of the experimental factors: fraction and pArtigo size of steatite and compaction pressures (10 and 30 MPa) on the mechanical properties of the ceramic composites. The increase of the steatite fraction provided an increase of the bulk density and apparent porosity of the composites. Large pArtigos of steatite provided an increase of the apparent porosity decreasing the mechanical strength. The increase of the pressing compaction decreased the apparent porosity, increasing the bulk density and the mechanical strength of the composites. © RILEM 2009.

Currently in the US, over 97% of food waste is estimated to be buried in landfills. There is nonetheless interest in strategies to divert this waste from landfills as evidenced by a number of programs and policies at the local and state levels, including collection programs for source separated organic wastes (SSO). The objective of this study was to characterize the state-of-the-practice of food waste treatment alternatives in the US and Canada. Site visits were conducted to aerobic composting and two anaerobic digestion facilities, in addition to meetings with officials that are responsible for program implementation and financing. The technology to produce useful products from either aerobic or anaerobic treatment of SSO is in place. However, there are a number of implementation issues that must be addressed, principally project economics and feedstock purity. Project economics varied by region based on landfill disposal fees. Feedstock purity can be obtained by enforcement of contaminant standards and/or manual or mechanical sorting of the feedstock prior to and after treatment. Future SSO diversion will be governed by economics and policy incentives, including landfill organics bans and climate change mitigation policies. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The degradation of organic compounds found in municipal solid waste (MSW) under the anaerobic landfill conditions produces gas and liquid emissions that can protract well into the landfill after-care period. The European Landfill Directives regulate the amount and nature of the organic compounds disposed into landfills. In South Africa and other developing countries, MSW is still landfilled without any kind of pre-treatment. This paper presents a pilot project of mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT) in South Africa implemented at municipal level in the city of Durban using passively aerated open windrows. Based on case studies from Austria, England and South Africa, a waste minimisation model which can facilitate full-scale implementation of MBWT in developing countries is presented. MSW was treated in open windrows for 8weeks. Composting temperature reached a maximum of 65°C in less than 10days. The results of eluate tests on waste samples from the windrows at the end of composting show a reduction of BOD₅ and BOD₅/COD ratios equal to 35.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The percent waste composition of the treated MSW was 28.3% putrescibles, 17.4% garden refuse, 13.3% plastic, 12.4% fabrics, 12% paper and other elements. The waste composition shows that more than 40% of un-treated organic material and also more than 40% non-biodegradable and recyclable materials are still landfilled without any form of biological treatment or resource recovery. A simple wet and dry waste collection model can promote recycling, treatment of biological waste before landfilling, resource recovery, labour intensive jobs and hence sustainable landfilling in the South African scenario as well as in similar developing countries. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Municipal solid waste management is a complex and multidisciplinary problem, involving a number of impact factors associated with various uncertainties. In this study, a hybrid interval-parameter possibilistic programming (IPP) approach was developed and applied for planning municipal solid waste management under dual uncertainties. The IPP improves upon the existing management approaches by allowing possibility distributions of the lower and upper bounds of some interval parameters in the objective function and interval information in the modelling coefficients to be effectively incorporated within its optimization. By introducing the concept of possibilistic interval numbers, the dual uncertainties can be communicated into the optimization process and the resulting solutions, such that the generated decision schemes can effectively reflect the highly complex system features under uncertainty. The results of the case study indicate that useful information can be obtained for providing feasible decision schemes for waste flow allocation. Different decision schemes can be generated by adjusting waste flow allocation patterns within the solution intervals. Lower decision variable values should be used to obtain lower system cost of waste treatment and disposal under advantageous conditions, and higher decision variable values should be used under demanding conditions (worst case conditions). A strong desire to acquire the lower system cost will lead to the decreased probability of meeting the treatment and disposal requirements (i.e. the increased risk of unforeseen conditions)

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000. ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000. ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000. ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304. ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6. ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

This Artigo is based on a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) that was performed on a radioactive waste disposal area within the Western New York Nuclear Service Center in western New York State. The QRA results were instrumental in the decision by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority to support a strategy of in-place management of the disposal area for another decade. The QRA methodology adopted for this first of a kind application was a scenario-based approach in the framework of the triplet definition of risk (scenarios, likelihoods, consequences). The measure of risk is the frequency of occurrence of different levels of radiation dose to humans at prescribed locations. The risk from each scenario is determined by (1) the frequency of disruptive events or natural processes that cause a release of radioactive materials from the disposal area

Mixtures of sand and bentonite will be used as bentonite-based backfill materials for high-level radioactive waste repositories. They are also used in Japan as artificial barriers in disposal facilities for low-level radioactive waste. Very low hydraulic conductivity of the sand-bentonite mixture is expected to keep wastes separated from the surrounding environment. Some researchers have investigated hydraulic conductivities of sand-bentonite materials at different dry densities and at different mass ratios of sand and bentonite to design and develop specifications of the materials described above.However, the function of low permeability of those materials is degraded by the altered hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures after swelling deformation. This study investigates experimentally hydraulic conductivity changes before and after swelling for sand-bentonite materials. Furthermore, results confirm the applicability of theoretical equations for evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of compacted bentonites and sand-bentonite mixtures, which have already been proposed in Komine (2008), by comparing calculated results and experimental results. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The feasibility of using ion-exchange resins to sep arate cobalt and antimony from zirconium in acid solu tions was investigated. The distribution coefficients of zirconium, cobalt, and antimony on strong cation and anion exchangers in HC1 and oxalic acid media were determined. The mass effect of zirconium on the distri bution coefficients of cobalt and antimony was studied. The isotherm for zirconium was obtained in HCI solu tion. The distribution coefficient and isotherm data were used to develop ion-exchange processes for separation of cobalt and antimony from zirconium in the linear and nonlinear regions of the isotherm. A decontamination factor of more than 10³ was achieved in a single ion- exchange cycle with respect to both cobalt and antimony. Two cycles of ion exchange will bring down the activity to acceptable levels for processing of irradiated zirco nium as well as achieve a significant reduction in the waste volume. This is the first paper on separation of ⁶⁰Co and ¹²⁵Sb from zirconium for radioactive waste management.

The effects of rice husk, sawdust and rice bran on the composting process of food waste were studied in a 180-L laboratory composter based on a mixture experimental design. Linear and quadratic models of seven important process characteristics (composting and acidification times, lowest and final pH values, highest temperature, the water-soluble organic carbon to water-soluble organic nitrogen (C_OW/N_OW ratio), and the water-soluble organic carbon to total organic nitrogen (C_OW/N_OT) ratio) in terms of fractional compositions of bulking agents as well as the water absorption capacity and the free air space of the composting matrix were developed. © 2010.

Cement-based grout plays a significant role in the design and performance of nuclear waste repositories: used correctly, it can enhance their safety. However, the high water-to-binder ratios, which are required to meet the desired workability and injection ability at early age, lead to high porosity that may affect the durability of this material and undermine its long-term geochemical performance. In this paper, a new methodology is presented in order to help the process of mix design which best meets the compromise between these two conflicting requirements. It involves the combined use of the computer programs CEMHYD3D for the generation of digital-image-based microstructures and CrunchFlow, for the reactive transport calculations affecting the materials so simulated. This approach is exemplified with two grout types, namely, the so-called Standard mix 5/5, used in the upper parts of the structure, and the low-pH P308B, to be injected at higher depths. The results of the digital reconstruction of the mineralogical composition of the hardened paste are entirely logical, as the microstructures display high degrees of hydration, large porosities and low or nil contents of aluminium compounds. Diffusion of solutes in the pore solution was considered to be the dominant transport process. A single scenario was studied for both mix designs and their performances were compared. The reactive transport model adequately reproduces the process of decalcification of the C-S-H and the precipitation of calcite, which is corroborated by empirical observations. It was found that the evolution of the deterioration process is sensitive to the chemical composition of groundwater, its effects being more severe when grout is set under continuous exposure to poorly mineralized groundwater. Results obtained appear to indicate that a correct conceptualization of the problem was accomplished and support the assumption that, in absence of more reliable empirical data, it might constitute a useful tool to estimate the durability of cement-based structures. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phosphate rock (PR) is an abundant ore and represents the basic raw material for the phosphatic fertilizer industry. Prior to industrial processing, PR is concentrated by grinding-and-screening to separate a fine fraction that is very poor in P₂O₅. This fine fraction is a solid waste and represents a disposal problem. The present study shows that the fine fraction of ground-and-screened Abu-Tartour PR can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to vary with initial methylene blue concentration and contact time. Raising the temperature enhances the rate of adsorption but has no effect on the adsorption capacity at equilibrium. The adsorption equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The Elovich model can be used to predict the adsorption kinetics at ambient temperatures especially when the initial concentration of MB is relatively high, while Ho's model deviates from the data as the initial concentration increases. However, as the temperature increases and MB concentration decreases, Ho's model fits the data better than the Elovich model. On studying the mechanism of adsorption, the results showed that the overall rate of dye uptake is controlled by intrapArtigo diffusion. The multilinear plots of intrapArtigo diffusion were modeled by piecewise linear regression and related to pore-size distribution of the adsorbent. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.

A full-scale combined biological system is used for the treatment of treated wastewater discharged from a pharmaceutical industrial park. This treated water is rich in NH₄⁺ s(-) N (average in 86.4 mg/L), low in COD / NH₄⁺ s(-) N (average in 3.4) and low in BOD₅/COD ratio (average in 0.24) with pH varying from 7.16 to 7.78. The final effluent of the combined treatment process was stably below 100 mg/L COD and 20 mg/L NH₄⁺ s(-) N, separately, with organic loading rate of 4954 kg COD/d and 92.5 kg NH₄⁺ s(-) N / d. It is found that the BOD₅/COD ratio could be raised from 0.24 to 0.35, and the production of total VFAs account for 9.57% of the total COD via the treatment of hydrolysis/acidification. MBBR and oxidation ditch represent 35.4% and 60.7% of NH₄⁺ s(-) N removal, 30.2% and 61.5% of COD removal, separately, of the total treatment process. PCR-DGGE is used for microbial community analysis of MBBR and oxidation ditch. Crown Copyright © 2010.

This paper compares life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from two municipal solid waste (MSW) management options, municipal waste combustion, and landfilling, using a U.S. EPA life-cycle assessment (LCA) model, the MSW Decision Support Tool. Unlike previously reported LCAs, key combustion model inputs-total MSW carbon content and its biogenic/fossil split-are determined not from MSW composition studies, but from measurements taken at operating municipal waste combustors (MWCs). MWC measurement data show U.S. MSW carbon content averages of 30% with a biogenic/fossil split of 66%/34%. The LCA also considers a range of landfilling scenarios which account not only for alternative landfill gas (LFG) management techniques, but also for the variability of landfill methane generation and capture. The LCA found that for the range of inputs and scenarios considered, municipal waste combustion outperforms landfilling in terms of GHG emissions, regardless of the LFG management technique. © 2010 ASCE.

The industrial treatment of spent nuclear fuel is based upon a hydrometallurgical process in nitric acid medium. In order to minimize the volume of radioactive waste it seems interesting to generate the reactive species in situ in such solutions using ultrasonic irradiation without addition of salt-forming reagents. This Estudo summarizes for the first time the versatile sonochemical processes with uranium, neptunium and plutonium in homogeneous nitric acid solutions and heterogeneous systems. The dissolution of refractory solids, ultrasonically driven liquid-liquid extraction and the sonochemical degradation of the volatile products of organic solvent radiolysis issued from PUREX process are considered. Also the guidelines for required further work to ensure successful application of the studied processes at industrial scale are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In the present study, the in vivo micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes was used to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of water samples collected from four different sites along the Nilufer Stream which empties into the Marmara Sea on the north-west of Turkey. Nilufer Stream receives discharges of industrial and domestic wastes resulting from industrialization and urbanization activities in Bursa city. Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to collected water samples under laboratory conditions for 3 and 6. days. Micronuclei analyses were carried out in peripheral blood erythrocytes. In addition to micronuclei, other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) such as bi-nucleated cells and binuclei with nucleoplasmic bridge and cells with blebbed, notched and lobbed nuclei, were assessed in the erythrocytes. Chemical analyses were also carried out in the water samples to assess the presence of major pollutants. MN and NA frequencies were significantly elevated in fishes exposed to water from polluted areas compared to those exposed to clean water sample. The results of this study indicate that Nilufer Stream is contaminated with potential genotoxic chemicals and the genotoxicity is possibly related with the industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Blending polypropylene (PP) with recycled polyamide-6 (PA6) industrial wastes at different compositions was produced in a corotating twin-screw extruder, where PP acts as the polymer matrix and polyamide as the dispersed phase. The mechanical and tribological properties of these blends were investigated. Results show that with the increasing filler content, the flexural strength and compressive strength of composites increase to the maximum and then decreases. When the filler mass fraction reaches 15%, the flexural strength and compressive strength of samples reach the maximum. The wear rate and the friction coefficient of PP decreased with the addition of PA6. The friction coefficients of PA6/PP composites are lower than those of PP. The main wear mechanisms are the plastic deformation and mechanical microploughing. © The Author(s), 2010.

Factorial designs were employed to analyze the inhibitory effects of acetic, butyric, lactic, and propionic acids on composting microorganisms. Compost samples were withdrawn on different days of composting and treated with acids alone and in combination (at 0 and 0.5 mmol/g). Microorganisms were enumerated to determine degree of growth inhibition. Generally, inhibition was more severe on the day when pH decreased rather than on the day when pH started to increase. Butyric or lactic acid alone, and the combination of butyric, lactic, and propionic acids, significantly inhibited thermophilic bacteria. Only 51.0-65.0% of the thermophilic bacteria exist if 0.5 mmol/g of these acids were present in compost. Temperature, microbial populations, and microbial growth phase might cause variation in the inhibitory effects of acids. These findings are useful not only in the study of microorganisms in acidic microenvironments, but also in preventing microbial-growth inhibition by predicting population via a regression model. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The uptakes of Cs, Co and Sr ions onto nano crystalline silicotitanate (IONSIV™ IE-911, UOP) were investigated by using batch sorbers. The nanostructured adsorbent has many advantages such as high active surface area, fast diffusion rates and lower amount needs. Equilibrium sorption characteristics of Cs, Co and Sr ions onto the sorbent were investigated. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were fitted to the experimental data. Using the Langmuir model, the predicted sorption capacity of Cs, Co and Sr onto the silicotitanate at pHs 5, 7 and 9 was in the order Cs > Sr > Co. The silicotitanate was highly selective for Cs due to the ion exchange with sodium and hydrogen ions. The Langmuir model fitted better than the Freundlich and D-R models to the experimental data for the metals (0.83 < R2 < 0.97). Copyright © 2010 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

The microporous material Ionsiv is used for ¹³⁷Cs removal from aqueous nuclear waste streams. In the UK, Cs-loaded Ionsiv is classed as an intermediate-level waste

Controlling the stability and rheological properties of colloidal slurries has been an important but challenging issue for various industries such as cosmetics, ceramic processing, and nuclear waste treatment. For example, at the US Department of Energy Hanford and Savannah River sites, operation of the waste treatment facilities with increased solids loading increases waste processing rates but negatively impacts the rheological properties. We investigated various rheological modifiers on a Fe₂O₃/Al(OH)₃-rich nuclear waste simulant, characterized by high ionic strength and pH, to reduce yield stress of the colloidal slurry. Rheological modifiers change pArtigo interactions in colloidal slurries

The interaction between concrete/cement and swelling clay (bentonite) has been modeled in the context of engineered barrier systems for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The geochemical transformations observed in laboratory diffusion experiments at 60 and 90 °C between bentonite and different high-pH solutions (K-Na-OH and Ca(OH)₂-saturated) were reconciled with the reactive transport code CrunchFlow. For K-Na-OH solutions (pH = 13.5 at 25 °C) partial dissolution of montmorillonite and precipitation of Mg-silicates (talc-like), hydrotalcite and brucite at the interface are predicted at 60 °C, while at 90 °C the alteration is wider. Alkaline cations diffused beyond the mineralogical alteration zone by means of exchange with Mg²⁺ in the interlayer region of montmorillonite. Very slow reactivity and minor alteration of the clay are predicted in the Ca(OH)₂-bentonite system. The model is a reasonable description of the experiments but also demonstrates the difficulties in modeling processes operating at a small scale under a diffusive regime. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e-waste ends up in regions with sub-standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design-for-environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase-outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing-out substances

The evaluation and assessment of monitoring data generated over a period of 1983-2007 (25 years) of a nuclear facility is presented. Time trends of particulate radioactivity, correlation between ¹³⁷Cs in discharge canal seawater and station discharged activity and correlation of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ¹³¹I in marine species such as sponge and Nerita (gastropod) and corresponding discharged activity are discussed. The concentration of ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³¹I in seawater versus biota are discussed. A good correlation between ¹³⁷Cs in seawater and ¹³⁷Cs in liquid waste discharged was observed (R² = 0.8, p <

Enrichment culturing of sludge taken from an industrial wastewater treatment pond led to the identification of a bacterium (Klebsiella jilinsis H. Zhang) that degrades chlorimuron-ethyl with high efficiency. Klebsiella jilinsis strain 2N3 grows with chlorimuron-ethyl as the sole nitrogen source at the optimal temperature range of 30-35°C and pH values between 6.0-7.0. In liquid medium, the degradation activity was further induced by chlorimuron-ethyl. Degradation rates followed the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 20 and 200 mg L^-1. Using initial concentrations of 20 and 100 mg L^-1, the degradation rates of chlorimuron-ethyl were 83.5% and 92.5% in 12 hours, respectively. At an initial concentration higher than 200 mg L^-1, the degradation rate decreased slightly as the concentration increased. The 2N3 strain also degraded the sulfonylurea herbicides ethametsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl. This study provides scientific evidence and support for the application of K. jilinsis in bioremediation to reduce environmental pollution. © Taylor &

There is growing pressure on retailing businesses to act responsibly and comprehensively to manage their waste in a sustainable way. In addition, the practical importance of meeting waste directives and environmental credentials has made most businesses value facilities management services to business. Despite Fuller's and Pitt's observations concerning shopping centre waste management trends, little attempt has been made to investigate the existing solid waste recycling from the UK shopping centre sector. Most previous research on waste minimisation through recycling relates to municipal buildings, commercial office buildings, medical facilities, hotels, educational buildings and industrial buildings. Few studies from other sectors have developed critical success factors (CSFs) for waste management and recycling initiatives. Therefore, this Artigo sets out to identify those primary factors that are considered to be of critical importance to the successful implementation of recycling initiatives in UK retail shopping centres. The Artigo establishes how these factors can be determined and validated in accordance with current perspectives. This Artigo Estudos the relative importance of CSFs associated with shopping centres solid waste recycling initiatives in the United Kingdom. By doing so, factoring analysis is used to classify a relatively small number of factor groupings that can be used to represent the relationship among a set of many interrelated variables. This technique is significant to explore the groupings that might exist among the CSFs with regard to UK retail shopping centre solid waste recycling initiatives. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

The production of highly polluting palm oil mill effluent (POME) has resulted in serious environmental hazards. While anaerobic digestion is widely accepted as an effective method for the treatment of POME, anaerobic treatment of POME alone has difficulty meeting discharge limits due to the high organic strength of POME. Hence, subsequent post-treatment following aerobic treatment is vital to meet the discharge limits. The objective of the present study is to investigate the aerobic treatment of anaerobically digested POME by using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR performance was assessed by measuring Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal as well as Sludge Volume Index (SVI). The operating pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations were found to be 8.25-9.14 and 1.5-6.4mg/L, respectively, throughout the experiment. The experimental results demonstrate that MLVSS, OLR and sludge loading rate (SLR) play a significant role in the organic removal efficiency of SBR systems and therefore, further investigation on these parameters was conducted to attain optimum SBR performance. Maximum COD (95-96%), BOD (97-98%) and TSS (98-99%) removal efficiencies were achieved at optimum OLR, SLR and MLVSS concentration ranges of 1.8-4.2kgCOD/m³day, 2.5-4.6kgTSS/m³day and 22,000-25,000mg/L, respectively. The effluent quality remained stable and complied with the discharge limit. At the same time, the sludge showed good settling properties with average SVI of 65. It is envisaged that the SBR process could complement the anaerobic treatment to produce final treated effluent which meets the discharge limit. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Pharmaceutical products are released at low concentrations into aquatic environments following domestic wastewater treatment. Such low concentrations have been shown to induce transcriptional responses in microorganisms, which could have consequences on aquatic ecosystem dynamics. In order to test if these transcriptional responses could also be observed in complex river microbial communities, biofilm reactors were inoculated with water from two rivers of differing trophic statuses and subsequently treated with environmentally relevant doses (ng/liter to µg/liter range) of four pharmaceuticals (erythromycin [ER], gemfibrozil [GM], sulfamethazine [SN], and sulfamethoxazole [SL]). To monitor functional gene expression, we constructed a 9,600-feature anonymous DNA microarray platform onto which cDNA from the biofilms was hybridized. Pharmaceutical treatments induced both positive and negative transcriptional responses from biofilm microorganisms. For instance, ER induced the transcription of several stress, transcription, and replication genes, while GM, a lipid regulator, induced transcriptional responses from several genes involved in lipid metabolism. SN caused shifts in genes involved in energy production and conversion, and SL induced responses from a range of cell membrane and outer envelope genes, which in turn could affect biofilm formation. The results presented here demonstrate for the first time that low concentrations of small molecules can induce transcriptional changes in a complex microbial community. The relevance of these results also demonstrates the usefulness of anonymous DNA microarrays for large-scale metatranscriptomic studies of communities from differing aquatic ecosystems. Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The disposal of olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) represents a substantial environmental problem in Italy. A vermicompost process could be an alternative and valid method for the management of OMW. In a laboratory experiment, the OMW were absorbed onto a ligno-cellulosic solid matrix and 30 adult earthworms of Eisenia fetida specie were added. The experiment was carried out for 13 weeks. The number of earthworms increased throughout the experimental period and after 2 weeks about 90% of the earthworms had become sexually mature. The decrease in total organic carbon (about 35%), C : N ratio (from 31.2 to 12.3) and biochemical parameters (hydrolytic enzymes averagely 40% and dehydrogenase 23%), and the increase in humification rate (pyrophosphate extractable carbon (PEC) from 17.6 to 33.3 mg g^-1, and PEC : water-soluble carbon from 1.76 to 2.97) indicated the mineralization and the stabilization of organic matter at the end of the vermicomposting process. At the end of the experiment, the extracellular ß-glucosidase, phosphatase, urease and protease activities, measured in the pyrophosphate extract of the vermicompost, were found to be always higher or equal to that measured at the beginning of the vermicomposting process, suggesting that the enzymes bound to humic matter resisted biological attack and environmental stress. Moreover, the results obtained from the phyto-test showed that the OMW lose their toxicity and stimulate plant germination and growth. © The Author(s), 2010.

Direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation by using boron doped diamond anode (BDD), direct electrochemical oxidation by using ruthenium mixed metal oxide (Ru-MMO) electrode, and electrofenton and electrocoagulation by using iron electrode were investigated for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The results have been given at the best operational conditions which were obtained for each electrochemical method. The results obtained from electrochemical methods were compared to each other. Complete phenol and COD removal can be achieved in almost all electrochemical methods, except electrocoagulation, provided that electrolysis time is prolonged. The most efficient method was the electrofenton process followed by the electrochemical oxidation using BDD anode. Phenol removal of 98.74% was achieved in 6min of electrolysis and COD removal of 75.71% was reached after 9min of electrolysis in electrofenton. Additionally, 99.53% phenol and 96.04% COD removal were obtained in direct electrochemical oxidation at the current density of 5mA/cm². Initial phenol concentration was reduced to final phenol concentration of 0.91mg/L after 40min of electrolysis, and initial COD decreased to 36.7mg/L and 23.3mg/L after 60min and 75min of electrolysis, respectively. Electrocoagulation was found to be ineffective for the treatment of PRW. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The untreated industrial and sewage wastes arising from industries and metropolitan activities make their passage to the River Ravi, Pakistan, where Balloki Headworks is one of the major sites of effluent concentration. This study was designed to evaluate the concentration of various toxic elements in fishes of that area compared to a nearby fish farm. The concentrations of heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn, and electrolytes Ca, K, and Na were determined in different edible and non-edible fresh water fish varieties. Fish samples were collected from two selected sites and were analyzed for aforementioned elements. Higher levels of As (35.74-45.33 ppm), Cd (0.35-0.45 ppm), Pb (2.1-3.0 ppm), Hg (83.03-92.35 ppm) while normal levels of Zn (37.85-40.74 ppm) and Cu (1.39-2.93 ppm) were bserved. Mercury, higher levels of which trigger cough, impairment of pulmonary function, and psychotic reactions, was significantly higher in all studied categories. At the sites under study, there has been observed alarming levels of toxic metals which are needed to be monitored regularly. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010.

Mangrove swamps, intertidal mudflats and creeks of backwaters represent main feature of Karachi harbour area. Karachi harbour sediment is under continuous influence of untreated industrial effluents and domestic waste discharged into the Harbour area vra Lyari River Sediment samples from sixteen locations were collected to evaluate the levels of contamination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Karachi harbour and adjoining areas. It has been observed that residual concentrations of various organochlorine pesticides were considerably higher in the semienclosed area of the upper Harbour in the vicinity of the discharge point of Lyari River. The residue of DDT mainly its metabolites (DDE and DDD) were widely distributed and have been detected in most of the sediment samples in relatively higher concentrations as compared to other OCPs. The higher levels of the DDTs would attribute to low tidal flushing of the area The high proportion of pp'-DDE in the most sediment sampled (41-95%) suggested old inputs of DDTs in the environment. Ratio of SDDT and DDT was in the range of 0,04 -0 24 at all locations which also reflects that the discharges of DDT were negligible in the Harbour area. This may be due to the restrictions being implemented on the use of DDTs and Pakistan has also switched over to natural pest control or using safer formulas. The data obtained during the study showed that concentration levels of other pesticides such as HCHs, HCB and Cyclodienes in the sediment were generally lower than the threshold levels known to harm wildlife by OCPs. The results clearly indicate that elevated concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the marine sediment of Karachi harbour and adjoining area was localized and much lower than the concentrations reported from neighbouring and regional countries which suggests/confirms that the present use of pesticide in Pakistan is environmentally safe.

The present study deals with the assessment of surface water quality from an industrial-urban region located in northern Poland near to the city of Gdansk. Concentrations of thirteen chemicals including total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) and major ions in the samples collected at five sampling points during six campaigns were used as variables throughout the study. The originality in the monitoring data treatment and interpretation was the combination of a traditional classification approach (self-organizing maps of Kohonen) with PAH diagnostic ratios expertise to achieve a reliable pollution source identification. Thus, sampling points affected by pollution from traffic (petroleum combustion products), from crude oil processing (petroleum release related compounds), and from phosphogypsum disposal site were properly discriminated. Additionally, it is shown that this original assessment approach can be useful in finding specific pollution source tracers. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Isothiazolinones are used as preservatives, biocides and disinfectants in a variety of industrial and domestic applications. Some of the isothiazolinones are difficult to isolate from water due their high polarity. A sensitive and selective analytical method was developed and optimized for the determination of sub-µg/L levels of three isothiazolinones in water samples. Three isothiazolinones are described in this paper: 2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone and 4,5-dichloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone. The analytical method involves a robust large-volume direct on-column loop injection of 2mL on an Aqua ODS HPLC column and tandem MS detection (HPLC-MS/MS). After filtration, samples are directly injected without further pretreatment. Detection limits of the individual target compounds were between 0.03 and 0.1µg/L employing Multi-Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. Based on the constant ratio of two selected product-ions together with the retention time, the identification is very selective and quantification is reliable. The method was successfully applied to real samples of membrane flushings, drinking water, surface waters and waste water. Additional investigations showed the instability of the isothiazolinones in river- and waste water. Preservation of river water and waste water samples with sodium azide (NaN₃) promotes the stability of the isothiazolines in solution. In membrane flushings, waste water, surface waters and drinking water, levels of the three isothiazolinones were all below the limit of detection. In effluents of households containing washings from normal shampoo use, isothiazolinones could be detected. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The impact of discharges from abandoned metal and ironstone mines has been a much studied form of aquatic pollution in recent decades. Few attempts however, have been made to accurately determine the overall contaminant mass flux arising from abandoned mine sites at scales above catchment level. Such assessments are critical to determine the significance of former mining to national, regional and ultimately global trace metal flux. This paper presents the most comprehensive national survey to date across England and Wales of the total pollution burden discharged at source from abandoned non-coal mine sites. 338 discharges have been identified (from 4923 known abandoned metal mines) and while concurrent flow and contaminant concentration records are only available for around 30% of these, significant quantities of metals (and As) have been quantified to be discharged. A minimum of 193. tonnes of Zn, 18.5. tonnes of Pb, 0.64. tonnes Cd, 19.1. tonnes of Cu, 551. tonnes Fe, 72. tonnes Mn and 5.1. tonnes As are released in water discharges from abandoned non-coal mines to the surface water environment of England and Wales each year. Precautionary extrapolation of mass fluxes based on the frequency distribution of measured concentration and flow data, for discharges with absent data, suggests that the actual total mass flux for these contaminants could be up to 41% higher. The mass flux of Pb released from mines exceeds that of all currently permitted discharges (e.g. active industrial sites and wastewater treatment works) to surface waters across England and Wales, while those of As, Cd and Zn are of a similar magnitude. These data put into context the enduring legacy of historic mining on the water environment, highlighting its significance relative to more highly regulated polluting sites. Comparison of the figures with estimates of global trace metal flux suggests that the national total identified here is significant on a global scale. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Because of low investment and operational costs, interest is increasing in the use of willow plants in landfill leachate disposal. Toxic effects of leachate on the plants should be avoided in the initial period of growth and phytotoxicological testing may be helpful to select appropriate leachate dose rates. The aim of this study was to determine the phytotoxicity of landfill leachate on young willow (Salix amygdalina L.) cuttings, as a criterion for dose rate selection in the early phase of growth. Over a test period of 6. weeks plants were exposed to six concentrations of landfill leachate solutions (0%

Technically-sound personality S.N. Barathi has promoted the Coimbatore-based Air Maaster Industrial Technolozies. The Voltas tie-up has also brought a very good brand acceptance for the Air Maaster's humidification and waste collection systems in the field. Barathi also pointed out recently that Voltas has agreed to offer their complete service and extensive support through their own 180-odd engineers round the clock. Riding on the growth of the current scenario, Air Maaster is now embarking for a major expansion plan by adding 5,000 sq. ft. area facilities. The expansion will meet the growing popularity of the company's products for which it has already orders in hand worth about Rs. 6 crore. The rich experience of the company is the key input for development of various products and system design. Air Maaster offers customer specific products and systems instead of standard products and systems. This has helped Air Maaster to execute several projects for many corporate and reputed mills.

Environmentalism in China is under transformation from the traditional command and control model to emphasize the advantages of economic tools and encourage the participation of the public. Firms are much more aware of the importance of environmental issues, and some of them have practiced environmental activities beyond compliance. In order to help understand the driving mechanism of proactive corporate environmental behaviors from the firm's perspective, this paper identifies the drivers affecting the proactive environmental management level (EML_p) based on the institutional theory, and gives an empirical study on the firms based in Changshu city of Jiangsu Province, China. The usable data, collected from the 117 valid respondents in a questionnaire survey, indicates that EML_p is still moderately low currently. Less than 10% of the samples are practicing all the six categorized types of voluntary environmental activities. The econometric exercise confirms a significantly positive effect of the externally mimetic pressure on EML_p, which may attribute to a higher sensitivity of Chinese companies to the market factors. However, the roles of the general public and industrial associations are not significant, showing the marginal power of selected normative pressures. Regarding internal factors, firms, which view environmental issues as opportunities and often arrange internal environmental training, are more likely to adopt proactive environmental activities. More concerns from the general public like neighborhood communities and mass media shall be addressed to enhance the normative power to improve EML_p in China from the future perspective. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

This study was set out to investigate emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from both the stack (i.e., point source) and plant fugitives (i.e., area source) of an electric-arc furnace-dust treatment plant (EAFDTP) and their impact to the vicinity environments. The emission rate of the point source (2360ng I-TEQh^-1) was determined directly by measuring PCDD/F concentrations of the stack flue gas. The emission rate of the area source (1080ng I-TEQm^-2h^-1) was estimated by using the Industrial Sources Complex Short-Term (ISCST3) model based on concentrations measured at the downwind side of the plant. The mean emission factors of 785 and 893ngI-TEQton^-1 ZnO were found for the point and area source, respectively. The above results suggest that the area source accounted for more than 50% of total PCDD/F emissions for the selected EAFDTP. The contribution of the point source to the atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations of the upwind site and downwind site of the EAFDTP were 0 and 0.27fgI-TEQNm^-3, respectively. The contributions of the area source were 0.020 and 3.3fgI-TEQNm^-3, respectively. The total contribution of the selected EAFDTP (including both the point and area sources) to the concentrations in both upwind and downwind side vicinities were all less than 10%. Finally, the impact of PCDD/F emissions from the selected EAFDTP to the vicinity atmospheric environments was discussed in the present study. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The current state of RLIS (Reverse Logistics Information System) for e-waste (Electronic Waste) reverse logistics is no integrated and effective reverse logistics information system for disposing e-waste information of management. When Social needs, the time is a system to produce. We draw up an information system model for e-waste reverse logistics based on internet to solve the lack of RLIS. Next, it introduces the main technique in detail and puts forward design scheme of e-waste reverse logistics RLIS based on internet. Especially it used the GIS technique. It is a multifactor model to analyze e-waste material flow. It has great significance for the visualization of e-waste logistics, management dynamically real time and assistance decision analysis. © 2010 IEEE.

This study investigated the applicability of using genetic algorithm for tackling chance-constrained programming models utilized for solving environmental pollution-control management problems. Compared with conventional chance-constrained methods, the proposed one could deal with stochastic models with both the left- and right-hand-side constraints being involved with random variables. Two study cases which were related to air quality management and river water pollution control were applied to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. Both study cases had needs of seeking cost-effective management schemes under uncertainty. The study results indicated that the GA-based CCP models could effectively communicate uncertainties into optimization process, and generate solutions that contain a spectrum of potential waste treatment options with both risk and cost information. Decision alternatives could be obtained by analyzing tradeoffs between the waste handling cost and the systemfailure risk due to inherent uncertainties. Compared with the linearization solution method of traditional CCP models, the introduction a GA algorithm could facilitate the solution of more general stochastic models. The proposed method is not restricted to environmental problems and can also be applied to many other engineering management systems. © 2010 IEEE.

In this paper, start-up characteristics of HUASB and UASB reactors for treating tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream has been studied under identical conditions of operation. Various effluent characteristics (pH, alkalinity, VFA, VSS, COD removal -%, bio-gas) were studied until the attainment of steady state. It is found that from an overall assessment the HUASB reactor has performed better than the UASB reactor during the start-up process, for treating the tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream. Copyright © EM International.

In this paper, performance of a HUASB reactor for treating a tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream has been studied and compared with that of a UASB reactor under identical conditions of operation. Six influent COD concentrations ranging from about 1700-5800 mg/L and five HRTs (8 to 24 hrs) were considered and performance of the reactors evaluated based on pre-set criteria i.e., on COD removal (%) and bio-gas yield. From an overall assessment, the HUASB reactor has performed better than the UASB reactor for treating the above waste stream. Copyright © EM International.

When the UK's Calder Hall nuclear power station was connected to the grid in 1956, the programmes that made this possible involved a powerful combination of basic and applied research. Both the science and the engineering were novel, addressing new and challenging problems. That the last Calder Hall reactor was shut down only in 2003 attests to the success of the work. The strengths of bringing basic science to bear on applications continued to be recognized until the 1980s, when government and management fashions changed. This paper identifies a few of the technology challenges, and shows how novel basic science emerged from them and proved essential in their resolution. Today, as the threat of climate change becomes accepted, it has become clear that there is no credible solution without nuclear energy. The design and construction of new fission reactors will need continuing innovation, with the interplay between the science and technology being a crucial component. © 2010 The Royal Society.

An investigation was carried out to assess the impact of paper mill effluent on the microbial diversity viz., bacteria and fungi. Results of one year ecological study revealed that altogether 7 species of bacteria and 12 species of fungi were isolated from the paper mill effluent stream. Among bacteria, Streptococcus with two species and others with single species each were recorded. Aspergillus was dominant among fungi with 9 species followed by Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichoderma. Higher amounts of phosphates and nitrates, with sufficient amount of oxidizable organic matter limited dissolved oxygen content and slightly alkaline pH were probably the factors favouring the growth of microbes especially fungi. The utilization of dominant species of fungi to monitor pollution in paper mill effluent has also been discussed. Copyright © EM International.

The southern Sindh province of Pakistan adjoins the Arabian Sea coast where drinking water quality is deteriorating due to dumping of industrial and urban waste and use of agrochemicals and yet has limited fresh water resources. The study assessed the drinking water quality of canal, shallow pumps, dug wells, and water supply schemes from the administrative districts of Thatta, Badin, and Thar by measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded WHO MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%, 81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. However, the turbidity was lower in underground water, i.e., 24% and 28% in dug wells and shallow pumps as compared to open water, i.e., 96% and 69% in canal and water supply schemes, respectively. In dug wells and shallow pumps, limits for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sodium exceeded, respectively, by 63% and 33%

The present study was undertaken to determine the microbiological (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and Salmonella sp.) and physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, nitrate and phosphate) with trace metal concentration (arsenic, chromium) and cyanide of 74 coastal bathing water samples obtained from Dardanelles (Site 1) and Thracian Sea (Site 2). About 5 of 74 (6.75%) water samples were of unacceptable quality based on recommended criteria of microbiological (3 of 74, 4.05%) and physico-chemical with trace metal concentration (2 of 74, 2.70%) by Turkish Bathing Water, Turkish Water Pollution and European Community Bathing Water Directives. The results indicated that the value of total coliforms and fecal coliforms provided an adequate indicator of Salmonella sp. presence. Among the trace metals, only arsenic was detected at the below acceptable limits. Therefore, it is necessary cleaning of waste waters by purification plants, infiltration of effluent from sewage treatment plants, control industrial factors and maintaining water quality controls. © Medwell Journals, 2010.

The management of radioactive waste has become a significant challenge for mankind as nuclear technology becomes increasingly commonplace. Many studies find Australia to be the ideal location to host a deep geological repository for permanent storage of high level radioactive waste (HLW). Despite ventures like the Pangea Resources study proposing a deep geological HLW repository in Australia, ardent political and social opposition has halted any real progress thus far. Researchers and industry experts are yet to identify a suitable location within Australia to host such a project. This paper presents a site selection study to identify and analyse a suitable location within Australia to host a deep geological HLW repository. Following the selection of a suitable site at Maralinga (site coordinates: 132° 30' 0 E, 29° 30' 0 S), core samples have been identified and inspected. This allowed for a suitable repository design to be chosen to match the geological conditions. A corresponding fracture network has been developed using FracMan and a solute transport simulation has been carried out to test the hydraulic performance of the site. This study indicates that the bedrock around the above mentioned coordinates is suitable for retarding radionuclide migration over a significant time period. Following the fracture modelling, a repository design for the considered geological conditions has been identified. Three dimensional finite element stress analysis has been conducted to verify the suitability of the chosen repository design for the geological conditions at Maralinga.

Continuous Catalytic Wet Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation (CWHPO) for the treatment of a petrochemical industry wastewater has been studied on a pilot plant scale process. The installation, based on a catalytic fixed bed reactor (FBR) coupled with a stirred tank reactor (STR), shows an interesting alternative for the intensification of a continuous CWHPO treatment. Agglomerated SBA-15 silica-supported iron oxide (Fe₂O ₃/SBA-15) was used as Fenton-like catalyst. Several variables such as the temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration, as well as the capacity of the pilot plant for the treatment of inlet polluted streams with different dilution degrees were studied. Remarkable results in terms of TOC reduction and increased biodegradability were achieved using 160°C and moderate hydrogen peroxide initial concentration. Additionally, a good stability of the catalyst was evidenced for 8 hours of treatment with low iron leaching (less than 1 mg/L) under the best operating conditions. © IWA Publishing 2010.

Conventional process in saponin industry resulted in severe environmental problems in China. Millions of tons of high strength wastewater discharged to the ambient rivers and threatened the safety of local drinking water and the major function as drinking water source of the ambitious South-to-North Water Transfer Project. In this paper, cleaner production alternatives for saponin industry were investigated with material flow analysis (MFA) with particular attention to pollutants reduction through starch transformation. Simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the two proposed schemes primarily in terms of recycling principle characterized by reduce, reuse and recycle. Quantitative evaluation was carried out from four aspects including resource conservation, pollution reduction, starch recycling efficiency and diosgenin yield. The experimental results showed that starch recycle was an effective measure for the cleaner production of saponin industry, and especially the starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (scheme I) would greatly alleviate the load to acid hydrolysis and reduce pollution at the source. By recycling starch, both schemes could reduce 45-50% of pollutants and 32-35% of wastewater comparingwith the conventional process, besides, about 64% (scheme I) and 75% (scheme II) of starch could be utilized and thus extra profit which was more than 20,000 RMB yuan/t diosgenin could be achieved. Starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (in scheme I) would result in a saving of 40% sulfuric acid and a lowering of 50% material intensity, while the starch recycle after acid hydrolysis (in scheme II) would have much less contribution to the reduction of both material intensity and pollutants. Therefore, starch recycling should be implemented with priority at the earlier stage of the whole processing system. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A resistant and capable fungal strain in removing hexavalent chromium was isolated from an environment near of Chemical Science Faculty, located in the city of San Luis Potosa

The recent discovery of the bio-waste and excreta treatment of a former civilisation in the Amazon reveals the possibility of a highly efficient and simple sanitation system. With the end product that was black soil they converted 10% of former infertile soil of the region: Terra Preta do Indio (black soil of the Indians). These soils are still very fertile 500 years after this civilisation had disappeared. Deriving from these concepts, Terra Preta Sanitation (TPS) has been re-developed and adopted. TPS includes urine diversion, addition of a charcoal mixture and is based on lactic-acid- fermentation with subsequent vermicomposting. No water, ventilation or external energy is required. Natural formation processes are employed to transform excreta into lasting fertile soil that can be utilised in urban agriculture. The authors studied the lacto-fermentation of faecal matter with a minimum of 4 weeks followed by vermicomposting. The results showed that lactic-acid fermentation with addition of a charcoal mixture is a suitable option for dry toilets as the container can be closed after usage. Hardly any odour occured even after periods of several weeks. Lactic-acid fermentation alone without addition of bulking agents such as paper and sliced-cut wood to raise the C/N ratio is creating a substrate that is not accepted by worms. © IWA Publishing 2010.

Solid waste management is gaining significant importance with the ever-increasing quantities of industrial by-products and wastes. With the environmental awareness and scarcity of space for landfilling, wastes/by-product utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several industrial by-products are produced from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes. Some of these industrial by-products/waste materials could possibility be used in cement-based materials. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) represent incombustible materials left after combustion of coal in conventional and/or advanced clean-coal technology combustors. These include fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products from advanced clean-coal technology combustors. This paper briefly describes various coal combustion products produced, as well as current best recycling use options for these materials. Materials, productions, properties, potential applications in manufacture of emerging materials for sustainable construction, as well as environmental impact are also briefly discussed. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Currently, the development of the world population is characterised by two trends: absolute population growth and rapid urbanisation. Especially rapid urbanisation, taking place in Asia, Latin America and Africa, poses major pressure on the affected regions. The development of e.g. Asian countries today is stamped by a combination of urbanisation with high economic growth rates. Conventional centralised infrastructure of supply, treatment and disposal of water is not able to cope with the new challenges arising from these, in history incomparable, high growth rates. Therefore new approaches to infrastructure supply and treatment systems are required - for ecological, sociocultural and economic reasons. The semicentralised approach, focusing on integrated water supply and treatment structures for wastewater and waste on the neighbourhood level, offers one possible solution to the challenges imposed by rapid urbanisation and growing resource needs. The change from centralised to semicentralised supply and treatment systems will minimise the grave discrepancy between the rapid urban growth and the provision of supply and treatment infrastructure. Integrated semicentralised supply and treatment systems face the challenge of growing amounts of wastewater and solid waste combined with rising needs of water for private households and industrial use. The semicentralised approach offers a wide range of flexibility in implementation, energy self-sufficient operation, enormous saving potentials in water demands through intra-urban water reuse and further more advantages in comparison to centralised sectored solutions as practised today. © IWA Publishing 2010.

Wastewater generated in industrial production processes are often contaminated by hazardous chemicals. Characterization by means of toxicity-directed analysis is useful for identifying which fractions of a waste stream possess the most toxicity. We applied this approach to evaluate toxic components of a polyester manufacturing wastewater. Using the reduction in oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge as an indicator of toxicity, it was determined that increasing the pH from 3 to 11 followed by air stripping significantly reduced the toxicity of the wastewater. Comparative headspace GC/MS analysis of wastewater at different pHs selected a group of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) associated with the observed effect of air stripping at pH 11. Ten of these compounds were identified as a,b unsaturated aldehydes (acrolein (2-propenal) congeners)

Constructed wetlands used for the treatment of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater have become very popular treatment systems all over the world. In Greece, these systems are not very common, although the climate is favourable for their use. During recent years, there have been several attempts for the implementation of these systems in Greece, which include, among others, pilot-scale systems used for research, and full-scale systems designed and/or constructed to serve settlements or families. The purpose of this paper is the presentation of systems operating in Northern Greece, which have been studied by the Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology of Democritus University of Thrace and others. A comparison is made of different system types, and the effect of various design and operational parameters is presented. Current research shows the good and continuous performance of these systems. © IWA Publishing 2010.

In the present study, the treatment of metal plating wastewater containing complexed metals originating from the nickel and zinc plating process by electrocoagulation (EC) using stainless steel electrodes was explored. In order to improve the organic matter removal efficiency, the effect of H ₂O₂ addition to the electrocoagulation (the combined EC/Fenton process) application was investigated. For this purpose, a wide range of H₂O₂ concentrations varying between 15 and 230 mM was tested. All EC and EC/Fenton processes were performed at an initial pH of 2.6 and at an optimized current density of 22 mA/cm². Although up to 30 mM H₂O₂ addition improved the EC process performance in terms of organic matter abatement, the highest COD and TOC removal efficiencies were obtained for the combined EC/Fenton process in the presence of 20 mM H ₂O₂. Nickel and zinc were completely removed for all runs tested in the present study after pH adjustments. At the optimized operation conditions, the combined EC/Fenton process proved to be an alternative treatment method for the improvement of organic matter reduction as well as complexed metal removal from metal plating industry wastewater. © IWA Publishing 2010.

The rationale for using constructed wetlands for treating wastewater is that wetlands are naturally among the most biological active ecosystem on earth. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of shorter retention time on the performance of constructed wetland in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and other elements removal. The application of wastewater with retention time of seven days as well as the evaluation of water quality after treatment at Goudini experimental wetland was carried out throughout the year. The results had shown an overall average COD removal of 60% throughout the year. Results also showed reasonable removal of other elements namely

A new kind of inorganic polymer flocculant, the solid composite polyferric sulfate (SPFS) was prepared using ferrous sulfate and Na-Bentonite. The obtained SPFS was characterized by FT-IR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). It showed that SPFS was a kind of composite inorganic polymer, which was the complex of PFS and Na-Bent, not only a simple mixture of raw materials. The synthetic mechanism and surface structure of SPFS were also discussed. Acting as a kind of environmentfriendly flocculating agent, the solid composite polyferric sulfate (SPFS) was applied in pretreatment of potato starch industry wastewater, a typical wastewater containing high concentration organic compounds, which COD was above 6,000 mg/L. The results showed that the COD removal value reached 4,070 mg/L with COD removal rates being 46.6%. Based on these results, it is suggested that the SPFS can be attractive pretreatment agent for the starch industry wastewater. © IWA Publishing 2010.

The rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the production of various types of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes which pose serious problems to the environment. The disposal and use of solid industrial wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum, fly ash, slag, and lime sludge, is significant in view of their availability and potential applications. The paper deals with studies on select wastes like phosphogypsum and chalk for use in value-added building materials. The engineering properties and techno-economics of materials like gypsum plasters, cementitious binders, boards/blocks, masonry cement and flooring tiles produced from phosphogypsum and lime have been detailed. The production and use of building materials from such wastes will protect the environment from degradation. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (f_anti ) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p >

EPA is promulgating a regulation to require monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from magnesium production, underground coal mines, industrial wastewater treatment, and industrial waste landfills. This action adds these four source categories to the list of source categories already required to report greenhouse gas emissions. Some of the affected entities by category include pulp mills, paper mills, ethanol manufacturing facilities, and petroleum refineries. This action requires monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gases for these source categories only for sources with CO₂ equivalent emissions above certain threshold levels as described in this regulation. This action does not require control of greenhouse gases. The final rule is effective on 9/10/2010. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in the rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of 9/10/2010.

The results of experimental determination of the operating parameters of the gas cleaning system at Moscow Spetszavod (Special Plant) No. 2 under various equipment operation conditions are reported. Based on the experimental data, conclusions have drawn regarding the feasibility of attaining the required flue gas cleaning degree in the gas cleaning system of Spetszavod No. 2 that meets European and Russian standards for a wide variety of municipal solid waste. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released a report about the health risks of the most toxic form of dioxin in May, 2010. The report classified 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a known human carcinogen. The EPA also set a safe daily dose for TCDD based on its adverse effects on reproduction for the first time. Its findings on on TCDD will have wide-ranging impact after being finalized, affecting the extent and the cost of cleanups of areas contaminated with TCDD or related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins other than TCDD, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). TCDD was linked to cancer, immune-system effects, reproductive problems, and other adverse health consequences. It was also by-product of a number of industrial processes, including the manufacture of some chemicals, pulp, and paper, and the burning of wastes.

Unsteady jet mixing of Non-Newtonian fluids was investigated in order to develop a mixing correlation for treatment of stored radioactive waste prior to disposal. The radioactive waste was simulated by using carbopol mixtures, which, possess both Newtonian and NonNewtonian fluid rheologkal characteristics. A pArtigo image velocimetry (PIV) technique with high spatial and temporal resolution was used to measure jet axial velocity, vector field velocity, and mixing properties of the carbopol mixtures. The relationship between the decaying jet axial velocity tank geometry, fluid rheology and initial jet velocity were determined. A mathematical correlation was developed to estimate jet velocity in submerged jetagitated tanks using the Buckingham Pi theorem and Dimensionless Numbers that influence the jet velocity and agitation in the tank. Copyright © 2010 by ASME.

Pulse jet mixing (PJM) tests with noncohesive solids in Newtonian liquid were conducted at three geometric scales to support the design of mixing systems for the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant. The test data will be used to develop mixing models. The models predict the cloud height (the height to which solids will be lifted by the PJM action) and the critical suspension velocity (the minimum velocity needed to ensure all solids have been lifted from the floor), two parameters measured during the tests. From the cloud height estimate, the concentration of solids near the vessel floor and the minimum velocity predicted to lift solids can be calculated. The test objective was to observe the influence of vertically downward-directed jets on noncohesive solids in a series of scaled tanks with several bottom shapes. The test tanks and bottom shapes included small- and large-scale tanks with elliptical bottoms, a mid-scale tank with a spherical bottom, and a large-scale tank with a flanged and dished bottom. During testing, the downward-directed jets were operated in either a steady flow condition or a pulsed (periodic) flow condition. The mobilization of the solids resulting from the jets was evaluated based on: the motion/agitation of the particulate on the tank floor and the elevation the solids reach within the tank

The objective of this paper is to develop and present a first principle balance model that allows to characterize the dynamical behaviour of composting processes in static pile. One major issue is to be able to use such a model in the design of control laws that allows to optimise on-line the operation of composting processes. In that sense this paper is a preliminary step that unlike the models proposed so far in the scientific literature has the objective to come up with physically based model that will be both simple and reliable. This explains why this paper includes an analysis of the equilibrium points as well as a model parameter sensitivity analysis. © 2010 Lavoisier, Paris.

Effluents from the textile dyeing industry with high color and organic constituents frequently cannot comply with environmental standards. Without suitable treatment before discharging into natural water-bodies, these effluents may threaten the ecological environment and human health. The objective of this study was to utilize wasted basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag for decolorization of recalcitrant diazo dye C.I. Acid Black 24 wastewater, considering time, slag dose and initial dye concentration. From the results, BOF slag was efficiently capable of reducing dye color, obtaining the best color removal of 99.7 %, as well as a total organic carbon (TOC) of 57.4% with an initial dye concentration of 25.0 mg/L and slag dose of 10 g/L at 60 min. The color removal efficiency was dependent on slag dose and initial dye concentrations. Color and TOC removal efficiencies linearly increased with increased slag dose, reaching a maximum at 10 g/L. Moreover, the removal of the American Dye Manufactures Institute color unit (ADMI) followed a first-order equation with respect to slag dose. The leachate from the toxic test was identified to contain non-detectable toxic metals such as Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb. Therefore, the metal release with this BOF slag addition was proven to be non-harmful in the view of environmental aspects.

Many mining wastes, especially those from the metal mining industry, have traditionally been treated as a matter of little or no value and in practice a cost burden. Some wastes, due to their reactivity characteristics, have emergent values that go beyond purely economic and into the environmentally beneficial realm. This paper discusses the changing paradigm of mine waste management. Such fundamental parameters such as cut off grade, and strip ratio, are positively impacted by the revaluation of waste rock material. Mine rock waste can now be seen as a commodity of value, similar to the underlying ore being mined and influences the economic performance of suitable projects. This valuable material can be used for industrial purposes including acid neutralization as well as the capture and long-term disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. The Turnagain Nickel project, located in northern British Columbia serves as an example of how waste rock material can become an important matrix for carbon capture and sequestration and can benefit economically from it. By producing material that has emergent economic value as well as carbon capture and sequestration capabilities, the sequestration matrix producer is a beneficiary of new carbon credits that have a market value and is looked upon favourably by regulatory authorities and affected stakeholders.

The first reports of NORM associated with mineral oil & natural gases appeared in 1904. The occurrence of helium in natural gas and its radiogenic origins was observed and exploited during the 1920's. Later reports describe the occurrence of radium in reservoir water from oil & gas fields since the 1930's. In the 1970's & 1980's several observations prompted renewed interest. Radioactive Scale Formation was presented to the RSC in Manchester and the OTC in 1985. Published in JPT June 1987, it has taken 20 years for these papers to be fully recognized as seminal Artigos by the international oil & gas industry. The lessons learned by the international oil & gas industry, health & safety professionals and health physicists over the last 20 years from these seminal papers must be clearly understood and applied today. The original multi-disciplinary applied research work has facilitated a practical and knowledgeable way forward for the oil & gas industry, the regulators, academia and the public (SRS 34, Radiation Protection and Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil & Gas Industry, IAEA, 2003) An October 2008 Louisiana Court highlighted that the JPT June 1987 paper contributed to the body of scientific literature by demonstrating the first correlation between gamma ray well logging units in API and conventional health physics radiological dose units. Prior to this health & safety professionals in the oil & gas industry had not recognized any potential topside health concerns due to radioactive scale in tubulars based upon API units in well logging Artigos etc. This paper will show that the new challenges arising during decommissioning and with radioactive waste may be addressed through a combination of current best practice and innovative thinking provided we remember the lessons to be learnt and progress over the last century (IAEA 2008). Copyright 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Industrial wastes contribute significantly to environmental pollution following the directives of European environmental policies, we must look for alternatives for minimization, treatment and / or recovery of wastes [1]. Several studies have found that basic materials such as polymers, cements and ceramics are better suited to inerting and neutralization of the waste by encapsulation in your matrix [2]. They are also increasingly used more insulating bricks. One way to increase this capacity is introduce additives organics into the matrix [3]. This is the case presented below, where they have used sludge from water purification of the brewing industry for the manufacture of ceramics. © (2010) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

The effective capture and storage of radiological iodine (¹²⁹I) remains a strong concern for safe nuclear waste storage and safe nuclear energy. Silver-containing mordenite (MOR) is a longstanding benchmark for iodine capture

A destinacao final dos residuos solidos domiciliares (RSD) constitui, em nosso pais, um problema de graves proporcoes. Os impactos ambientais e sociais que representam as praticas de aterramento desses residuos conjugam-se, nas grandes cidades, com a carencia de areas apropriadas a estas finalidades devido aos elevados (e crescentes) indices de concentracao demografica e de ocupacao imobiliaria. As praticas de aterramento dos RSD em lixoes, aterros controlados ou em aterros sanitarios constituem, em nosso pais, o metodo fundamental de destinacao final destes residuos, causando graves alteracoes no espaco geografico. Diante disso, existem, em operacao ha mais de tres decadas em paises da Europa e em outros locais, tecnologias avancadas de incineracao dos RSD, que os transformam em energia termica e eletrica. As justificativas ao fato de nao existirem, ainda, em operacao no nosso pais essas usinas de incineracao dos RSD remetem-se as duvidas quanto a superioridade de seu desempenho econ

Este trabalho enfoca o problema de identificacao multivariavel de um processo de incineracao de residuos liquidos que faz parte do complexo da unidade de utilidades da empresa BASF S.A, localizada em Resende-RJ. Para trabalhos futuros, pretendemos utilizar esta identificacao em um projeto de controlador inteligente. A escolha desse processo foi motivada pelo potencial de melhoria no sistema de controle da combustao, sendo realizado um estudo com as possiveis melhorias econ

Os residuos solidos domiciliares gerados pela sociedade contempor

Esta dissertacao tem como foco estudar e propor um procedimento alternativo de craqueamento termico de residuos de petroleos pesados e ultra pesados por radiacao laser. As principais vantagens dessa tecnica estao relacionadas com a economia e a praticidade obtidas nas atividades de refino de petroleo, ao se tornar desnecessario, por exemplo, o uso de catalisadores e de grandes fornalhas nas etapas de craqueamento, reduzindo os altos custos operacionais tipicos desses processos. A tecnica proposta consistiu na utilizacao de um sistema laser de CO2 e scanner optico de varredura. Assim, gerou-se um laser o qual foi incidido diretamente no residuo de petroleo, fornecendo a amostra uma energia termica suficiente para ocorrer o rompimento das cadeias dos hidrocarbonetos. Inicialmente, para se definir as condicoes de processo, os residuos pesados e ultra pesados obtidos da destilacao molecular tiveram suas propriedades fisico-quimicas (condutividade termica (k), profundidade de absorcao (d), densidade (?), peso molecular (PM) ) e termicas (capacidade calorifica (Cp), entalpia (H) e temperatura de craqueamento (Tcrack)caracterizadas, sendo estas ultimas determinadas atraves da tecnica de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC). A caracterizacao quimica dos hidrocarbonetos presentes antes e depois da irradiacao foi feita num sistema de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectroscopia de massas (CG/EM), com uma previa separacao das fracoes parafinicas com o uso de coluna cromatografica aberta. Uma condicao experimental de irradiacao utilizada consistiu na operacao do laser de CO2 a uma potencia de 25 W e a uma velocidade de varredura de 1595 mm/s sob a superficie dos residuos ultra pesados produzindo um aumento em hidrocarbonetos caracteristicos em C8-C10, sendo a maioria identificada como fracoes aromaticas (etilbenzeno, s-xileno e ?-xileno). Alem disso, composto de hidrocarbonetos C25-C36 foram produzidos nos residuos com maior peso molecular. Com as propriedades opticas, termicas e fisico-quimicas das amostras determinadas, esenvolveu-se para este processo um modelo matematico deterministico, cujas equacoes foram resolvidas pela tecnica de elementos finitos, atraves do uso do software ANSYS. Os resultados de simulacao juntamente com os dados experimentais permitiram identificar para a condicao de irradiacao estudada o comportamento termico (transferencia de calor) e as reacoes de craqueamento, tornando possivel a estimativa da seletividade dos produtos obtidos apos a incidencia do laser.

Este estudo analisa trabalhos de formacao de catadores(as) de materiais reciclaveis, realizados coletivamente, na Regiao Metropolitana da Grande Sao Paulo, entre 1997 e 2008, com a finalidade de identificar elementos para subsidiar a construcao participativa de solucoes sustentaveis para a problematica socioambiental de residuos solidos nas areas urbanas. Essas acoes educativas estao imbricadas num momento de disseminacao de dialogos e acoes de Educacao Ambiental, voltados para o controle social das politicas publicas e institucionais para a gestao ambiental participativa. A analise dos trabalhos de formacao exigiu o levantamento do contexto historico, dos debates sobre o pensar e agir da Educacao Ambiental; das condicoes de vida e trabalho dos catadores; da problematica socioambiental de residuos solidos e as potencialidades e desafios para a consolidacao da coleta seletiva como alternativa de economia solidaria. Foram foco de analise os trabalhos educativos relativos a organizacao da Coleta Seletiva no nucleo habitacional Pedra sobre Pedra, na Zona Sul de Sao Paulo; a mobilizacao de grupos de coleta na cidade, no Forum Recicla Sao Paulo, movimento social de catadores; a Capacitacao para implantacao das primeiras Centrais de Triagem do Programa de Coleta Seletiva Solidaria de Sao Paulo/2003; o fortalecimento de catadores e do dialogo com o poder publico, no Projeto Coleta Seletiva Brasil Canada. Essas acoes educativas estao embasadas teoricamente na multirreferencialidade e no entendimento do compromisso com a construcao de sujeitos aut

Os residuos solidos, produzidos em areas urbanas, sao considerados na atualidade como um problema ambiental, uma vez que sao produzidos diariamente em grandes quantidades, e quando manejados de forma inadequada podem poluir o solo, o ar e os recursos hidricos superficiais e subterr

O meio rural nao e mais um espaco onde sao desenvolvidas atividades exclusivamente agricolas, ja que, tem passado por intensas mudancas, que induzem a pluriatividade, fazendo com que o espaco seja tido como um continuum da zona urbana. Estas mudancas que assemelham o rural ao urbano trazem, a reboque desta reestruturacao, mazelas ha muito discutidas e pouco solucionadas, das cidades, como uso e ocupacao do solo de maneira desregrada, ausencia de saneamento basico, entre outras. A respeito do saneamento, o Gerenciamento Integrado de Residuo Solido ainda e uma realidade bem distante, para as comunidades rurais, mesmo para aquelas juntas as zonas urbanas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho e a elaboracao de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Residuo Solido para o Assentamento Sumare II, localizado no municipio de Sumare, no Estado de Sao Paulo, atraves do diagnostico da situacao do residuo no local, caracterizando-o, bem como avaliando o programa de coleta de residuo desenvolvido na comunidade. Para tanto, foi feita uma analise do espaco e dos individuos, por meio de dados bibliograficos e questionarios de campo, bem como a caracterizacao do residuo, para determinar a composicao gravimetrica e a taxa de residuo gerada na comunidade. O trato com o residuo da comunidade, por parte da prefeitura, e incipiente e inconsistente. Ha uma grande distincao de habitos dos assentados, identificada pelo material que constitui o residuo de cada familia, bem como o modo de descarte do mesmo. De maneira geral, as taxas de residuo nao sao geradas com a mesma magnitude, nao havendo periodo do ano com uma producao diferenciada de residuo. A partir das analises do residuo e possivel afirmar que existe uma urbanizacao dos habitos dos assentados, realcando a ideia de que esta zona torna-se um continuum das urbanidades

A agricultura foi responsavel por transformar os modos de vida ha milhares de anos atras. Mais recentemente, a transformacao desencadeada pela agricultura ocorreu atraves da modernizacao de seus processos produtivos. Em territorio brasileiro, a modernizacao agricola possibilitou amplamente o cultivo de soja. A alta demanda e os bons precos no mercado internacional incitaram a promocao de politicas de incentivo ao cultivo de soja, principalmente no bioma Cerrado. Ademais os beneficios econ

Objetivo: Na cidade de Cubatao esta implantado o maior polo sidero-petroquimico do pais. A degradacao ambiental decorrente da falta de politica ambiental gera a necessidade de se entender o atual estado da arte do Gerenciamento Ambiental destas empresas, bem como, propor um modelo de gerenciamento ambiental baseado em ferramentas da qualidade, objetivo deste estudo. Metodo: O universo deste estudo constitui-se de 8 (oito) empresas que representam 81,63% do total de geracao de residuos do polo. Foram analisadas a luz da ISO 14.000 e com auxilio de ferramentas da qualidade (Histograma, Ishikawa, Diagrama de arvore, Fluxogramas, Ciclo Deming), apos aplicacao de duas pesquisas e a partir do diagrama de arvore, montou-se a Matriz de Qualidade Ambiental, tendo por base o QFD (Desdobramento da Funcao Qualidade). Desta matriz, extraiu-se o modelo de Gerenciamento Ambiental proposto no trabalho. Resultados: Criou-se uma ONG (Organizacao nao Governamental), o NPABS - Nucleo de Pesquisas Ambientais da Baixada Santista, para facilitar a troca de informacoes cientificas entre pesquisadores e futura aplicacao do trabalho em um banco de dados. Aplicou-se a Tabela de Desdobramento da Qualidade Exigida, com base no diagrama de arvore, e suas interacoes com a empresa, seus funcionarios e a comunidade, dando origem a Matriz de Qualidade Ambiental. Seus itens situados na horizontal sao a base do modelo de gerenciamento ambiental proposto para evitar os impactos ambientais de producao e proporcionar qualidade de vida a populacao da Baixada Santista, ja que pelos dados de Medrado Faria, a incidencia de c

Este projeto visa conhecer as caracteristicas do chorume gerado proveniente de um sistema de disposicao inadequada de residuos solidos urbanos da cindade de Maringa/PR.

A decomposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos em areas utilizadas como deposito final, normalmente representadas pelos lixoes e aterros controlados, tem contribuido negativamente para poluicao ambiental. A decomposicao desses residuos gera grande quantidade de liquidos percolados conhecidos como chorume ou lixiviados, os quais geralmente contem elevada concentracao de materia org

Com o advento da geracao do consumo e conforto, depara-se hoje com o aumento exponencial da quantidade de residuos solidos, que sao lancados em areas nem sempre apropriadas. Cada vez mais, e em funcao do crescimento, os administradores das cidades estao encontrando dificuldades para escolher areas proprias para a destinacao final dos residuos solidos, causando inumeros impactos ambientais, areas estas, que muitas vezes se apresentam no caminho do crescimento municipal. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa estuda a possibilidade de utilizacao de areas anteriormente degradadas pela disposicao de residuos solidos, como alternativa locacional para disposicao de residuos solidos, gerados pelo setor calcadista do municipio de Jau-SP, apos a recuperacao da mesma. Este estudo vai ser realizado no lixao de Jau, onde deverao ser coletadas amostras de agua em pocos de monitoramento localizados no entorno da area e amostras de chorume. Um dos alicerces que sustenta um municipio e proporciona desenvolvimento ao mesmo, e o crescimento do setor industrial, ja que seus habitantes precisam de uma ocupacao e serem remunerados dignamente por ela. O municipio de Jau gera nas suas industrias cerca de 30 toneladas diarias de residuos solidos, sendo 60% proveniente de industrias calcadistas, o que torna a pesquisa interessante, ja que serao analisados dados que envolverao o resultado do descarte de residuos solidos, durante varios anos e seu comportamento apos esse periodo.

Esta dissertacao trata do tema da inovacao em servicos de saneamento; considerando o segmento de residuos solidos.

As atividades agroindustriais e de extracao de madeira em areas nativas ou reflorestadas no Brasil produzem grandes quantidades de residuos vegetais juntamente com o produto principal desejado. Geralmente esses residuos nao possuem uma utilizacao definida, sendo na maioria dos casos queimados ou deixados no proprio campo, caracterizando-se assim um desperdicio energetico que poderia ser utilizado com maior racionalidade. Por outro lado, em algumas regioes do pais ha uma grande demanda de combustiveis solidos, principalmente para uso energetico (Lenha e carvao vegetal) e siderurgico (carvao vegetal e coque importado, utilizados como fonte de carbono redutor na producao de acos). Este trabalho estuda a necessidade da viabilizacao do uso racional dos residuos agroflorestais visando substituir em parte a lenha, carvao vegetal e coque, buscando reduzir assim, o indice de exploracao de matas nativas e importacao de produtos. O trabalho experimental desenvolve-se atraves de tratamentos a altas pressoes e temperaturas de residuos agroflorestais de relativa import

Por intermedio da Cartografia Geotecnica, associada a tecnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e a organizacao de dados atraves de um Sistema de Informacoes Geografica (SIG), obteve-se o mapeamento do Risco Potencial a Contaminacao do Solo e das aguas Subterr

e inegavel que as questoes relativas ao meio ambiente tem ocupado um espaco cada vez maior na agenda das sociedades humanas atuais, gerando novas implicacoes no

A producao brasileira de aco inoxidavel e estimada em 290 mil toneladas anuais. Nas etapas finais da producao e realizado o tratamento da superficie do aco para remocao da camada de oxidos presentes, atraves da etapa denominada decapagem acida. A solucao da decapagem e composta pelos acidos nitrico e fluoridrico e e utilizada ate que a concentracao de ions ferricos atinja um valor entre 40 - 80 g/l, sendo entao descartada. O efluente contem cerca de 50 % dos acidos nao utilizados, alem dos metais dissolvidos (ferro, niquel e cromo). No Brasil, o tratamento de efluente da decapagem acida e realizado atraves do metodo de neutralizacao/precipitacao gerando um grande volume de solidos a serem depositados em areas apropriadas, alem do efluente liquido resultante possuir niveis de constituintes em desacordo com a legislacao ambiental vigente. O estudo aqui desenvolvido tem como objetivo a avaliacao tecnica do processo para recuperacao dos constituintes do efluente da decapagem acida, com enfoque na recuperacao dos acidos nitrico e fluoridrico para retomo ao processo. Numa primeira etapa, o ferro foi recuperado atraves da tecnica de extracao por solventes em uma cascata de misturadores-decantadores, apresentando um indice de recuperacao acima de 99%. Os estudos realizados permitiram a recuperacao de 99 % do acido nitrico e 80 % do acido fluoridrico atraves da tecnica de extracao por solventes em colunas pulsadas, utilizando o Tributilfosfato-TBP diluido em isoparafina como solucao org

O conceito de prevencao da poluicao, ja abordado em estudos sobre efluentes e outros tipos de residuos, deve se estender tambem a questao das embalagens utilizadas em industrias. Isto porque, com o aumento na complexidade dos processos produtivos, as embalagens passaram a ser empregadas tambem para abrigar componentes durante a fabricacao e o transporte, e nao mais apenas para conter o produto final; assim, sua utilizacao pode acarretar a geracao de grandes quantidades de residuos, caso o principio da prevencao nao seja adotado. e neste quadro que o presente trabalho se insere: inicialmente, apresenta consideracoes relativas as embalagens e a evolucao dos conceitos do gerenciamento de residuos, destacando a presenca da prevencao da poluicao em norma ISO 14001 e em dispositivos legais do Brasil e de paises da Comunidade Econ

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo utilizar a escoria de aciaria na producao de blocos intertravados para execucao de alvenaria. A escoria de aciaria e o residuo de maior volume gerado durante o processo siderurgico, na producao do aco, sua utilizacao consiste basicamente na producao de cimento e como base e sub-base para pavimentacao de estrada de rodagem e pavimentacao de vias publicas, com extensas pesquisas e publicacoes abordando os temas. Porem esta pesquisa de utilizar a escoria de aciaria para produzir blocos intertravados e inedita, por este motivo os metodos e par

Os agrotoxicos tem sido usados na agricultura, mundialmente, para proteger as plantacoes e solos do ataque de pragas. As formulacoes de agrotoxicos devem ser acondicionadas em embalagens seguras e adequadas a cada tipo de produto. Apos o uso da formulacao, as embalagens vazias, contaminadas com residuo de agrotoxicos, devem ser descartadas de maneira correta e segura, sendo a forma recomendada, no Brasil, a triplice lavagem. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a eficiencia da triplice lavagem realizada em embalagens de agrotoxicos enviadas a Central de Recebimento de Embalagens Vazias, em Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, atraves da analise dos quatro ingredientes ativos mais comercializados nesta regiao: glifosato, MSMA, ametrina e tebutiurom. Foram analisadas, 75 embalagens de glifosato, 72 de MSMA, 70 de ametrina e 104 de tebutiurom. Os resultados demonstraram que 34,67 % das embalagens com glifosato, 58,33 % das com MSMA, 75,71 % das com ametrina e 73,07 % das com tebutiurom estavam em nao conformidade com a norma vigente, ou seja, com um residuo remanescente acima de 0,01 %. Concluiu-se que as embalagens analisadas apresentaram elevada percentagem dos principios ativos, indicando que as triplices lavagens foram executadas em desacordo a forma recomendada

Visa fundamentalmente o desenvolvimento de projetos com o objetivo de estabelecer sistemas de gestao, gerenciamento e tratamento de residuos solidos urbanos, industriais e de servicos de saude..

O presente estudo tratou do Gerenciamento de Residuos Quimicos Perigosos (GRQP) manuseados pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem de um hospital universitario.Teve como objetivos identificar os produtos de uso medico-hospitalar, contendo subst

Este trabalho insere-se no

Tres gramineas tropicais, P.purpureum, B. decumbens e P. graucum e uma planta nativa da Inglaterra, P.australis, foram utilizadas em sistemas pilotos de Reed Bed recebendo diferentes tipos de aguas residuarias. Dez sistemas pilotos, formados por dois tanques de PVC ( 30cm x 32cm x 27cm) foram inicialmente alimentados com uma solucao nutriente Long Ashton por aproximadamente uma semana, seguido de esgoto por oito semanas, cromo por mais oito semanas e hidrocarbonetos por quatro semanas. O esgoto adicionado aos sistemas apresentava uma DQO em torno de 400 mg/L. As concentracoes de cromo variaram entre 10-20 ppm dependendo da fase do experimento. Concentracoes de 0,1% de decano, dodecano, hexadecano, octadecano e docosano, foram utilizadas na preparacao do efluente contendo hidrocarbonetos. Analises de pH, DQO, DBO, solidos suspensos, am

O processo de geracao e de disposicao final de residuos em todas as suas formas tem sido responsavel por problemas econ

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Os residuos hospitalares tem sido alvo de inumeras discussoes. Entre os pontos mais polemicos destas discussoes estao o tratamento e o risco que estes residuos oferecem a populacao e ao meio-ambiente. Existe, no entanto, um ponto pacifico: A escassez de dados sobre o assunto. A proposta deste trabalho foi levantar dados sobre a geracao de residuos em um hospital e inferir sua patogenicidade. A metodologia foi dividida em duas fases: -Na primeira fase, estudou-se a geracao de reslduos do hospital como um todo, obtendo-se sua taxa de geracao (Kg/leito/dia) e seu fluxo m

Nesta linhas sao desenvolvidas atividades de pesquisas que englobam os seguintes temas: Adsorcao e bioadsorcao de metais pesados (Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd e Hg) em zeolita, argilas, alginato, algas marinhas e quitosanas. Processos de remocao de residuo de petroleo em argilas organofilizadas preparadas. Processos de remocao e abatimento de indice de cor de efluentes industriais utilizando diferentes adsorventes. Secagem para a reducao do volume e grau de periculosidade residuos solidos (industrial, urbano e de servico de saude)..

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um modelo de gestao integrada dos residuos solidos urbanos com enfase na sustentabilidade e uma metodologia para avaliacao de sistemas municipais de gestao dos residuos. Uma pesquisa de campo foi realizada em municipios selecionados para testar a robustez do modelo e validar a metodologia proposta. A area de abrangencia da pesquisa envolveu os vinte municipios que compoem a bacia hidrografica do rio Sorocaba - UGRHI - 10. Para mensurar o nivel de gestao dos residuos praticado pelos municipios foi proposto o IGR - indice de Gestao de Residuos. Este indice estabelece par

Um dos grandes desafios ambientais que a sociedade deste milenio vem enfrentando e a producao cada vez maior de residuos solidos. Essa geracao de residuos aponta para uma das conseq

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O desenvolvimento tecnologico, o crescimento industrial, o acelerado processo de urbanizacao e o crescimento populacional transformaram o espaco geografico brasileiro. Somado a mudanca de habitos e de consumo acarretou e vem acarretando diversos problemas ambientais. O incentivo a troca e o investimento em produtos descartaveis, levaram a um aumento significativo da geracao de residuos solidos. Tratar e dar um destino adequado a grande quantidade de residuos tem sido um grande desafio as autoridades brasileiras. Para que haja melhor gestao e gerenciamento dos residuos solidos e preciso conhecer o que tem sido gerado, ou seja, qual a quantidade e que tipo de material e descartado. Para bem conhecer essa producao, a melhor maneira e fazer um estudo da geracao e composicao gravimetrica dos residuos solidos atraves de sua caracterizacao fisica. Portanto, a proposta deste trabalho foi fazer um levantamento da geracao dos residuos solidos domiciliares no municipio de Sao Carlos. Essa investigacao levou em conta nao apenas os residuos que chegam ao aterro sanitario atraves da coleta convencional, mas tambem os que chegam as centrais de triagem atraves da coleta seletiva, utilizando-se como instrumento principal a sua caracterizacao fisica. Na coleta convencional, o numero de amostragem compreendeu todos os setores, sendo a massa da amostra obtida por quarteamento. Foi feito uma caracterizacao no inverno e outra no verao. Destacam-se, nos resultados, o percentual de residuos solidos domiciliares, em massa: materia org

Os Manguezais sao ecossistemas de grande import

O agronegocio, a cada dia recebe incremento de novas tecnologias, o que lhe confere lugar de destaque no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Brasil. Tal como qualquer outra atividade humana, os setores agricola e pecuario sao geradores de residuos e, potencialmente, produtores de impactos ambientais. Prever, avaliar e remediar os impactos ambientais sao necessidades imperiosas para sustentabilidade de uma atividade e protecao dos ecossistemas. A Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa) produziu um instrumento de avaliacao de impacto ambiental da inovacao tecnologica agropecuaria, denominado Ambitec-Agro. Entre um vasto campo de inovacoes tecnologicas, este trabalho foca a Integracao Lavoura-Pecuaria, que visa recuperar areas de lavouras degradadas, usar eficientemente a terra, recuperar e renovar pastagens degradadas, ou seja, promover sustentabilidade agropecuaria. O presente trabalho aplicou o Ambitec-Agro na unidade experimental: Fazenda Capivara, que abriga a Embrapa Arroz e Feijao, no estado de Goias. A metodologia propoe realizar entrevista para obtencao de dados; para este trabalho foram entrevistados pesquisadores da Embrapa Arroz e Feijao, Cerrados e Sede. Este trabalho academico prop

A industria produtora de estanho e chumbo metalicos localizada em Pirapora do Bom Jesus, estado de Sao Paulo e responsavel pela producao anual de cerca de 7000 toneladas de estanho e 350 toneladas de chumbo. A materia prima utilizada nesse processamento e a cassiterita a qual apresenta em sua composicao concentracoes de radionuclideos naturais de ur

O Parque Estadual Turistico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), no Estado de Sao Paulo, e um importante centro receptivo de ecoturismo inserido em significativo continuo remanescente de Mata Atl

A decomposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos em areas utilizadas como deposito final, normalmente representadas pelos lixoes e aterros controlados, tem contribuido negativamente para poluicao ambiental. A decomposicao desses residuos gera grande quantidade de liquidos percolados conhecidos como chorume ou lixiviados, os quais geralmente contem elevada concentracao de materia org

Dois milhoes de toneladas por ano de residuos plasticos sao gerados no Brasil. Apenas 16,5% em massa deste residuo plastico sao mecanicamente reciclados, a maior parte restante e levada a aterros ou lixoes. Todo este material poderia ser incinerado e, desta forma reduzir em ate 90% a massa do volume aterrado, e seu conteudo energetico seria usado para gerar vapor ou energia. Esta investigacao foi feita sobre os produtos de combustao incompleta emitidos da pirolise e combustao em estado estacionario do polietileno e poliestireno em um forno vertical de dois estagios, eletricamente aquecido. Separadamente, os polimeros na forma pulverizada foram pirolisados em temperatura constante de 1000

A influencia de um aterro sanitario sobre a qualidade das aguas superficiais traz constantemente preocupacao do ponto de vista sanitario e ambiental, especialmente quando essas instalacoes encontram-se em bacia de manancial para abastecimento publico. Visando uma avaliacao ambiental representativa, frente a diversidade de usos do solo, a presente proposta de pesquisa, tem como objetivo principal efetuar uma analise ambiental e avaliar a import

O objetivo deste projeto de pesquisa e avaliar a poluicao e contaminacao do entorno do aterro de residuos solidos urbanos.Pretende-se assim, avaliar os problemas de contaminacao causados pela disposicao inadequada de residuos sejam corretamente solucionados e para que questoes sobre o caminhamento da pluma de contaminacao do local possam ser mais bem entendidas.

A disposicao final de residuos solidos envolve duas condicoes basicas. A primeira refere-se ao impacto ambiental relacionado aos locais que serviram previamente para receber os residuos sem os devidos dispositivos e mecanismos de protecao, que resultaram em areas responsaveis pela degradacao do solo e das aguas. A segunda condicao refere-se ao estudo de impactos potenciais que podem ocorrer pela instalacao de novos sistemas de disposicao de residuos, e as medidas mitigadoras que devem ser adotadas. Dentre os poluentes criticos podem ser citados o chorume e os gases. A presente pesquisa tem tido como objetivo, estudar: (a) os condicionantes que definem as caracteristicas dos residuos e a geracao de efluentes liquidos e gasosos; (b) impactos ambientais decorrentes da disposicao final de residuos; (c) medidas mitigadoras para controle de efluentes; (d) tratamento de chorume; (e) geracao de gases e Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo - MDL; (f) investigacao e monitoramento de solo e aguas em sistemas de disposicao final de residuos solidos

A investigacao dos processos envolvidos no escoamento do chorume de aterros sanitarios e lixoes em solos arenosos, assim como as alteracoes de sua qualidade ao longo das primeiras camadas do subsolo, sob condicoes naturais de permeabilidade, permitirao observar as condicoes transitorias mais importantes do processo de atenuacao e transporte de contaminantes. Uma recompactacao do solo arenoso nas bases de aterros, constitui uma forma pouco custosa de contencao, resultando na reducao da permeabilidade e garantindo um confinamento maior do chorume, sem contudo atingir os valores exigidos. Neste caso, torna-se fundamental conhecer os mecanismos envolvidos, que permitam avaliar e quantificar eventuais impactos, assim como estabelecer criterios para execucao de aterros sanitarios. O objetivo principal da pesquisa e estudar o processo de atenuacao da contaminacao pelo chorume de aterro sanitario nas camadas iniciais do solo e os efeitos sobre a permeabilidade e a resistividade eletrica do solo.

O residuo solido urbano provoca serios danos ao ambiente e a saude publica, quando sofre uma manipulacao ou destinacao inadequada. e de fundamental import

Os residuos solidos ou lixo, se constituem na atualidade, como um dos grandes problemas da sociedade moderna. No contexto da geracao, tratamento e disposicao final dos residuos solidos, como qualquer atividade humana, os estabelecimentos prestadores de servicos de saude geram residuos solidos, considerados perigosos. Consciente dessa situacao e de algum modo tentando contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o tema, propomos este projeto de trabalho cujos objetivos sao: 1. contribuir com uma metodologia de organizacao e verificacao de gerenciamento atraves de planejamento e levantamento de inventario (identificacao, classificacao, estudo de segregacao, quantificacao e caracterizacao) e tecnicas de monitorizacao de riscos no manuseio de R.S.S. e 2. Avaliar o potencial da operacao de secagem, como uma metodologia alternativa de tratamento de correntes segregadas de R.S.S., Grupo A (CONAMA, 1993), no qual serao contemplados estudos relacionados ao estado da arte, equipamento e processo..

Neste trabalho foi realizada a investigacao de Residuos de Servicos de Saude (RSS), particularmente de RSS infectantes (RSSI), produzidos em um banco de sangue. O estudo abordou aspectos da geracao, verificacao de manejo interno, caracterizacao fisica e microbiologica e avaliacao do potencial de um processo de secagem na reducao de volume e carga microbiologica, empregando-se RSSI tipo e microorganismo padrao. A producao diaria de RSS do estabelecimento de saude foi aproximadamente igual a 229 (kg/dia), dos quais 51 % eram RSSI. A composicao media dos RSSI consistiu, principalmente de: plasticos (39%), sangue (19%), papel/papelao (17%) e liquido (12%). Os resultados do estudo microbiologico desses residuos provenientes de 4 setores do estabelecimento apontaram uma baixa contagem dos microorganismos investigados. Staphylococcus aureus, utilizado como indicador de contaminacao foi isolado, apenas em uma amostra de um dos setores, em uma das 5 repeticoes da amostragem. A avaliacao do manejo interno de RSSI, pela tecnica de Analise Preliminar de Riscos (APR) mostrou-se adequada e os resultados desta sugeriram a priorizacao e acoes corretivas para falhas de procedimentos que possam causar a exposicao de seres humanos aos RSSI nao tratado. Resultados da determinacao da composicao e caracterizacao fisica dos RSSI reais foram utilizados para a obtencao de um RSSI tipo preparado a partir de materiais biomedicos nao utilizados, entre outros. Este residuo foi usado na avaliacao do processo de secagem. Esta etapa constou, inicialmente do projeto e instalacao do sistema. Resultados da analise das curvas da taxa de secagem de RSSI tipo mostraram que o efeito da vazao do ar de secagem foi mais significativo que o efeito da temperatura na secagem do material. Altos conteudos de umidade inicial da amostra apresentaram efeito significativo na cinetica de secagem do residuo. No estudo de inativacao microbiologica por secagem, esporos de B. subtillis foram utilizados como microorganismo indicador (padrao). O sistema apresentou um desempenho satisfatorio na inativacao da populacao do microorganismo padrao, 5,0 x 106 (esporos/bandeja), em oito diferentes condicoes de processo, em um tempo de residencia de 70 minutos. A investigacao da cinetica de inativacao termica do microorganismo confirmou esses resultados, pois o sistema inativou 8,0 x 106 (esporos/bandeja), em um tempo de 42 minutos. Os resultados dessa investigacao e da reducao do volume, estimada atraves do par

Esta pesquisa analisa as mudancas organizacionais e administrativas de um hospital privado do interior paulista frente ao gerenciamento dos seus residuos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso exploratorio com abordagem quali-quantitativa, tendo como objetivos descrever os aspectos organizacionais e tecnico-operacionais do gerenciamento dos residuos; descrever as acoes desenvolvidas para a implantacao do Programa de Segregacao e Reciclagem de Residuos-PSRR; apontar os desafios enfrentados e sua superacao; bem como os beneficios e inovacoes decorridos desta implementacao. A coleta de dados foi realizada atraves da observacao nao participante da infra-estrutura e do trajeto dos residuos, utilizando-se de questionario aplicado aos membros da Comissao do PSRR do hospital em estudo. Como resultados encontramos a caracterizacao do gerenciamento dos residuos em todas as etapas do manejo e a descricao documentada das acoes envolvidas em tal processo. Com base nos dados coletados por meio dos questionarios identificamos a trajetoria e as acoes desenvolvidas para a implantacao do projeto proposto na instituicao; as estrategias utilizadas para sensibilizacao das pessoas e valorizacao dessa proposta; os passos percorridos para a capacitacao dos envolvidos; os desafios enfrentados e a sua superacao e, os beneficios e inovacoes decorridos da implementacao do trabalho. Observamos a necessidade de estudos que apontem a import

Etilenotioureia (ETU) e uma subst

O presente trabalho consiste na caracterizacaodos residuos solidos, de um estabelecimento hospitalar e de um modelo de gerenciamento interno destes residuos. O trabalho foi realizado em um hospital de pequeno porte, o Centro Medico de Campinas S.P., e tem como objetivo principal a elaboracao do modelo de gerenciamento interno e como objetivos secundarios a analise do consumo de materiais das principais areas de atendimento e o seu potencial de minimizacao. e dada import

No inicio do desenvolvimento industrial, os subprodutos gerados no processo produtivo eram dispostos sem nenhuma preocupacao com as conseq

Este trabalho objetivou a investigacao hidrogeologica do municipio de Moncoes (cidade do noroeste paulista) onde se estimou existir um total de 61 pocos tubulares profundos que exploram dois aq

O chumbo e o quinto metal mais utilizado na industria. e empregado principalmente na fabricacao de baterias acidas. Sua reciclagem e feita devido a escassez do mesmo nas jazidas existentes, alem da preocupacao com o meio ambiente. Os residuos contendo chumbo sao classificados segundo a norma brasileira de residuos (NBR-IOO4) como perigosos. O processo de reciclagem e constituido por duas fases: separacao dos componentes da bateria acida de chumbo e fusao do metal em fornos de reducao. Este trabalho realizou uma avaliacao ambiental do processo de reciclagem de chumbo utilizado em tres unidades de reciclagem no Brasil. Para atingi-Io, foram desmontadas baterias e seus componentes analisados com o intuito de caracterizar o material a ser reciclado. Tambem foram feitas visitas a recicladoras para coleta de dados, que proporcionou o levantamento de alguns indices ambientais e de consumo de insumos. Os principais fatores potenciais de contaminacao ambiental identificados foram a emissao de material particulado contendo chumbo e a formacao de escoria tambem contaminada pelo mesmo metal. O resultado da caracterizacao das baterias e a analise dos dados obtidos nas visitas mostram que a reciclagem de chumbo e uma fonte potencial de poluicao ambiental. O controle do processo de reciclagem deve ser rigoroso para se atingir padroes ambientais aceitaveis e a necessidade de muitos equipamentos de controle ambiental contribui de forma significativa para um elevado custo do processo

O papel do ser humano como agente eeologico tem sido amplamente considerado como modificador da superficie da Terra atraves de feicoes e depositos denominados tecnogenicos. Na presente dissertacao de mestrado apresenta-se nova forma de abordagem na qual os processos tecnogenicos sao analisados na forma de sistemas, ou seja, sistemas tecnogenicos, de modo semelhante ao que e empregado na Geologia Sedimentar na analise de sistemas deposicionais. Para esse tipo de abordagem, foram estudados os sistemas tecnogenicos do Municipio de Sao Paulo no contexto de evolucao historica, no qual se considera que foi fundamental, para a origem e desenvolvimento da atual metropole, a retificacao dos rios Tiete e Pinheiros, o que deu origem aos S.T. de Canais e Reservatorios, com o objetivo de geracao de energia hidreletrica. Atraves da instalacao desses canais, ocorreu drenagem de amplas areas de varzeas, do antigo regime meandrante dos rios retificados, o que proporcionou a ocupacao urbana dessas areas por inumeros tipos de obras de infra-estrutura, notadamente as avenidas marginais. Concomitantemente ao crescimento da urbanizacao, houve necessidade de materias-prima para construcao civil, o que acarretou na origem do S.T. de Mineracao, marcado pela intensa lavra de brita e areia aluvionar. Com o crescimento urbano nas antigas areas de varzea, ocorreu o impedimento da lavra de areia, a qual passou a ser extraida por lavagem de manto de alteracao de rochas granitico-gnaissicas da regiao sul e trazidas de outros municipios. A ocupacao das antigas areas de varzea acarretou tambem problemas de inundacao, para o qual a solucao vem sendo atraves da implantacao de reservatorios de retencao (?piscinoes?) formando novo e importante sistema tecnogenico, o qual vem sendo seriamente comprometido por intensos processos de assoreamento resultantes da erosao nas cabeceiras. Os sedimentos acumulados nesses reservatorios sao retirados e dispostos nos aterros sanitarios, comprometendo a ja limitada capacidade desses, inseridos no S.T. de Residuos. O crescimento do S.T. de Ocupacao Urbana para fora do dominio de exposicao dos sedimentos da Bacia de Sao Paulo, sobre rochas alteradas de seu embasamento gnaissico-granitico, vem acarretando a criacao de inumeras areas de risco, sujeitas a escorregamento, as quais constituem novo e din

Nao informado

Neste estudo aborda-se o gerenciamento do residuo solido de servico de saude no Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da UNICAMP (HEMOCAMP) -HEMOCENTRO, para se conhecer o funcionamento e a eficiencia do Plano de Gerenciamento de Residuo Solido de Servico de Saude (PGRSSS). Verificou-se cada processo, desde manejo, segregacao, acondicionamento, armazenamento, coleta, transporte ate o programa de educacao. A caracterizacao do residuo foi realizada em duas etapas, triagem e quantificacao, em treze semanas, incluindo todas as estacoes do ano. Foi verificada a acao utilizada como programa de educacao aos funcionarios e pacientes. Foram atendidos, no periodo 9.400 pacientes, resultando a taxa de geracao de 1,68 kg de residuo por paciente. O total de residuo pesado foi 15.856 kg e o total de residuo considerado inadequado 532 kg. Observou-se que o acondicionamento nao estava em conformidade com as especificacoes da Associacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas, pois os sacos de residuo infectante continham volume maior que o permitido e nao eram bem fechados. Quanto a coleta e ao transporte interno, e preciso reavaliar rota e horarios para que nao ocorram durante o atendimento aos pacientes. Foi verificado que e necessario intensificar o programa de educacao no PGRSSS

Atualmente, as legislacoes ambientais e os consumidores estao cada vez mais exigentes e restritivos em relacao ao adequado tratamento dado aos residuos industriais. Neste contexto, a logistica reversa tem por objetivo gerenciar os fluxos reversos, fazendo com que bens e produtos com pouco uso apos a venda, com ciclo de vida util ampliado ou apos extinta a sua vida util, retornem ao ciclo produtivo, readquirindo valor em outros mercados. Baseado em uma revisao bibliografica, um estudo exploratorio e um trabalho de campo, composto por entrevistas, analisa-se as possibilidades de aplicacao do conceito de logistica reversa na cadeia produtiva da Construcao Civil, particularmente em relacao aos fluxos de Residuos de Construcao e Demolicao - RCD, como forma de contribuir para a sustentabilidade do ambiente construido. Expoe-se de forma ampla, os fatores intervenientes no processo de implantacao dos sistemas logisticos reversos para RCD e os condicionantes e beneficios decorrentes desta aplicacao, considerando os aspectos tecnicos, econ

Um dos grandes desafios da humanidade e como dispor a enorme quantidade de residuo gerada diariamente. Se ha algumas decadas este assunto era desprezado, hoje e um dos principais problemas a ser resolvido, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. No Brasil, observa-se a procura por suas solucoes. Neste sentido, a minimizacao do residuo, por meio de acoes que visem a reducao na fonte, a reutilizacao e a reciclagem de material desponta como uma das principais opcoes para a composicao de uma solucao. Neste trabalho, buscou-se implantar um Programa de Minimizacao de Residuo Solido Domestico na Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo da UNICAMP. Assim, foram realizadas caracterizacoes do residuo gerado, anterior e posterior a implantacao do programa. Nas caracterizacoes foram identificados a composicao do residuo gerado na FEC, o potencial de minimizacao deste residuo e a eficiencia do programa de coleta seletiva, ja existente. Apos a implantacao Programa de Minimizacao, este foi avaliado para proposicao de medidas de otimizacao. Concluiu-se que, quanto a composicao, o residuo gerado na FEC e composto principalmente por ?papel? (dentre todos os tipos analisados, destaca-se a geracao de papel toalha); ?varricao? e ?patogenico?. Na avaliacao do potencial de minimizacao, concluiu-se que, para todos cenarios analisados, o residuo solido gerado na FEC apresentou consideravel potencial de minimizacao. Em relacao ao programa de minimizacao, observou-se que, apesar da recente implantacao, apresentou resultados efetivos, reais e praticos, principalmente em relacao a reducao na geracao de residuos passiveis de reducao na fonte e de reutilizacao. Quanto a eficiencia da coleta seletiva, identificou-se que esta teve os indices de erro de descarte reduzidos, o que possibilitou uma melhora no material que vai para o programa de reciclagem. Desta forma, espera-se que este programa possa ser utilizado como metodologia proposta para que as demais unidades de ensino da UNICAMP, atraves do Grupo de Gestao de Residuos da UNICAMP ou da C

O consumo sempre crescente de produtos juntamente com a falta de incentivo a reducao, reutilizacao e reciclagem, e a escassez de area para disposicao dos rejeitos propiciam o aumento descontrolado de residuos solidos presentes no meio ambiente. Os residuos polimericos, pos-consumo - embalagens plasticas

Esta tese versa sobre a reciclagem energetica do residuo domiciliar urbano no estado de Sao Paulo. A pesquisa engloba uma analise da situacao do lixo no estado; um estudo sobre a viabilidade da recuperacao energetica pela reciclagem do papel e do aluminio contido no residuo descartado; e uma avaliacao da capacidade de geracao de energia eletrica, com base na incineracao da parte do lixo sujeita a este processo. No trabalho sao apresentados os resultados dos estudos e avaliacoes realizadas, abordando questoes relativas a quantidade e a composicao do lixo, principalmente quanto ao papel e ao aluminio; os programas de reciclagem de materiais existentes; a quantidade de material reciclavel e o potencial energetico recuperavel O calculo deste potencial, leva em consideracao a possibilidade de incineracao (com geracao de eletricidade) de parte do lixo. Como complemento sao feitos comentarios sobre as vantagens diretas e indiretas da reciclagem energetica do lixo

A contaminacao de aguas subterr

Nos ultimos anos, a preocupacao com a poluicao e a contaminacao do subsolo provocadas pela disposicao de residuos solidos urbanos ou industriais tem crescido no Brasil, principalmente no que diz respeito aos lixoes e aterros controlados em operacao ou desativados na maioria das cidades brasileiras de pequeno e medio porte. A tese apresenta os resultados de diversas campanhas de investigacao realizadas no aterro de residuos solidos urbanos de Bauru, situado no centro do Estado de Sao Paulo e sobre o aq

Um dos grandes problemas das Metropoles tem sido o descarte de residuos solidos. Em diversas situacoes aterros sao selecionados como solucao de melhor viabilidade para disposicao final desses materiais que, na maioria das vezes, sao agentes poluentes. Condicoes inadequadas de operacao e conservacao desses locais vem acarretando inumeros danos ao meio ambiente, em especial, nas areas de seu entorno que, muitas vezes, possuem aglomerados residenciais. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas condicoes ambientais mais significativas de uma area e de seu entorno onde se encontram instalados quatro Aterros, tres Sanitarios e um Industrial, localizados no Municipio de Tremembe/SP. Provavelmente como conseq

Os residuos solidos podem conter subst

A reducao no volume de residuos produzidos, industriais e agricolas, vem se tornando uma exigencia constante em todos os processos de producao. A falta de espaco fisico para a disposicao destes residuos, a contaminacao ambiental causada por eles, alem da necessidade de preservacao dos recursos naturais nao-renovaveis e da diminuicao do consumo de energia e emissao de poluentes, tornam a reciclagem e a reutilizacao dos residuos uma alternativa bastante atraente. A construcao civil apresenta-se como um setor bastante apto a utilizacao de tecnicas de reaproveitamento de residuos, provenientes das mais diversas industrias. Alem de todos os beneficios ambientais, este reaproveitamento, pela construcao civil, pode gerar recursos financeiros, bem como, possibilita a melhora das caracteristicas de alguns materiais de construcao, e pode diminuir o custo de construcao, fator importante, quando se avalia o deficit de habitacional existente no Brasil. Neste trabalho, desenvolveu-se um estudo baseado no aproveitamento de escoria de aciaria eletrica, residuo gerado a partir da reciclagem do aco, empregada como agregado para concreto de cimento Portland, em substituicao total ou parcial dos materiais convencionais. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para a viabilidade de utilizacao deste residuo como agregado.

Neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo propor uma metodologia para avaliacao da energia associada ao residuo solido industrial (RSI) e sua aplicacao a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC). A metodologia foi baseada numa revisao bibliografica, sobre aspectos ambientais e energeticos relacionados ao residuo solido industrial. No roteiro metodologico propoe-se caracterizar a area de estudo; a producao e gestao do RSI; a classificacao energetica e o estudo quali-quantitativo da energia associada ao RSI; e, avaliacao da aplicabilidade dos mecanismos de aproveitamento energetico propostos para a regiao. A aplicacao da metodologia a RMC mostrou-se valida e resultou numa apresentacao sintetica da realidade socio-ambienta!, do setor industrial e da destinacao de residuo, bem como indicou as potencialidades quanto ao aproveitamento energetico de RSI, na regiao. Com os resultados obtidos constata-se a import

Este trabalho consiste em uma revisao da tecnica de aterramento de residuos solidos, como parte de um sistema integrado de tratamento de residuos solidos. Dentro desta nova concepcao, este trabalho propoe uma metodologia para a elaboracao de projetos de aterros sanitarios celulares, ou seja, metodo de tratamento de residuos com possibilidade de perenizacao do espaco fisico. A estrutura basica deste trabalho consiste na analise critica das normas tecnicas referentes a residuos solidos e a apresentacao de proposta de projetos de aterros, da revisao bibliografica, destacando o processo de degradacao anaerobia de residuos e os elementos que compoem um projeto de aterro. A metodologia proposta procura aprimorar os procedimentos adotados atualmente, principalmente, no sentido de nao permitir que o aterro sanitario seja enfocado como uma tecnica de confinamento de residuos. Sao recomendadas modificacoes na forma concepcao do projeto e, tambem, sao destacados, temas que merecem uma maior atencao nas pesquisas relativas ao tratamento de residuos

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se avaliar o potencial de reciclagem do lixo urbano da cidade de Alfenas (MG). Para sua realizacao foi necessario se proceder a uma caracterizacao do lixo coletado, avaliacao das quantidades totais de lixo coletado, bem como um levantamento do total atualmente reciclado atraves dos sucateiros. Com os dados obtidos da caracterizacao, das quantidades coletadas, produzidas e recicladas informalmente, procedeu-se a um balanco de massa calculando-se a producao total diaria tanto para a coleta publica, para a coleta informal e tambem para a producao total diaria resultante. Foi tambem calculada a producao per capita para a coleta publica, para a coleta informal e par a producao total diaria, obtendo-se 0,38 kg/hab.d. Em seguida foi feita a estimativa da percentagem reciclada, atualmente, para o lixo da coleta municipal, chegando-se ao valor de 2 %. Igualmente, avaliou-se a percentagem reciclada correspondente a coleta informal, obtendo-se o valor de 4,2 %. Com esses 2 (dois) valores chegou-se ao valor total de reciclagem atual que e de 6,2 %. Com base neste valor, na producao total diaria de lixo e ainda na caracterizacao do lixo, estimou-se o potencial de reciclagem para a cidade de Alfenas (MG), chegando-se a um valor correspondente a 33 % da producao diaria, (ton.) ou seja, 7,0 t/d. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se avaliar o potencial de reciclagem do lixo urbano da cidade de Alfenas (MG). Para sua realizacao foi necessario se proceder a uma caracterizacao do lixo coletado, avaliacao das quantidades totais de lixo coletado, bem como um levantamento do total atualmente reciclado atraves dos sucateiros. Finalmente e feita uma sugestao para a gestao dos residuos gerados na cidade de Alfenas (MG). Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se avaliar o potencial de reciclagem do lixo urbano da cidade de Alfenas (MG). Para sua realizacao foi necessario se proceder a uma caracterizacao do lixo coletado, avaliacao das quantidades totais de lixo coletado, bem como um levantamento do total atualmente reciclado atraves dos sucateiros

Este trabalho trata da aplicacao do plasma termico na recuperacao de materiais valiosos ainda presente em escorias e residuos, como e o caso do silicio metalurgico contido em escorias. Esse processo pode ser estendido para outros materiais, como por exemplo o aluminio e o niquel contido em escorias. Para a realizacao dos ensaios praticos de reciclagem de escoria, foi projetado e construido um reator fechado, em escala laboratorial, com uma tocha de plasma de arco transferido operando com plasma de gas inerte como fonte de energia. Alem do aparato de reciclagem, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia analitica para o conhecimento das fases presentes na escoria e principalmente da quantificacao de silicio metalico livre, unindo tecnicas de analise estrutural como a Difracao de Raios-X (DRX), analise quimica por Fluorescencia de Raios-X (FRX) e Microscopia Eletr

A reciclagem de materiais polimericos e de fundamental import

A disposicao final de residuos solidos e uma pratica que ainda traz serios impactos ao meio ambiente. Nos aterros sanitarios, os residuos passam por processos fisicos, quimicos e biologicos de decomposicao, gerando uma fracao gasosa (composta principalmente por gases dioxido de carbono e metano) e uma fase liquida conhecida como chorume (ou percolado de aterro sanitario). O chorume de lixo e um liquido com elevado potencial poluente, os metodos convencionais utilizados em seu tratamento tem descartado-o com intensa coloracao e alta toxicidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo implantar em escala piloto um sistema de filtracao lenta precedido de uma pre-filtracao, apenas em manta sintetica nao tecida, para o tratamento de chorume de lixo ?in natura?, proveniente do aterro sanitario da cidade de Limeira-SP. O filtro lento foi constituido por um tanque cilindrico de plastico tendo como meio filtrante areia e mantas sinteticas nao tecidas. A taxa de filtracao adotada durante os experimentos foi de 3 m3/m2.dia. O sistema de tratamento em estudo apresentou reducoes consideraveis dos valores de alguns par

O controle da qualidade ambiental consta da Constituicao Federal de 1988, como incumbencia do poder publico, juntamente com a promocao da conscientizacao social para a defesa do meio ambiente. A efetividade de tais dispositivos esbarra, porem, na carencia de pessoal preparado para atuar e desenvolver projetos nesta area. A capacitacao dos recursos humanos e um dos condicionantes para uma efetiva acao na area de Gestao Ambiental. Objetivo. Avaliar o impacto da atuacao profissional multidisciplinar dos alunos capacitados pelos cursos de Pos Graduacao lato sensu

Diante da grande quantidade de residuos solidos gerados, incluidos os residuos da construcao e demolicao - RCD, na cidade de Campinas e da precariedade do sistema de planejamento e gestao dos aterros sanitarios de algumas areas da regiao, investigou-se a viabilidade tecnica, econ

O Residuo de Construcao e Demolicao (RCD), devido ao seu volume, gera um alto impacto ambiental, social e econ

Esta pesquisa foi realizada na Cidade de Sao Paulo, com o objetivo de identificar as dificuldades que os grupos de catadores aut

A falta de sistemas de saneamento ambiental acarreta muitos problemas de saude, elevando significativamente, os gastos publicos e privados no setor, principalmente, os publicos, no que se refere ao tratamento de enfermidades, como por exemplo, a malaria, a dengue, doencas de chagas, diarreias e febre tifoide, entre outras. Muitos estudos tem mostrado a relacao intrinseca dos investimentos em infra-estrutura, especificamente da implantacao de sistemas de saneamento ambiental, com a saude publica, sendo que a implantacao de sistemas de saneamento contribui decisivamente na melhoria do bem estar fisico e mental dos individuos e, tambem, com a diminuicao dos gastos publicos e privados com a Saude. O equacionamento dos problemas de natureza sanitaria e ambiental vem sendo perseguido ao longo dos anos pelos orgaos competentes, mas sempre com alcance limitado, tornando-se uma tarefa que parece cada vez mais dificil, em especial nos paises ditos em desenvolvimento. As Comunidades isoladas, localizadas nas zonas rurais e/ou urbanas, sem oferta de servicos de saneamento pelas companhias publicas e com limitacao de recursos financeiros e humanos, padecem e sao mais susceptiveis as enfermidades relacionadas a falta de estruturas adequadas de saneamento ambiental. Dada esta singularidade e considerando o insucesso de programas de saneamento propostos pelos orgaos publicos e agencias internacionais de fomento e de desenvolvimento, o escopo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um modelo para implantacao de um Sistema de Saneamento Ambiental por meio do Programa de Apropriacao de Tecnologias de Saneamento Ambiental (Aptsa), de modo a priorizar a participacao de moradores das comunidades na identificacao, implantacao e gestao de opcoes compativeis com a sua realidade. Para se chegar ao modelo de Aptsa, procedeu-se: a identificacao das tecnologias de saneamento existentes para as tres grandes areas (abastecimento de agua, coleta, tratamento e destinacao de esgoto e coleta e a disposicao do lixo), ressaltando suas vantagens e desvantagens, visando a melhorar a escolha da opcao que deveria se adequar as demandas especificas da comunidade; a analise de programas de saneamento ambiental proposto para comunidades isoladas, identificando-se o sucesso e fracasso; e por fim, a estudos das caracteristicas das comunidades. Apos o desenvolvimento do Programa Aptsa, procurou-se avaliar a sua aplicabilidade em uma Comunidade Tradicional da Praia de Goes, Guaruja/SP, que ja havia sido objeto de um estudo de opcoes para o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura de saneamento ambiental. Como resultado desta atividade foi constatado a necessidade de um comprometimento entre os agentes envolvidos na busca por solucoes dos problemas vivenciados pelas comunidades, com a implantacao de solucoes para os problemas existentes. Esta conclusao pode ser obtida em funcao da resistencia apresentada pela comunidade, atraves de seus lideres, em colaborar com o programa proposto.

Locais para disposicao de residuos solidos, em sua solucao tecnicamente mais adequada, os aterros sanitarios, sao equipamentos que desempenham funcoes urbanas, mas situam-se afastados das areas urbanas. A expansao destas areas urbanas acaba por alcanca-los, a ela incorporando-os, o que ocorre quando estao no final de sua vida util. O presente trabalho identifica como se desenvolve este processo de incorporacao, realizando uma analise critica das condicoes em que ocorre e da mudanca de uso e ocupacao do solo dos aterros como solucoes propostas para a sua incorporacao.

Equipamentos utilizados na industria de processamento de dados ou de entretenimento podem conter mais de 30% de placas de circuito impresso. Estas placas sao formadas por unidades isoladas e integradas e sua sucata contem cobre, chumbo, cadmio, zinco, estanho, bem como os metais preciosos,ouro, prata e platina. Alem de metais e ligas metalicas, as placas de circuito impresso contem varios compostos org

O estudo enfoca o problema dos residuos solidos produzidos pelo setor da construcao civil na cidade de Campinas. As caracteristicas do residuo quanto a sua composicao, fluxo massico e processos de geracao, coleta, transporte e disposicao fornecem subsidios para o levantamento dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo problema. Como solucao para os entulhos, a reciclagem oferece perspectivas quanto a eficiencia e a aplicabilidade na resolucao das questoes

A exploracao das florestas nativas e das plantacoes florestais no Brasil tem um imenso potencial. No entanto, na Amaz

A pratica assistencial na area da saude implica situacoes de risco, os quais podem ser maximizados, minimizados ou projetados no julgamento a luz da fundamentacao cientifica. O reprocessamento de materiais de uso unico e uma pratica que, a cada dia, tem exigido esforcos dos profissionais de saude no sentido de buscar e produzir evidencias que auxiliem no processo de tomada de decisao em relacao a nao-realizacao ou sob que condicoes podem ser executadas. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicacao de diferentes processos de limpeza e a esterilizacao em oxido de etileno a 100% nos cateteres de angiografia cardiovascular com vista a determinacao da capacidade de reducao da carga microbiana e do residuo org

As empresas geradoras de residuos solidos tem sido pressionadas a desenvolver novas formas de utilizacao dos residuos, pois os tratamentos e disposicoes convencionais, como aterros e incineradores, tem se mostrado onerosos e problematicos, considerando as restricoes impostas aos aterros e considerando o complexo processo de Jicenciamento dessas destinacoes. O estudo da utilizacao do residuo de producao de silica amorfa como corretivo de soJo agricola esta inserido no esforco da sociedade em buscar caminhos viaveis para os residuos, sendo a opcao, neste caso, o uso agricola do residuo. Nesse sentido, neste trabalho realizaram-se analises fisico quimicas tanto no residuo de silica amorfa, como na mistura do residuo, solo e carbonato de calcio, em diferentes proporcoes misturados ao solo, que foi corrigido para indicacao da potencialidade do residuo como corretivo, possibilitando a comparacao com o poder de correcao do carbonato de calcio. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o residuo de silica amorfa quando adicionado ao latossolo utilizado foi capaz de melhorar os par

O gerenciamento de residuos solidos domiciliares, entre as muitas opcoes tecnicas desenvolvidas, apresenta a coleta seletiva onde, atraves da conscientizacao previa dos individuos envolvidos, permite a selecao e encaminhamento de diferentes materiais ao processo de reciclagem. Esta opcao gerencial requer, no entanto, participacao efetiva e consciente que, no presente estudo foi planejada e implantada junto ao ensino publico fundamental, baseada na coleta de informacao local (caracterizacao socio, econ

Esta tese apresenta os resultados da investigacao realizada nos anos de 1998 a 2002 sobre os principais aspectos tecnologicos, energeticos, territoriais e ambientais do processamento de residuos industriais perigosos em fornos rotativos de clinquer de fabricas de cimento. A analise realizada considerou esta atividade como um sistema complexo contendo riscos e incertezas, pois ocorrem e podem ocorrer outros prejuizos para os trabalhadores, para a populacao e para o meio ambiente, alem daqueles associados a producao de cimento com emprego de insumos energeticos tradicionais. Sao comentados definicoes, conceitos e normas relativos a destinacao de residuos industriais para fins de tratamento termico, co-incineracao e co-processamento nas plantas cimenteiras. Com base nos cadastros e series de estatisticas obtidas sobre o transporte e as licencas ambientais de fabricas de cimento instaladas na Regiao do Calcario, ao norte da area metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, foram qualificadas as principais fontes de residuos - a maior parte gerada nas atividades industriais petroliferas, petroquimicas e metal-mec

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as opcoes para gestao dos residuos de tratamento de esgoto que fossem tecnica, ambiental, social e economicamente viaveis. O processo de tratamento de esgoto gera residuos solidos nao-inertes, sendo que entre eles o lodo e o mais importante em virtude da quantidade gerada. Na Regiao Metropolitana de Sao Paulo todas as Estacoes de Tratamento de Esgotos possuem unidades de desidratacao e dispoem seus residuos em aterros sanitarios. Entretanto, a disposicao em aterros sanitarios apresenta dois problemas: altos custos e escassez de areas, seja pelo fim da vida util desses aterros ou pela excessiva dist

A prevencao a poluicao e uma abordagem de gerenciamento ambiental que prioriza a reducao dos residuos na fonte como forma de preservar os recursos naturais e reduzir o desperdicio de materiais, agua e energia, em contraposicao a abordagem tradicional, que se apoia nas tecnologias de controle e tratamento de residuos. Apesar de resultar em beneficios ambientais e econ

Este estudo, desenvolvido na cidade de Bento Goncalves - RS, trata da geracao de residuos solidos domesticos evidenciando as diferencas no comportamento do processo junto a fonte geradora (domicilio) e no destino final, a import

O crescimento desordenado da populacao mundial, o aumento da industrializacao, o consumismo exagerado, e, conseq

O estudo aborda o gerenciamento dos Residuos de Servicos de Saude (RSS) no Centro Cirurgico de um Hospital Universitario do interior paulista. Trata-se de um estudo realizado atraves de observacao nao participante e entrevista. As observacoes referentes ao gerenciamento de RSS foram feitas nas Salas de Operacoes, Central de Material Esterilizado e Recuperacao Pos-Anestesica e entrevistas com auxiliares de enfermagem, tecnicos de enfermagem, auxiliares de servicos, enfermeiros, instrumentadores cirurgicos e atendente de enfermagem, atuantes nessa area. Os RSS gerados no local do estudo foram: do Grupo A

Em todo o mundo, existe uma crescente competicao pelo uso de agua entre os diversos setores da sociedade. A agricultura e uma grande consumidora do total de agua doce disponivel. Neste contexto, e desejavel uma realocacao dos recursos hidricos usados na agricultura para outros setores, tais como o abastecimento publico. Desde que realizada de forma controlada, a irrigacao com efluentes de estacao de tratamento de esgoto (EETE) e altamente atrativa, pois alem de possibilitar a liberacao de recursos hidricos de melhor qualidade para outras atividades humanas, serve como uma forma de tratamento complementar do efluente, fornecendo ainda agua e nutrientes essenciais aos cultivos agricolas. No entanto, o uso sustentavel dos EETEs na agricultura depende nao apenas dos aspectos quimicos, fisicos e biologicos do sistema soloplanta- agua, como tambem de aspectos socio-econ

O crescente e desordenado aumento da populacao mundial e seus avancos tecnologicos, muitas vezes conseguido com violentas agressoes a natureza, tem trazido conseq

Neste trabalho, parte-se da hipotese de que um razoavel potencial energetico associado ao residuo solido pode estar sendo descartado nos domicilios e de que e possivel minimizar as quantidades de residuo. O objetivo deste estudo e estimar a energia evitada, associada ao potencial de minimizacao do residuo solido domiciliar, produzido em municipios pertencentes a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas - RMC. A justificativa para este estudo e a necessidade de conhecimento da geracao e composicao do residuo solido domiciliar, para buscar a minimizacao e conseq

No passado, a disposicao de residuos solidos sem nenhum tipo de tratamento e controle era algo normal e muito praticado. Em conseq

Os impactos ambientais causados pelos residuos solidos urbanos representam uma das principais questoes para os administradores publicos, pelos riscos a saude e ao ambiente. Dentre esses residuos, destacam-se aqueles gerados em servicos de saude (RSS) que, apesar de representarem cerca de 2% em relacao ao total de residuos urbanos, trazem risco por possuirem agentes biologicos, quimicos e/ou radioativos em parte de seu volume gerado. Diferentemente do que ocorre em paises desenvolvidos, no Brasil o gerenciamento dos RSS ainda nao esta de acordo com as recomendacoes encontradas em realidades mais desenvolvidas, tanto em relacao ao seu manuseio, quanto ao tratamento e destinacao final. Esta investigacao visou conhecer e descrever a estrutura do gerenciamento dos RSS produzidos no McMaster University Medical Centre

O presente trabalho aborda a questao dos residuos de servicos (RSS), que representa um dos grandes problemas decorrentes da relacao homem-meio ambiente. A partir do levantamento da situacao dos RSS e da necessidade de orientacao de sessenta e sete servicos de saude de Ribeirao Preto, incluindo 100% dos hospitais e 30% de farmacias, laboratorios, ambulatorios e clinicas veterinarias que faziam parte da Coleta Especial e Incineracao implantados, realizou-se um trabalho educativo com cento e vinte e sete trabalhadores de saude, visando torna-los agentes multiplicadores do curso, em seus locais de trabalho. Para isso, foi utilizado o metodo de educacao conscientizadora, visando facilitar aos trabalhadores de saude adquirirem uma consciencia ecologica critica, capaz de tornalos agentes de mudanca, interferindo positivamente nas questoes especificas dos RSS. Dois meses apos o curso, procedeu-se a uma avaliacao final, onde puderam ser constatadas algumas mudancas nos servicos, a partir da conscientizacao de seus trabalhadores que, de um modo geral, passaram as informacoes obtidas no curso para seus colegas de trabalho. Concluiu-se que e imprescindivel a criacao de um sistema de educacao continuada nos servicos de saude de Ribeirao Preto, bem como um re-planejamento de suas instalacoes, visando melhor adaptacao ao sistema de gerenciamento de RSS da cidade, considerado inadequado em 69,2% dos hospitais e em 100% dos ambulatorios. Como conclusao final, o trabalho tambem permitiu verificar as possibilidades e os limites da acao educativa do Enfermeiro, no campo da Educacao Ambiental. Dentre as recomendacoes feitas, ha a necessidade de que todos os servicos de saude facam parte, imediatamente, do programa de Coleta Especial e Incineracao de residuos da cidade, o que foi constatado em cerca de apenas um terco deles. e preciso, tambem, que os orgaos publicos locais de controle e fiscalizacao dos servicos de saude se reorganizem entre si e integrados com a Universidade, para uma 157 atuacao mais efetiva sobre esses estabelecimentos, em relacao ao gerenciamento dos RSS, destacando-se, assim, a contribuicao da Universidade, nao apenas para com o ensino e pesquisa, mas tambem estendendo seus conhecimentos a sociedade.

O processo de tratamento do efluente de lavanderias industriais gera residuo em forma de lodo, material semi-solido, que devido as suas caracteristicas de composicao, pode ser considerado um residuo de classe II-A, nao perigoso e nao inerte. Esse lodo, de um modo geral, e composto de materia org

A suinocultura e um dos grandes responsaveis pelo desenvolvimento econ

Estudo de caso sobre aplicacao do RCD (Residuos de Construcao e Demolicao), da cidade de Piracicaba Sao Paulo. Estes residuos que sao popularmente chamados de entulhos sao os descartes dos residuos da construcao civil, da demolicao de habitacoes, areas comerciais e industriais. Estima-se que a cidade de Sao Paulo gera cerca de dezessete mil toneladas destes residuos diariamente, representando no Brasil de 41-70 % dos residuos solidos urbanos. Estes residuos, quando nao reutilizados e nao gerenciados, acabam acarretando impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e a saude da populacao, degradando o aspecto visual das cidades, provocando enchentes com o entupimento das tubulacoes de aguas pluviais e com o assoreamento dos rios e corregos. O Conselho do Meio Ambiente, baixou uma resolucao denominada RESOLUcaO CONAMA 307, de 5 de julho de 2002, em que determina a responsabilidade de todos os Municipios e o Distrito Federal, proibindo o descarte do RCD em lixoes, bota-foras ou em aterros sanitarios exigindo a elaboracao de um plano de gerenciamento integrado dos residuos incluindo os de construcao e principalmente sua reciclagem e utilizacao. Este trabalho que e de cunho ambiental, faz uma abordagem sobre estes residuos, uma breve revisao bibliografica sobre sua dimensao e aplicacao em projetos afins, estuda suas caracteristicas fisicas, mec

O gerenciamento dos residuos de servicos de saude (RSS) esta direcionado ao manejo seguro e a orientacao dada aos funcionarios do estabelecimento de saude, visando adequar os procedimentos realizados com as exigencias legais para garantir dois principais objetivos: a segregacao adequada no local onde os RSS sao gerados e a minimizacao do descarte incorreto desses residuos dentro do estabelecimento gerador. O municipio de Sao Carlos gera, atualmente, em torno de 20 toneladas mensais de RSS, sendo que, aproximadamente, 50% dessa quantidade e proveniente do maior estabelecimento que e a Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Carlos. Por isso, o estudo de caso foi realizado neste hospital. O presente trabalho propoe um modelo de avaliacao do gerenciamento de RSS em estabelecimentos de saude com o uso de indicadores de desempenho. A proposta consiste basicamente em identificar esses indicadores, a partir dos dados qualitativos obtidos por entrevistas, cujas respostas foram associadas a escalas numericas e inseridas no programa Statistica para efetuar a Analise Fatorial (AF). Para isso, foi elaborado um roteiro de entrevista especialmente preparado com 29 variaveis de observacao e aplicado a 98 profissionais da saude da Santa Casa de Sao Carlos. Os indicadores de desempenho foram submetidos ao julgamento de especialistas para a sua classificacao em ordem de import

O trabalho realizado teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de pre-concentracao para determinacao de mercurio reativo, ou seja, a fracao de mercurio suscetivel a reducao com cloreto estanoso, utilizando analise em fluxo e deteccao fotometrica, de forma a apresentar vantagens como: boa estabilidade e reprodutibilidade, custo menor em relacao as tecnicas espectrometricas, e execucao automatica de algumas de suas etapas. O mercurio reativo e reduzido por Sn(ll) e arrastado ate um filme de solucao de H2O2 em meio de acido nitrico, formado na superficie interna de um tubo de vidro, que oxida o mercurio metalico, retendo-o como Hg(II). O reagente cromogenico empregado foi o 4-(2-piridilazo)resorcinol (PAR), tendo em vista principalmente a sua solubilidade em meio aquoso. A estabilidade do complexo formado entre o PAR e o mercurio foi investigada mediante a variacao da concentracao dos demais reagentes utilizados (acido nitrico, peroxido de hidrogenio e solucao tampao). Na otimizacao do modulo de pre-concentracao, alem destes estudos, tambem foi avaliado o efeito dos demais par

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O presente projeto propoem-se estudar os indicadores de sustentabilidade para o setor textil. Metodo. A partir do Sinditextil, como estudo de caso, estudam-se os indicadores nas dimensoes econ

A natureza humana pressupoe a sobrevivencia por meio da satisfacao das necessidades basicas de cada individuo, gerando tecnicas mais avancadas de manuseio de recursos naturais e conseq

Determinar a influencia da localizacao geografica das areas utilizadas para disposicao de residuos da construcao civil na cidade de Sao Paulo na captacao destes tendo-se como hipotese que as descargas irregulares de residuos sao persistentes em razao da baixa atratividade das areas publicas oferecidas para sua disposicao. Mediante sondagem de opiniao de transportadores de residuos realizadas em areas de disposicao serao identificados os locais de geracao. A analise dos fluxos permitira relacionar a localizacao da geracao dos residuos e sua destinacao, definindo-se a dist

Em funcao da diversidade dos residuos gerados, a disposicao adequada dos rejeitos de laboratorio e incipiente. Para atender 'as boas praticas de laboratorio e as exigencias legais e mister implementa-la. Para avaliar os procedimentos adotados em tres instituicoes publicas, designadas A, B e C, foram entrevistados 124 analistas de nivel superior e medio, 50 docentes, 14 pos-graduandos e 4 estagiarios de iniciacao cientifica, e responderam a questionario especifico 89 analistas e pos-graduandos. Atraves desses instrumentos, identificou-se os tipos e quantidades de residuos gerados, em situacao de rotina e emergencia; verificou-se, por meio de modelos de regressao logistica, as variaveis associadas a percepcao do corpo funcional quanto ao correto descarte dos residuos gerados e discutiu-se possiveis impactos sobre a saude humana.

Estudar a Implantacao de infra-estruturas de saneamento ambiental (abastecimento de agua, uso de agua pluvial, tratamento de esgoto e residuos solidos) em assentamento rurais, capacitando os agentes envolvidos na busca de solucoes mais sustentaveis, utilizando tecnicas e conceitos da permacultura nos sistemas de saneamento e uso e ocupacao adequados dos lotes, priorizando recursos locais e renovaveis e a participacao das familias no processo de decisao,.

Investigacao sobre aspectos relativos a residuos solidos, com enfase na producao dematerial de divulgacao e capacitacao (assistencia a dist

Estudo de metodos e tecnicas de reciclagem de residuos solidos urbanos, com enfase em materiais plasticos (caracteristicas, misturas, composicao, coletores, produtos reciclados, educacao para reciclagem etc.).

A presente pesquisa compreendeu a biorremediacao ex-situ do solo contaminado com residuos de uma unidade industrial de plastificantes, utilizando reatores aerobios, com microrganismos indigenas e exogenos adaptados atraves da adicao de inoculo retirado da Estacao de Tratamento de Efluentes por Lodos Ativados desta industria. Foram avaliados os plastificantes: DIBP (Di-isobutilftalato), DBP (Dibutilftalato), DEHP (Bis- 2-etilhexilftalato), DIDP (Di-isodecilftalato), DIAP (Di-isoamilftalato) e DOA (dioctiladipato). Foram realizados ensaios preliminares e confirmatorios em escala de laboratorio. Estes ensaios demonstraram a viabilidade da biodegradacao aerobia dos plastificantes, mesmo com altos teores de co-substratos (alcoois), em valores de pH entre 5,5 a 7,81, temperatura de 17 a 30oC, umidade de 35 a 71%, adicao de 5 a 11 gSSV/kg de solo, relacoes carbono: nitrogenio e carbono:fosforo de 60:1 e 300:1, respectivamente. Apos a caracterizacao geotecnica do solo da area de plastificantes em 10 diferentes pontos, foram retiradas as quantidades para a biorremediacao em 8 diferentes pontos (100kg solo/ponto) com os teores de plastificantes compreendidos entre 1 mg/kg solo e 2371 mg/kg solo. Analises mineralogicas, fisicas e quimicas foram realizadas conforme as recomendacoes da EMBRAPA, CETESB e Environmental Protection Agency. No ensaio piloto de biorremediacao, os teores iniciais de plastificantes no solo variaram de 1 a 723mg/kg e apos 120 dias de biodegradacao em reatores aerobios, as eficiencias de remocao foram acima de 50%. Conforme as analises de fingerprint da comunidade bacteriana, ao final do processo, as bacterias presentes no solo eram originarias do lodo e do solo inicial e as analises de CGMS identificaram o metabolito Monoetilhexilftalato (MEHP), alem de outros sub-produtos finais da biodegradacao.

O Polo Cer

O Programa de Aterros Sanitarios em Valas, estabelecido pelos Decretos 44.760 de 13/03/2000 e 45.001 de 27/06/2000, permitiu a celebracao de convenios entre a Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente e os municipios paulistas, para a implantacao de aterros sanitarios de residuos solidos em valas. Ate 2003, foram alocados recursos da ordem de R$ 1,9 milhoes para a elaboracao de projetos e a implantacao de aterros em valas, em municipios com populacao ate 25.000 habitantes. Em consequencia do sucesso do programa, foi criado em 2002, o Fundo Estadual de Prevencao e Controle da Poluicao (FECOP), destinado a aquisicao de caminhoes compactadores, retroescavadeiras e pas carregadeiras. Quatrocentos e sessenta e cinco municipios foram atendidos por este fundo. Como resultado destas acoes, a quantidade de residuos dispostos adequadamente passou de 10,9% em 1997 para 77,0% em 2003..

Neste presente trabalho sera abordado o residuo quimico ativo gerado nos laboratorios da UNICAMP com o desenvolvimento de um inventario da geracao deste residuo e diagnostico de sua atual disposicao. Desta forma, indicar-se-a diretrizes gerais para o seu gerenciamento, visando ao uso sustentavel dos reagentes nos laboratorios e a reducao dos possiveis impactos negativos ao ambiente

elaborar programa de coleta seletiva para toda a area do aeroporto..

Neste trabalho, busca-se implantar um Programa de Minimizacao de Residuo Solido na Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo da UNICAMP. Para isso, serao realizadas caracterizacoes do residuo gerado, anterior e posteriormente a implantacao do programa. No decorrer das caracterizacoes serao identificados a composicao do residuo gerado na FEC, o potencial de minimizacao desse residuo e a eficiencia do programa de coleta seletiva ja existente. Posteriormente a implantacao Programa de Minimizacao, este sera avaliado para proposicao de medidas de otimizacao. Espera-se que, com sucesso esperado, este programa possa ser utilizado como metodologia proposta para as demais unidades de ensino da UNICAMP, atraves da entrega dos resultados ao Grupo de Gestao de Residuos da UNICAMP, ou a C

Neste trabalho tem-se como objetivo primeiro ampliar o conhecimento sobre a geracao de residuo solido urbano e sobre os servicos de limpeza urbana do campus da Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, buscando efetuar novas propostas de aperfeicoamento/melhoria do planejamento e gerenciamento deste residuo e dos servicos de limpeza urbana..

O objetivo deste trabalho foi a elaboracao de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Residuo Solido para o Assentamento Sumare II, localizado no municipio de Sumare, no Estado de Sao Paulo, atraves do diagnostico da situacao do residuo no local, caracterizando-o, bem como avaliando o programa de coleta de residuo desenvolvido na comunidade. Para tanto, foi determinada a composicao gravimetrica e a taxa de residuo gerada na comunidade..

Este estudo abordou o gerenciamento do residuo solido de servico de saude no Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da UNICAMP (HEMOCAMP) - HEMOCENTRO, para se conhecer o funcionamento e a eficiencia do Programa de Gerenciamento de Residuo Solido de Servico de Saude (PGRSSS). A caracterizacao do residuo foi realizada em duas etapas, triagem e quantificacao, em treze semanas, incluindo todas as estacoes do ano. Foi verificada a acao utilizada como programa de educacao aos funcionarios e pacientes..

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiencia da triplice lavagem em embalagens de agrotoxicos, que foram enviadas a Central de Recebimento de Embalagens Vazias, em Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, atraves da analise dos quatro ingredientes ativos mais comercializados nesta regiao, o glifosato, o MSMA, a ametrina e o tebutiurom..

Neste trabalho elaborou-se o historico do residuo solido domestico no Municipio de Ribeirao Preto (SP); e, avaliou-se os metodos de disposicao/tratamento adotados. Foram pesquisadas as leis referentes ao residuo solido domestico, elaboradas pela C

Neste trabalho era para ser desenvolvido um estudo para avaliar o desempenho da co-disposicao de turfa contaminada e residuos solidos urbanos em leiras de compostagem.

Neste trabalho visou-se a avaliar as possibilidades de minimizacao de residuos solidos obtidos a partir da analise de embalagens referentes a produtos constantes da cesta basica nacional. Foram identificadas as embalagens como parte no montante dos residuos solidos domesticos, ressaltando que seu descarte pode acarretar graves alteracoes ambientais; elaborada uma analise socio-juridica, atraves da verificacao da existencia de legislacao nacional sobre embalagens, em todos os seus niveis; federal, estadual, municipal, bem como de legislacao comparada; analisadar a efetividade teorica e pratica da legislacao patria existente, principalmente no tocante a responsabilidade do fabricante, comerciante e consumidor, comerciante e usuario; caracterizadas as embalagens dos produtos constantes da cesta basica; avaliado o potencial de minimizacao das embalagens; e propondo solucoes minimizadoras

O objetivo deste trabalho foi dimensionar o local de armazenagem do residuo solido domestico em condominios verticais, de forma a faze-lo com embasamento tecnico-cientifico e o mais adequado possivel. Este trabalho se mostrou-se necessario, visto que ainda nao existia legislacao, resolucao, nem mesmo normas a respeito e os par

Neste trabalho foi diagnosticado o estado-da-arte da Reciclagem no Brasil, por meio de obtecao de dados sobre os programas de reciclagem de residuos solidos urbanos existentes no Brasil e dados sobre programas de reciclagem existentes no Brasi, na epoca,l para materiais provenientes de residuos solidos urbanos .

Nneste trabalho teve-se como proposta geral, realizar uma metodologia para a elaboracao de um plano de gerenciamento do pneu-residuo. Foram considerados: a educacao ambiental e a preocupacao com o ambiente, visando a estabelecer formas de identificacao de fontes geradoras dos pneus-residuo, formas de quantificacao dos mesmos, bem como as possibilidades de reuso e reciclagem de pneus. Cada uma das opcoes foi verificada buscando-se uma metodologia viavel. Dessa forma elaborou-se um guia para aqueles interessados em trabalhar com o pneu-residuo devido a todas as informacoes que ali contidas com relacao a metodologia a ser utilizada para a elaboracao de um plano de gerenciamento do pneu-residuo, incluindo as possibilidades de reciclagem existentes e possiveis de serem utilizadas. .

Caracterizacao dos residuos domesticos nos predios da administracao e algumas cantinas..

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o potencial de minimizacao do residuo solido domiciliar produzido em municipios pertencentes a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas - RMC. Partiu-se da contextualizacao do problema residuo solido, do ponto de vista energetico, social e ambiental, buscando-se as reais possibilidades de minimizacao e conseq

Neste estudo foram avaliados os sistemas de gerenciamento de residuo solido de doze municipios paulistas, que pela Secretaria do Meio Ambiente / Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental obtiveram a classificacao adequados em seus sistemas de tratamento e disposicao. Em cada municipio, alem da situacao dos aterros sanitarios, foram avaliados outros tipos de tratamento aplicados ao residuo, programas de reciclagem e reuso, os esforcos para a minimizacao de residuo na fonte geradora, inovacoes, experiencias adquiridas, tecnologia desenvolvida, sucessos obtidos e dificuldades encontradas. A quantidade e qualidade dos dados obtidos no local, o manuseio e o confronto dos mesmos, permitiram a elaboracao de recomendacoes para auxiliarem municipios a adequar seus sistemas de tratamento e disposicao de residuo solido e a planejar sistemas, sob responsabilidade das Prefeituras Municipais, de gerenciamento integrado de residuos..

Neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo otimizar a compostagem de residuos de entrepostos de produtos agricolas - CEASA - com estudo de caso em Campinas, estabelecendo a periodicidade de revolvimento das leiras, necessaria a este tipo de residuo,verificando a influencia e propocao da inoculacao dos residuos com chorume proveniente de aterro sanitario e identificando o tipo de microrganismo atuante durante o processo..

Neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo avaliar as condicoes de armazenamento dos materiais reciclaveis provenientes da coleta diferenciada, verificando as formas praticadas para o armazenamento de materiais reciclaveis; pesquisando as formas ideais para recebimento de materiais pelas industrias recicladoras; e, recomendando formas consideradas adequadas, para o acondicionamento e armazenamento de cada tipo de material. .

Projeto Gestao de residuos solidos urbanos nos municipios da Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas foi resultado da parceria entre o Laboratorio Fluxus,o Nucleo de Economia Social, Urbana e Regional NESUR , e a Agencia Metropolitana de Campinas - AGEMCAMP. O objetivo geral do projeto era avaliar as potencialidades para uma gestao socioambiental dos residuos solidos urbanos da Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC).

Implantar um sistema de Coleta Seletiva na universidade Federal do Espirito Santo (ufes) no campus de Maruipe , visando o aprimoramento do plano de gerenciamento de residuos solidos no setor de Saude(PGRSSS).

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Projeto n.7537. Este projeto visa proporcionar alternativas tecnicas e economicamente viaveis para a reciclagem dos residuos gerados no consumo do coco verde, com agregacao de valor ao produto e ao trabalho. Amplamente comercializado nas cidades litor

Um dos principais problemas brasileiros da admistracao publica municipal e a questao do tratamento e destino final do lixo urbano. Em geral, por falta de conhecimento, as prefeituras nao sabem como lidar com o problema dos residuos solidos, resultando na formacao de lixoes e vazadouros a ceu aberto que contaminam o solo, ar e recursos hidricos, afetando a saude e a qualidade de vida da populacao. Mais recentemente, pela acao do Ministerio Publico e dos ogaos Estaduais de Controle Ambiental, o problema dos lixoes tem sido fiscalizado e vem gerando processos judiciais contra os prefeitos. Mesmo assim, a eficacia da simples cobranca estatal e a formallizacao de Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) nao tem sido eficazes na busca de uma solucao adequada para o problema. Na verdade, a solucao nao pode ser simplesmente juridica, faz-se necessario ter conhecimento tecnologico para solucionar os problemas de poluicao causados pelos lixoes. Nesse sentido, a biotecnologia dispoe de ferramentas adequadas com custos acessiveis, capazes de serem utilizadas pelos municipios. Uma destas ferramentas e a biorremediacao, que e o uso de microrganismos naturais na decomposicao ou biodegradacao dos residuos. Nesse processo, os residuos sao dispostos em celulas de aterramento, similiar a tecnica de aterro sanitario, e sao decompostos por acao de microrganismos anaerobios, (microrganismos que vivem na ausencia de ar) tranformando a materia org

A decomposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos em areas utilizadas como deposito final, normalmente representadas pelos lixoes e aterros controlados, tem contribuido negativamente para poluicao ambiental. A decomposicao desses residuos gera grande quantidade de liquidos percolados conhecidos como chorume ou lixiviados, os quais geralmente contem elevada concentracao de materia org

Neste estudo houve o desenvolvimento metodologico e a definicao de criterios especificos para selecao de areas potenciais para disposicao de residuos. Considerou-se uma abordagem em carater regional (escala 1:100.000), baseada na analise e interpretacao de imagens de satelite, e que permitisse a otimizacao de tempo, de recursos humanos e financeiros. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplicada a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas, a qual inclui dezoito municipios e uma superficie de 3.345 km . A elaboracao da metodologia proposta considerou as caracteristicas geoambientais que possam interferir tanto nas condicoes de seguranca de um empreendimento de recebimento de residuos, como tambem na manutencao da qualidade ambiental da regiao circunvizinha a ele. Assim, foram estudados quatro aspectos fundamentais envolvidos na gestao de residuos: socio-politicos, fisiograficos, hidrogeologicos, e climaticos. Apos o levantamento e analise dos elementos de interesse para o estudo, foram definidas classes de caracteristicas e de propriedades consideradas: eliminatorias (determinam areas que devam ser descartadas para o uso pretendido) e restritivas (possibilitam a hierarquizacao de areas potenciais com maior ou menor restricao ao uso pretendido). Assim, e possivel priorizar ou planejar estudos de detalhe que subsidiem a definicao do tipo de obra mais adequado e de levantamentos e investigacoes necessarios para viabilizar a implantacao de um empreendimento.as informacoes produzidas e levantadas estao associados sete mapas: de aspectos socio-politicos; geologico; de compartimentacao fisiografica; de suscetibilidade a processos de erosao, escorregamentos e inundacoes; de vulnerabilidade natural dos aq

O municipio de Sumare (SP) tinha, na epoca dos levantamentos, uma producao diaria de lixo domestico de 80 toneladas, dispunha este residuo no aterro sanitario do municipio vizinho, entao no limite de sua capacidade, e necessitava implantar um aterro na area de seu municipio. O estudo, realizado em escala 1:25.000, teve como objetivo avaliar o meio fisico do municipio, visando a selecao de areas favoraveis a instalacao de um aterro sanitario. Foram consideradas favoraveis as seguintes caracteristicas: litologias com baixa permeabilidade, grande espessura e sem estruturas rupteis; nivel d'agua profundo; aq

Os residuos solidos ou lixo, se constituem na atualidade, como um dos grandes problemas da sociedade moderna. No contexto da geracao, tratamento e disposicao final dos residuos solidos, como qualquer atividade humana, os estabelecimentos prestadores de servicos de saude geram residuos solidos, considerados perigosos. Consciente dessa situacao e de algum modo tentando contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o tema, propomos este projeto de trabalho cujos objetivos sao: 1. contribuir com uma metodologia de organizacao e verificacao de gerenciamento atraves de planejamento e levantamento de inventario (identificacao, classificacao, estudo de segregacao, quantificacao e caracterizacao) e tecnicas de monitorizacao de riscos no manuseio de R.S.S. e 2. Avaliar o potencial da operacao de secagem, como uma metodologia alternativa de tratamento de correntes segregadas de R.S.S., Grupo A (CONAMA, 1993), no qual serao contemplados estudos relacionados ao estado da arte, equipamento e processo..

Este projeto tem como objetivo o estudo da remocao, por adsorcao, de metais pesados de efluentes contaminados, mais especificamente o zinco, niquel e chumbo, utilizando-se um processo de leito fluidizado e tendo como solido adsorvente, uma zeolita sintetica. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho serao realizados as seguintes etapas: - Determinacao das condicoes fluidodin

O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa e formular um indice que avalie a qualidade da gestao de residuos solidos urbanos, com base em um modelo multicriterial, fundamentado na estrategia geral de gestao..

Este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades finais do PVC reciclado antes e apos tratamento a plasma com hexafluoreto de enxofre, bem como verificar um possivel aumento da reatividade do PET em sistema aquoso apos o tratamento a plasma com ar atmosferico.

Este projeto teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da reciclagem em propriedades finais de composto de PVC proveninente de tubos de esgoto recuperados de aterro de residuos da construcao civil..

Este projeto tem como objetivo a otimizacao da reciclagem quimica de PET por meio de Hidrolise Neutra, apos tornar a superficie do polimero mais hidrofilica a partir de tratamento com plasmas.

Este projeto tem como objetivo verificar a influencia da reciclagem mec

Este projeto tem como objetivo a proposicao e otimizacao de uma etapa alternativa no processo convencional de reciclagem de PET-sigla em ingles de Poli(tereftalato de etileno), o plastico das garrafas de refrigerante- que permita obter um produto final com maior valor agregado

Este projeto teve como objetivo a simulacao de um processo de compostagem aerobia da fracao de materia org

Este projeto tem como objetivo basico a realizacao de uma caracterizacao dos residuos solidos urbanos de Indaiatuba, detalhando-a o mais possivel para que sejam obtidos subsidios sobre as reais potencialidades de reciclagem de cada material, em termos de quantidade e qualidade

Este projeto apresenta uma proposta de pesquisa sobre residuos solidos domesticos, especificamente no levantamento da potencialidade de reciclagem de residuos plasticos. Propoe-se a realizacao de um diagnostico da producao, importacao, exportacao, consumo aparente e descarte de plasticos no pais. Ainda, sera tracado um perfil da industria recicladora de plasticos, buscando para isso dados nacionais, estaduais e do municipio de Sorocaba. Assim, pretende-se ter subsidios para conhecer melhor essa industria, suas deficiencias tecnologicas e potencialidades mercadologicas e assim tracar projecoes sobre as tendencias da mesma. Realizado, este levantamento sera a base para os estudos sobre residuos solidos a serem desenvolvidos futuramente na Unidade Diferenciada Sorocaba/Ipero

Ha mais de cem anos as baterias de chumbo-acido sao fabricadas e utilizadas como fonte de energia em automoveis e atividades que necessitam de energia ininterrupta. Com a diminuicao das reservas naturais e o aumento da demanda por baterias, a reciclagem passou a ter um papel fundamental. Residuos gerados a partir do processo de obtencao e reciclagem de chumbo podem ser adicionados ao ambiente, contaminando o ar, a agua e o solo, sendo que o chumbo e um metal altamente toxico que provoca uma doenca chamada saturnismo ou plumbismo. O Brasil e o maior consumidor de chumbo da America Latina, cerca de 120000 toneladas/ano, e possui grande capacidade de reciclagem. O processo de reciclagem e constituido de varias etapas: separacao, classificacao e recuperacao do chumbo metalico.Apos a trituracao da bateria e separacao dos componentes, os nao metalicos sao classificados e preparados para reciclagem ou armazenados adequadamente. A sucata metalica de chumbo, composta de chumbo metalico, oxidos e sulfato de chumbo, e submetida a um processo de reducao a uma temperatura de 1000oC, em fornos verticais (blast furnace), fornos de reverberacao ou fornos rotativos. O objetivo deste projeto e analisar o processo de reciclagem de baterias, identificar as possiveis vias de contaminacao, quantificar as emissoes de poluentes para o ar, o solo e a agua e produzir alguns indicadores ambientais de emissoes do processo.

Residuos de Equipamentos Eletricos e Eletr

Pesquisa que embasou a Tese de Doutoramento, realizada em area contaminada por residuos industriais de processo galvanoplastico (Municipio de Guararema-SP), onde foram afetados os elementos: - a agua de mananciais superficiais (pocos de abastecimento domiciliar) e do aq

Estudo realizado por equipe multidisciplinar em aprceria interinstitucional e desenvolvido a partir de uma amostra aleatoria de tres hospitais gerais de medio porte do municipio de Sao Paulo, com objetivo de quantificar e carcterizar os residuos gerados em seis setores definidos como mais relevantes para o projeto. O estudo envolveu uma abordagem introdutoria de caracter informativo e educacional junto aos hospitais, a segregacao interna dos residuos por setor, procedimentos de amostragem, analises fisicas no local, analises quimicas e biologicas em laboratorios especificos e a discussao e validacao dos resultados, considerando-se aspectos de risco a saude da populacao exposta. Esta pesquisa embasou a Dissertacao de Mestrado sob o titulo: Gerenciamento de Residuos de Servicos de Saudec a carcterizacao como instrumento basico para abordagem do problema.

We present a case report of a young male patient, with a bilateral vesico renal reflux. The urodynamic study findings suggested the possibility of a non-neurogenic bladder-external spincter dissinergya producing a valuable residual volume. After biofeedback treatment, the dissinergia disappeaed, but residual volume persisted. The videourodynamic assessment allowed us the accurate diagnosis of a false residual volume, produced by the voiding of the refluxed urine from the ureters into the bladder.

The work was performed in the municipal district of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro State and had as objective to obtain information on the contents of chemical forms of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil Gleissolo pouco humico treated with composted urban residues, and the concentrations in the leaves and fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Three areas with different land use history were used: area that received doses of 40 t.ha^-1 of composted of urban solid residue (CRSU) in the surface for eleven consecutive years

New occurrences of complex gold copper ores have been found recently in which gold is associated with high grades of copper minerals. The conventional cyanidation process becomes unfeasible due to copper dissolution in sodium cyanide solutions, which increases the leach reagent consumption. This fact justifies efforts in researching on innovative technological routes for developing a feasible and economical process, able to maximize the metals and cyanide recovery. One of the alternatives involves a pre-treatment stage to extract copper minerals prior to the cyanidation stage. Sulfuric acid leaching was studied, throughout the application of a statistical approach, to determine the optimum experimental conditions to achieve the maximum copper dissolution for lgarape Bahia gold copper ore (Mendes, 1999). The sulfuric acid residue presented 1.76g/t of gold and 0.52% of copper. This experimental work aimed at studying the feasibility of alkaline cyanide leaching of this sulfuric acid residue for gold recovery. The copper remaining in the sulfuric acid leach tailings was extracted in a large extent (67%) in the cyanidation stage, and gold was 94% extracted under these conditions. Copper in the metallic form (0.30%) was completely dissolved and iron cyanide complexes, as well as cyanate and thiocyanate composites, were formed contributing to the high cyanide consumption.

No abstract available

Several Marlim vacuum residue (VR) hydroconversion experiments were conducted in a batch reactor with changing temperature, time and catalyst mass (NiMo/

The dynamic of ruminal fermentation of corn crop residue (CCR) after treatment with sodium hydroxide (TII) or non treated CCR (TI), both supplemented with urea, as the only food source given to sheep was studied. The fermentation rate of dry matter using nylon bags was the same for both diets, and turnover rate was lower in TI. In ruminal liquid, fatty acid concentration, as function of fermentation time, was similar in both treatments. In TII the N-NH₃ concentration was lower than in TI.

The aim of this work was to determine the nutritive value of corn crop residue (CCR) treated chemically with sodium hydroxide (TII) or non treated CCR (TI), both supplemented with urea for ruminants. Dry matter digestibilities were 55.53% in TI and 60.34% in TII. Digestive energy intake were 124.27kcal/day/kg^0.75 in TI and 148.13kcal/day/kg^0.75 in TII.

[No abstract available

No abstract available

The influence of pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cu(II) concentration and contact time on the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by the batch adsorption technique using waste tire rubber ash as a low-cost adsorbent was investigated. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 2 h at pH 4-6, the optimum for the adsorption of Cu(II) ions. A dose of 1.5 g/L of adsorbent was sufficient for the optimum removal of copper ions. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the corresponding sorption constants were evaluated. The adsorption kinetics data were fitted by a first-order equation. The cost of removal is expected to be quite low, as the adsorbent is cheap and easily available in large quantities. The present study showed that waste tire rubber ash was capable of removing copper ions from industrial wastewater samples.

During reclamation the water associated with the runoff or groundwater flushing from dry stackable tailings technologies may become available to the reclaimed environment within an oil sands lease. Here we evaluate the performance of the emergent macrophyte, common reed (Phragmites australis), grown in chemically amended mature fine tailings (MFT) and simulated runoff/seepage water from different MFT drying treatments. The present study also investigated the phytotoxicity of the concentration of oil sands naphthenic acids (NAs) in different MFT drying chemical treatments, in both planted and unplanted systems. We demonstrate that although growth was reduced, the emergent macrophyte common reed was capable of growing in diluted unamended MFT runoff, as well as in diluted runoff from MFT amended with either 0.25% lime and gypsum or 0.5% gypsum. Common reed can thus assist in the dewatering process of oil sands MFT. However, simulated runoff or seepage waters from chemically amended and dried MFT were phytotoxic, due to combined levels of salts, naphthenic acids and pH. Phytoremediation of runoff water/ground water seepage from dry-land applied MFT will thus require pre-treatment in order to make conditions more favorable for plant growth.

Thermodynamic data for palladium(II) in Pd2sup>-OH ^--ClO₄^- system were obtained through critical Estudos and reinterpretations of literature data using the Bra

Degradation of leather industry wastewater by sole aerobic treatment incorporating Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Fenton's reagents, and combined treatment was investigated in this study. The sole treatment by Fenton's oxidation involving the introduction of 6g FeSO(4) and 266 g H(2)O(2) in a liter of wastewater at pH of 3.5 and 30 degrees C for 30 min at batch conditions reduced COD, BOD(5), sulfide, total chromium and color up to 69%, 72%, 88%, 5%, 100% and T. ferrooxidans alone showed maximum reduction to an extent of 77, 80, 85, 52, 89, respectively, in 21 d treatment at pH 2.5, FeSO(4) 16 g/L and temperature of 30 degrees C. The combined treatment at batch conditions involving 30 min chemical treatment by Fenton's oxidation followed by 72 h biochemical treatment by T. ferrooxidans at batch conditions gave rise up to 93%, 98%, 72%, 62% and 100% removal efficiencies of COD, BOD, sulfide, chromium and color at pH of 2.5 and 30 degrees C. Decrease in photo absorption of the Fenton's reagent treated samples, as compared to the banks, at 280, 350 and 470 nm wave lengths was observed. This may be the key factor for stimulating the biodegradation by T. ferrooxidans. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Botanical Garden lies within the city of Palermo, a few meters away from one of the largest unused Manufacturing Gas Plant in Sicily. The total concentrations of PAHs (23 compounds) in the soil of Botanical Garden ranged from 947 to 18,072 µg/kg. The wide range of PAH concentrations (RSD = 84%) found in the soil samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in the area and this can be explained by considering the different tree distributions which prevents the homogeneous deposition of pollutants on the soil. Soils collected in the Botanical Garden generally showed the highest PAH concentrations, being almost 2-3 times higher than the concentration samples obtained in the urban reference sites and about 20 times higher than those in the rural stations. The total PAH concentrations, in the Botanical Garden soil, resulted higher than the maximum concentrations allowed by the Italian legislation for the green areas. Perylene, was found in all the stations. From a careful study of the isomeric ratios, we can hypothesize that the soils of the Botanical Garden are mainly affected by localized MGP particulate deposition, suggesting that the partitioning between organic matter and PAHs is not the dominant process in the soils with higher organic matter content. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In aqueous systems, chromium usually exists in both trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states, being Cr(VI) of particular importance and concern due to its great toxicity. Industrial sources of Cr(VI) are leather tanning, mining of chrome ore, production of steel and alloys, etc. The most common conventional method for Cr(VI) removal is reduction to Cr(III) at pH 2.0 and precipitation of Cr (OH)(3) with lime at pH 9-10. The disadvantage of precipitation is the disposal of the solid waste. Adsorption of Cr by different low cost materials seems to be a suitable choice for wastewater treatment. Many by-products of agriculture have proved to be suitable low cost adsorbents for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) removal from water. Lignocellulosic residues, which include both wood residues and agricultural residues, have adsorption capacity comparable to other natural sorbents, but they have the advantage of very low or no cost, great availability and simple operational process. This study is a Estudo of the recent literature on the use of natural and modified lignocellulosic residues for Cr adsorption. The Cr maximum adsorption capacity and the adsorption mechanism under different experimental conditions are reported when possibly. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Watershed of Beysehir Lake, with an overall surface area of 88 750 ha, was selected as the case study area, since it is under the pressure of potential pollutants arising from human-induced activities such as settlements, insufficient infrastructure, agricultural activities and excessive water traffic due to fishery boats. Even though the study area surrounding Beysehir Lake is ecologically vulnerable and taken under protection as a national park

A model of a waste water treatment plant is investigated. The model is described by a nonlinear system of two differential equations with one bounded control. An optimal control problem of minimizing concentration of the polluted water on the given time interval is stated and solved analytically with the use of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle and Green's Theorem. Computer simulations of a model of an industrial waste water treatment plant show the advantage of using our optimal strategy. Possible applications are discussed. © 2010 E. V. Grigorieva and E. N. Khailov.

Human gene therapy is currently seeing an increase in the use of plasmid (pDNA)-based vectors as a preferred choice of vehicle for delivery of the therapeutic gene into the body. In this regard, the environmental impacts of the waste streams from the possible industrial scale manufacture of pDNA require more detailed assessment. In this study, an initial assessment was made of the nutrient phosphorus (P) inputs to four fermentation processes recommended for the industrial scale production of pDNA for the purposes of gene therapy. Phosphorus inputs to each of the four selected fermentation processes ranged from approximately 60 mg l^-1 up to 3000 mg l^-1 in the fresh media. However, the spent media waste from each of the processes exhibited only a minor reduction in the phosphorus concentrations indicating minimal uptake of P by the microorganisms. This unutilised excess level of phosphorus nutrient within the waste streams poses a strong potential for environmental impact. Waste minimisation studies were undertaken on one model fermentation process with the aim of reducing unnecessary phosphorus input. An optimised media containing a 98% reduction in added P to the media was developed. This phosphorus-minimised media had little quantitative effect upon cell biomass produced and no effect upon the quantity or quality of pDNA produced, relative to the control media. The reduction in P requirement results in an overall cost savings of 12% per fermentation batch, would simplify subsequent wastewater treatment and would contribute to slowing the depletion rate of a valuable, finite natural resource. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

⁹⁰Sr is one of the major isotopes present in the low level radioactive liquid waste (LLW) generated during operation of nuclear reactors and spent fuel reprocessing plants. A composite ion exchange material consisting of hydrous manganese oxide and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) was developed for removal of strontium from aqueous radioactive waste. The prepared composite material showed very good strontium adsorption properties in aqueous solutions. Sorption of strontium on the composite material as a function of pH, equilibration time and strontium ion concentrations were studied. The process of sorption of strontium from solution was analysed using different isotherm models like Langmuir, D-R and Freundlich. Four different error functions were employed to find out the most suitable isotherm model to represent the experimental data and it was found that Freundlich model best fits the sorption of strontium on the composite material. Analysis of the data obtained from the sorption kinetics studies showed that the data fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Lab scale column performance study of the composite material revealed that the material could be effectively used in column operations to remove strontium from LLW solutions. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study was conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals in two different contaminated field soils, and to assess its influence on remedial performance. The two field soils were obtained from two different polluted industrial sites in the Metropolitan Chicago area and were characterized for physical and chemical properties. The soils were referred to as silty sand and silty clay, based on their pArtigo-size distribution. A five-step sequential liquid-solid extraction procedure was used to speciate the heavy metals into: (1) easily exchangeable

The rising quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) around the world necessitates new approaches for sustainable management of this waste stream. One strategy for managing this waste stream is the use of e-waste mono disposal landfills, or monofills, as temporary storage for future mining. E-waste monofills can be a sustainable waste management solution. However, lifecycle costs must be considered to determine if e-waste monofills are feasible alternatives. The lifecycle cost of e-waste monofilling depends on a variety of different variables, including the configuration of the containment system and discretionary operational considerations. Classification of e-waste as hazardous waste suggests that a RCRA Subtitle C-compliant (hazardous waste landfill) containment system should be employed. However, available data indicates that a RCRA Subtitle D-compliant (municipal solid waste landfill) containment systems should provide more than adequate environmental protection. Discretionary landfill operational decisions that may impact lifecycle cost include processing e-waste prior to placement and/or placement of the e-waste in a soil matrix. Ultimately, the feasibility of e-waste monofilling depends upon the potential value assigned to future recovery.

The three-level management syste m on municipalsolid waste treatment which are the source, middle and end treatment methods in Beijing are introduced in this paper, three waste handle workflows which are waste transfer station, refuse derived fuel and composting workflow about these methods are also shown. All of these treatment methods should be fully used to rationally and economically develop the municipal solid waste resource and the threelevel management system is proved to be efficient in municipal solid waste treatment in Beijing. © 2010 IEEE.

The search of a sustainable development for the industry can only be understood from a global approach which takes account of both the industrial activity and the product. Industrial activity needs adding new systems to the production process that minimize its impact reducing the consumption of resources and atmospheric emissions. The product must incorporate sustainable features such as the capacity to be recycled and/or valorised throuhgout its life cycle and, so, being reintroduced again in the industrial activity. This way, product turns into the cornerstone of a closed circuit production system that involves all industrial sectors in recycling products and waste and minimizes the frootprint of the process. Cement sector must continue insisting on the development of recycling of cementicious maerials and also on the recycling of materials during its production, and, especially, we must continue studying in depth the relationship between Life Cycle and recycling, which will provide the sector with a methodology and with useful tools to reduce the environmental impact. Therefore, the sector is making efforts for achieving an industry in closed circuit, in which materials and energy are re-used, minimizing to the maximum its affection to the environment. At the same time, we are working on the conceptualizing of this production model that involves all the industrial sectors in material recycling. As a reuslt of this commitment, cement industry has signed aggrement of colaboration with FER and Sigrauto to use vehicles out of use and with UNESID to valorise steel waste and also the project Pressure for a global management of industrial waste.

Passive treatment of landfill leachate is an enticing option for landfill sites since efficient treatment of the leachate generated can continue after the landfill closes and is no longer receiving waste (therefore not generating a profit). Treatment performance in these systems is affected by regional climate and therefore site-specific research needs to be considered for each treatment system design. This three-phase treatability study was designed to determine a pretreatment system that would minimize the size of the subsequent passive treatment system, and to evaluate various passive treatment technologies at both the bench and pilot scales. The results from this treatability study will be used to support the use of passive treatment systems for landfill leachate mitigation in North Bay, as well as serving as a template for other sites in the northern Ontario climate looking to implement passive treatment of landfill leachate. © 2010 ASCE.

The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a uranium enrichment facility built in the mid-1950s in western Kentucky. Many thousands of people over several generations have been employed at, or in activities devoted to, the PGDP. Over the years, the plant has also generated significant nuclear and industrial contamination. This contamination is composed of various surface disposal activities, such as burial grounds, which have resulted in multiple potential sites across the plant grounds, and in surface and subsurface water contamination, the extent and full nature of which is still subject to ongoing research and monitoring. Because of this, the PGDP retains a joint legacy as a regional economic engine and a major source of environmental contamination and worker exposure. Because of advances in the technology of uranium enrichment, however, there are expectations that the plant eventually will be decommissioned. This will result in dramatic impacts on the region's economy and encourage the pursuit of replacement activities for the site. This, in turn, will highlight the complications arising from various sorts of contamination, as well as the strategies for mitigating them. Thus, envisioning a future for the plant site is a complex decision making process involving a wide range of variables that interact with each other in intricate and not altogether-understood ways. Proactively involving the affected community in a productive way is the challenge. © 2010 ASCE.

Electromagnetic filters (EMFs) can be effectively used for the cleaning of both industrial and domestic disposals such as waste water having low concentration and micron size of dispersed pArtigos that show magnetic characteristics. In this work, we investigated the effect of some parameters of the filtration process, external magnetic field density, size of the filter matrix elements, filter length, filtration velocity, viscosity of the suspension, and number of the cycle on the separation efficiency of micron-sized pArtigos that can be magnetized in an external magnetic field. It has been found that filtration efficiency decreased with increasing filtration velocity and suspension viscosity. Furthermore, the filter matrix elements geometry, pH value of the medium, and number of the cycling processes affected the cleaning efficiency. Recycling the suspension to the filter body allowed the cleaning process to be made in a smaller filter size with a high quality factor. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Two things are needed for any technology to be suitable for use in the industry, viz. 1. Technical feasibility and 2. Economical feasibility. The use of ultrasound for waste water treatment has been shown to be technically feasible by numerous reports in the literature over the years. But there are hardly any exhaustive reports which address the issue of economical feasibility of the use of ultrasound for waste water treatment on industrial scale. Hence an attempt was made to estimate the cost for the waste water treatment using ultrasound. The costs have been calculated for 1000 L/min capacity treatment plant. The costs were calculated based upon the rate constants for pollutant degradation. The pollutants considered were phenol, trichloroethylene (TCE) and reactive azo dyes. Time required for ninety percent degradation of pollutant was taken as the residence time. The amount of energy required to achieve the target degradation was calculated from the energy density (watt/ml) used in the treatability study. The cost of treatment was calculated by considering capital cost and operating cost involved for the waste water treatment. Quotations were invited from vendors to ascertain the capital cost of equipments involved and operating costs were calculated based on annual energy usage. The cost was expressed in dollars per 1000 gallons of waste water treated. These treatment costs were compared with other established Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) technologies. The cost of waste water treatment for phenol was in the range of $89 per 1000 gallons for UV/US/O₃ to $15,536 per 1000 gallons for US alone. These costs for TCE were in the range of $25 per 1000 gallons to $91 for US + UV treatment and US alone, respectively. The cost of waste water treatment for reactive azo dyes was in the range of $65 per 1000 gallon for US + UV + H₂O₂ to $14,203 per 1000 gallon for US alone. This study should help in quantifying the economics of waste water treatment using ultrasound on industrial scale. We strongly believe that this study will immensely help the researchers working in the area of applications of ultrasound for waste water treatment in terms of where the technology stands today as compared to other available commercial AOP technologies. This will also help them think for different ways to improve the efficiency of using ultrasound or search for other ways of generating cavitation which may be more efficient and help reduce the cost of treatment in future. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A rapid and effective preconcentration method for extraction of rhodamine 6G was developed by using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) prior to UV-vis spectrophotometry. In this extraction method, a suitable mixture of acetone (disperser solvent) and chloroform (extractant solvent) was injected rapidly into a conical test tube containing aqueous solution of rhodamine 6G. Therefore, a cloudy solution was formed. After centrifugation of the cloudy solution, sedimented phase was evaporated, reconstituted with methanol and measured by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Different operating variables such as type and volume of extractant solvent, type and volume of disperser solvent, pH of the sample solution, salt concentration and extraction time were investigated. The optimized conditions (extractant solvent: 300µL of chloroform, disperser solvent: 3mL of acetone, pH: 8 and without salt addition) resulted in a linear calibration graph in the range of 5-900ngmL^-1 of rhodamine 6G in initial solution with R²=0.9988 (n=5). The Limits of detection and quantification were 2.39 and 7.97ngmL^-1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 50 and 250ngmL^-1 of rhodamine 6G in water were 2.88% and 1.47% (n=5), respectively. Finally, the DLLME method was applied for determination of rhodamine 6G in different industrial waste waters. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The recycling of mineral wastes is considered today an activity of utmost importance, contributing in the diversification of products, reduction of final costs, besides promoting alternative raw materials for some industrial sectors. This work focuses on the incorporation of steatite wastes in cementitious composites. A full design of experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of the experimental factors: fraction and pArtigo size of steatite and compaction pressures (10 and 30 MPa) on the mechanical properties of the ceramic composites. The increase of the steatite fraction provided an increase of the bulk density and apparent porosity of the composites. Large pArtigos of steatite provided an increase of the apparent porosity decreasing the mechanical strength. The increase of the pressing compaction decreased the apparent porosity, increasing the bulk density and the mechanical strength of the composites. © RILEM 2009.

Currently in the US, over 97% of food waste is estimated to be buried in landfills. There is nonetheless interest in strategies to divert this waste from landfills as evidenced by a number of programs and policies at the local and state levels, including collection programs for source separated organic wastes (SSO). The objective of this study was to characterize the state-of-the-practice of food waste treatment alternatives in the US and Canada. Site visits were conducted to aerobic composting and two anaerobic digestion facilities, in addition to meetings with officials that are responsible for program implementation and financing. The technology to produce useful products from either aerobic or anaerobic treatment of SSO is in place. However, there are a number of implementation issues that must be addressed, principally project economics and feedstock purity. Project economics varied by region based on landfill disposal fees. Feedstock purity can be obtained by enforcement of contaminant standards and/or manual or mechanical sorting of the feedstock prior to and after treatment. Future SSO diversion will be governed by economics and policy incentives, including landfill organics bans and climate change mitigation policies. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The degradation of organic compounds found in municipal solid waste (MSW) under the anaerobic landfill conditions produces gas and liquid emissions that can protract well into the landfill after-care period. The European Landfill Directives regulate the amount and nature of the organic compounds disposed into landfills. In South Africa and other developing countries, MSW is still landfilled without any kind of pre-treatment. This paper presents a pilot project of mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT) in South Africa implemented at municipal level in the city of Durban using passively aerated open windrows. Based on case studies from Austria, England and South Africa, a waste minimisation model which can facilitate full-scale implementation of MBWT in developing countries is presented. MSW was treated in open windrows for 8weeks. Composting temperature reached a maximum of 65°C in less than 10days. The results of eluate tests on waste samples from the windrows at the end of composting show a reduction of BOD₅ and BOD₅/COD ratios equal to 35.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The percent waste composition of the treated MSW was 28.3% putrescibles, 17.4% garden refuse, 13.3% plastic, 12.4% fabrics, 12% paper and other elements. The waste composition shows that more than 40% of un-treated organic material and also more than 40% non-biodegradable and recyclable materials are still landfilled without any form of biological treatment or resource recovery. A simple wet and dry waste collection model can promote recycling, treatment of biological waste before landfilling, resource recovery, labour intensive jobs and hence sustainable landfilling in the South African scenario as well as in similar developing countries. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Municipal solid waste management is a complex and multidisciplinary problem, involving a number of impact factors associated with various uncertainties. In this study, a hybrid interval-parameter possibilistic programming (IPP) approach was developed and applied for planning municipal solid waste management under dual uncertainties. The IPP improves upon the existing management approaches by allowing possibility distributions of the lower and upper bounds of some interval parameters in the objective function and interval information in the modelling coefficients to be effectively incorporated within its optimization. By introducing the concept of possibilistic interval numbers, the dual uncertainties can be communicated into the optimization process and the resulting solutions, such that the generated decision schemes can effectively reflect the highly complex system features under uncertainty. The results of the case study indicate that useful information can be obtained for providing feasible decision schemes for waste flow allocation. Different decision schemes can be generated by adjusting waste flow allocation patterns within the solution intervals. Lower decision variable values should be used to obtain lower system cost of waste treatment and disposal under advantageous conditions, and higher decision variable values should be used under demanding conditions (worst case conditions). A strong desire to acquire the lower system cost will lead to the decreased probability of meeting the treatment and disposal requirements (i.e. the increased risk of unforeseen conditions)

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000. ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000. ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000. ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304. ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6. ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

This Artigo is based on a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) that was performed on a radioactive waste disposal area within the Western New York Nuclear Service Center in western New York State. The QRA results were instrumental in the decision by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority to support a strategy of in-place management of the disposal area for another decade. The QRA methodology adopted for this first of a kind application was a scenario-based approach in the framework of the triplet definition of risk (scenarios, likelihoods, consequences). The measure of risk is the frequency of occurrence of different levels of radiation dose to humans at prescribed locations. The risk from each scenario is determined by (1) the frequency of disruptive events or natural processes that cause a release of radioactive materials from the disposal area

Mixtures of sand and bentonite will be used as bentonite-based backfill materials for high-level radioactive waste repositories. They are also used in Japan as artificial barriers in disposal facilities for low-level radioactive waste. Very low hydraulic conductivity of the sand-bentonite mixture is expected to keep wastes separated from the surrounding environment. Some researchers have investigated hydraulic conductivities of sand-bentonite materials at different dry densities and at different mass ratios of sand and bentonite to design and develop specifications of the materials described above.However, the function of low permeability of those materials is degraded by the altered hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures after swelling deformation. This study investigates experimentally hydraulic conductivity changes before and after swelling for sand-bentonite materials. Furthermore, results confirm the applicability of theoretical equations for evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of compacted bentonites and sand-bentonite mixtures, which have already been proposed in Komine (2008), by comparing calculated results and experimental results. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The feasibility of using ion-exchange resins to sep arate cobalt and antimony from zirconium in acid solu tions was investigated. The distribution coefficients of zirconium, cobalt, and antimony on strong cation and anion exchangers in HC1 and oxalic acid media were determined. The mass effect of zirconium on the distri bution coefficients of cobalt and antimony was studied. The isotherm for zirconium was obtained in HCI solu tion. The distribution coefficient and isotherm data were used to develop ion-exchange processes for separation of cobalt and antimony from zirconium in the linear and nonlinear regions of the isotherm. A decontamination factor of more than 10³ was achieved in a single ion- exchange cycle with respect to both cobalt and antimony. Two cycles of ion exchange will bring down the activity to acceptable levels for processing of irradiated zirco nium as well as achieve a significant reduction in the waste volume. This is the first paper on separation of ⁶⁰Co and ¹²⁵Sb from zirconium for radioactive waste management.

The effects of rice husk, sawdust and rice bran on the composting process of food waste were studied in a 180-L laboratory composter based on a mixture experimental design. Linear and quadratic models of seven important process characteristics (composting and acidification times, lowest and final pH values, highest temperature, the water-soluble organic carbon to water-soluble organic nitrogen (C_OW/N_OW ratio), and the water-soluble organic carbon to total organic nitrogen (C_OW/N_OT) ratio) in terms of fractional compositions of bulking agents as well as the water absorption capacity and the free air space of the composting matrix were developed. © 2010.

Cement-based grout plays a significant role in the design and performance of nuclear waste repositories: used correctly, it can enhance their safety. However, the high water-to-binder ratios, which are required to meet the desired workability and injection ability at early age, lead to high porosity that may affect the durability of this material and undermine its long-term geochemical performance. In this paper, a new methodology is presented in order to help the process of mix design which best meets the compromise between these two conflicting requirements. It involves the combined use of the computer programs CEMHYD3D for the generation of digital-image-based microstructures and CrunchFlow, for the reactive transport calculations affecting the materials so simulated. This approach is exemplified with two grout types, namely, the so-called Standard mix 5/5, used in the upper parts of the structure, and the low-pH P308B, to be injected at higher depths. The results of the digital reconstruction of the mineralogical composition of the hardened paste are entirely logical, as the microstructures display high degrees of hydration, large porosities and low or nil contents of aluminium compounds. Diffusion of solutes in the pore solution was considered to be the dominant transport process. A single scenario was studied for both mix designs and their performances were compared. The reactive transport model adequately reproduces the process of decalcification of the C-S-H and the precipitation of calcite, which is corroborated by empirical observations. It was found that the evolution of the deterioration process is sensitive to the chemical composition of groundwater, its effects being more severe when grout is set under continuous exposure to poorly mineralized groundwater. Results obtained appear to indicate that a correct conceptualization of the problem was accomplished and support the assumption that, in absence of more reliable empirical data, it might constitute a useful tool to estimate the durability of cement-based structures. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phosphate rock (PR) is an abundant ore and represents the basic raw material for the phosphatic fertilizer industry. Prior to industrial processing, PR is concentrated by grinding-and-screening to separate a fine fraction that is very poor in P₂O₅. This fine fraction is a solid waste and represents a disposal problem. The present study shows that the fine fraction of ground-and-screened Abu-Tartour PR can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to vary with initial methylene blue concentration and contact time. Raising the temperature enhances the rate of adsorption but has no effect on the adsorption capacity at equilibrium. The adsorption equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The Elovich model can be used to predict the adsorption kinetics at ambient temperatures especially when the initial concentration of MB is relatively high, while Ho's model deviates from the data as the initial concentration increases. However, as the temperature increases and MB concentration decreases, Ho's model fits the data better than the Elovich model. On studying the mechanism of adsorption, the results showed that the overall rate of dye uptake is controlled by intrapArtigo diffusion. The multilinear plots of intrapArtigo diffusion were modeled by piecewise linear regression and related to pore-size distribution of the adsorbent. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.

A full-scale combined biological system is used for the treatment of treated wastewater discharged from a pharmaceutical industrial park. This treated water is rich in NH₄⁺ s(-) N (average in 86.4 mg/L), low in COD / NH₄⁺ s(-) N (average in 3.4) and low in BOD₅/COD ratio (average in 0.24) with pH varying from 7.16 to 7.78. The final effluent of the combined treatment process was stably below 100 mg/L COD and 20 mg/L NH₄⁺ s(-) N, separately, with organic loading rate of 4954 kg COD/d and 92.5 kg NH₄⁺ s(-) N / d. It is found that the BOD₅/COD ratio could be raised from 0.24 to 0.35, and the production of total VFAs account for 9.57% of the total COD via the treatment of hydrolysis/acidification. MBBR and oxidation ditch represent 35.4% and 60.7% of NH₄⁺ s(-) N removal, 30.2% and 61.5% of COD removal, separately, of the total treatment process. PCR-DGGE is used for microbial community analysis of MBBR and oxidation ditch. Crown Copyright © 2010.

This paper compares life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from two municipal solid waste (MSW) management options, municipal waste combustion, and landfilling, using a U.S. EPA life-cycle assessment (LCA) model, the MSW Decision Support Tool. Unlike previously reported LCAs, key combustion model inputs-total MSW carbon content and its biogenic/fossil split-are determined not from MSW composition studies, but from measurements taken at operating municipal waste combustors (MWCs). MWC measurement data show U.S. MSW carbon content averages of 30% with a biogenic/fossil split of 66%/34%. The LCA also considers a range of landfilling scenarios which account not only for alternative landfill gas (LFG) management techniques, but also for the variability of landfill methane generation and capture. The LCA found that for the range of inputs and scenarios considered, municipal waste combustion outperforms landfilling in terms of GHG emissions, regardless of the LFG management technique. © 2010 ASCE.

The industrial treatment of spent nuclear fuel is based upon a hydrometallurgical process in nitric acid medium. In order to minimize the volume of radioactive waste it seems interesting to generate the reactive species in situ in such solutions using ultrasonic irradiation without addition of salt-forming reagents. This Estudo summarizes for the first time the versatile sonochemical processes with uranium, neptunium and plutonium in homogeneous nitric acid solutions and heterogeneous systems. The dissolution of refractory solids, ultrasonically driven liquid-liquid extraction and the sonochemical degradation of the volatile products of organic solvent radiolysis issued from PUREX process are considered. Also the guidelines for required further work to ensure successful application of the studied processes at industrial scale are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.