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Valoizacao da areia de fundicao, fosfogesso e escoria de aciaria em materiais a base de cimentot.

A industria da Construcao Civil e um dos grandes receptores de residuos solidos de outras fontes industriais, como a metalurgica na forma de escorias ou areia de fundicao, principalmente aqueles que sao considerados inertes. Ela propria e tambem uma grande geradora de residuos, no caso os residuos de construcao e demolicao (RCD), ainda que esta tendencia esteja em queda, sempre havera algum rejeito. Este projeto tem por base a avaliacao e posicionamento destes valores quanto residuos, uma avaliacao estatistica, e a execucao de alguns testes com certos materiais especificos em substituicao de agregados normais desta tecnica por outros como residuos de agata, seixo de rio ou areia artificial. Bem como a melhoria e gerenciamento de processos construtivos para minimizacao de rejeitos e novas aplicacoes. Paralelo a estas analises, e verificado o impacto ambiental e as implicacoes quanto as vantagens energeticas dele decorrentes..

Industrias do setor quimico, petroquimico, metal mec

O objetivo geral deste projeto e a caracterizacao quimica e mineralogica do residuo po de exaustao ou po de aciaria e o desenvolvimento de um processo adequado para recuperacao de metais a partir do residuo, principalmente o zinco e chumbo, alem da investigacao do uso potencial do po em concretos e argamassas. O po de exaustao sera proveniente da Siderurgica Rio-Grandense situada em Sapucaia do Sul, RS..

O crescimento da producao mundial de aco bruto em taxas superiores a 7% ao ano nos ultimos cinco anos, fortemente impulsionado pela China, que saltou de 222,4 milhoes em 2003 para 489,0 milhoes de toneladas em 20071, gerou um forte aumento na demanda de minerio de ferro. Com isso, o preco do minerio fino de Carajas para a asia saiu de 28,14 em 2003 para 73,20 US$ cents por unidade de ferro em 2007. Um aumento de 160%. Estes fatos, associados a exaustao das jazidas e as crescentes pressoes ambientais sobre as Siderurgicas de todo o mundo, tem levado a uma serie de estudos para o aproveitamento dos residuos portadores de ferro gerados nestas Usinas. Ate entao, nao se consolidou nenhuma tecnologia viavel tecnica e economicamente para esta reciclagem. O presente trabalho trata da utilizacao da lama de alto-forno, da carepa de laminacao e do oxido de ferro gerado nas linhas de decapagem da Companhia Siderurgica Nacional

Esse trabalho visou a caracterizacao dos residuos solidos de um grupo de Industrias Cer

A grande maioria das universidades brasileiras nao tem programas sistematicos de minimizacao de seus residuos, principalmente residuos de laboratorios quimicos. No entanto, as industrias, por responsabilidades legais, por fatores econ

No presente trabalho, avaliou-se a viabilidade da utilizacao do cimento de fosfato de magnesio no encapsulamento/inertizacao de residuos industriais perigosos org

A problematica dos residuos solidos urbanos tem sido uma das grandes questoes ambientais atualmente. Para solucao deste problema surge o gerenciamento integrado de residuos, que tem como objetivo a minimizacao dos volumes enviados para aterros sanitarios. A reciclagem e parte deste gerenciamento, onde se reprocessam materiais, para obtencao de materiais alternativos presentes da vida cotidiana. Um dos residuos solidos enviados para a reciclagem e a embalagem cartonada, composta por papel, polietileno e aluminio. Aliado a este fato, a busca por novos compostos plasticos reforcados com fibras celulosicas tem-se apresentado como uma demanda de mercado, devido ao alto numero de aplicacoes possiveis para estes materiais, como, por exemplo, na industria automotiva, construcao civil e outras mais. Assim, neste estudo procurou-se investigar a modificacao do composito polietileno de baixa densidade / aluminio proveniente de embalagens cartonadas atraves do reforcamento com fibras celulosicas, e adicao de copolimero graftzado com anidrido maleico, que age como compatibilizante, de forma a agregar-se valor comercial ao material produzido, tornando-o mais atrativo do ponto de vista mercadologico. Os compositos elaborados foram gerados atraves de duas diferentes extrusoes. Ao composito PE/Al adicionou-se o copolimero graftzado, e estes foram posteriormente extrudados. As fibras celulosicas, em diferentes teores e com diferentes tamanhos de particulas, foram misturadas ao material resultante da primeira extrusao, e assim posteriormente extrudadas, em segunda etapa, na forma de l

O Brasil e o maior produtor mundial no complexo sucroalcooleiro, exercendo a lideranca em todos os segmentos (cana-de-acucar, acucar e alcool). No processo de producao gera-se como residuo o bagaco da cana, utilizado para a co-geracao de energia por meio da queima em caldeiras, restando ao final as cinzas residuais do bagaco, geralmente lancadas ao meio ambiente de forma inadequada. A industria da Construcao Civil apresenta-se com um grande potencial para a diminuicao de problemas dessa natureza, pela viabilidade que apresenta por meio da incorporacao de residuos nos materiais de construcao. O interesse na realizacao desta pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de se avaliar a possibilidade do emprego da cinza do bagaco da cana-de-acucar (CBC) em produtos para a construcao, notadamente pelo seu grande volume de geracao como tambem pelos resultados preliminares que atestam sua viabilidade tecnica. Utilizados como materia-prima em artefatos para infra-estrutura urbana tais residuos deixariam de ser causa primaria de problemas ligados a saude publica e ao meio ambiente. A avaliacao por meio de ensaios fisicos, quimicos, mec

O presente projeto de pesquisa tem como objetivo principal estudar e avaliar a composicao e as propriedades fisico-quimicas de um composito a base de serragem de madeira e de lodos de estacao de tratamento de agua. As premissas que geraram a ideia central da pesquisa estao baseadas no conhecimento adquirido em pesquisas anteriores com estes materiais. O coordenador (Prof. Almir Sales) e seu orientado Francis Rodrigues de Souza, inventaram um composito leve para concreto com base em residuos de madeira e lodo de estacao de tratamento de agua. O produto resultante do processo e um agregado artificial composto dos residuos de serragem de madeira e lodo de estacao de tratamento de agua que substitui a pedra britada na preparacao do concreto utilizado em lajes e em paineis de vedacao. O invento foi depositado no INPI em novembro de 2005, sendo que o mesmo esta em fase de desenvolvimento, o qual sera o escopo da presente solicitacao. Alem de contribuir para a sociedade nos diversos aspectos, o presente projeto permitira a formacao de recursos humanos em nivel de Iniciacao Cientifica, Mestrado e Doutorado, com qualidade tanto do ponto de vista cientifico, como tambem dentro do escopo do desenvolvimento tecnologico. Este projeto de pesquisa beneficia diretamente: Grupos de Pesquisas correlatos, por mais uma fonte de informacao e incremento no estoque de conhecimentos para perscrutar novas aplicacoes; Universidades, pela contribuicao na formacao de recursos humanos; a industria da construcao civil pelo estudo do desenvolvimento e da aplicabilidade de um novo material; as empresas de saneamento responsaveis pelo tratamento de agua, pela melhoria na gestao de seus residuos solidos; os consumidores de agua pela diminuicao dos custos inerentes a deposicao dos residuos solidos provenientes de estacoes de tratamento de agua; a natureza pela diminuicao da necessidade de disposicao final dos residuos solidos provenientes de estacoes de tratamento de agua e pela diminuicao da extraca.

This paper addresses the influence of stabilizer content, compaction effort and curing time on the mechanical strength and swelling of two soils from the Zona da Mata Norte region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two residual gneiss soils from the municipality of Vi?

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the total replacement of corn with a dry residue extracted from cassava starch on production of crossbred heifers in feedlot. Thirty crossbred heifers averaging 21 months of age and 325 kg of body weight were distributed in two experimental groups and then housed in two stalls. Both groups were submitted to a pretrial period of 49 days, in which animals received ad libitum sorghum silage and 1.05% of body weight as concentrate (19.67% CP) composed of soybean meal, corn, and urea. In this period, daily weigh gain (DWG) averaged 1.08 kg for both groups. The experimental period lasted 57 days with animals averaging 378 kg of body weight. At the beginning of the experimental period, one group remained receiving the pre-trial diet while the other was fed ad libitum sorghum silage and 1.18% of body weight as concentrate (18.12% CP) containing dry cassava byproduct rather than corn. Daily weight gain was significantly higher for heifers fed corn-based concentrate (0.97 kg) compared to those receiving dry cassava byproduct-based concentrate (0.78 kg). In addition, dry matter intake and feed conversion were both lower on heifers fed the diet containing dry cassava byproduct.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) hay with a dehydrated pineapple by-product (DPB) on performance, apparent digestibility, and intake of digestible nutrients in growing goats. Twenty-four crossbred Saanen x Criola female goats averaging 19.2 kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the trial were used in a completely randomized design. Animals were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 0, 33, 66, or 100% of DPB in the diet. Replacing coastcross hay with DPB did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). However, the apparent digestibility of both organic matter (OM) and cellulose (CEL) increased linearly while that of acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed a quadratic effect with the increasing levels of DPB in the diet. The average intake of digestible nutrients, expressed in g/kg BW^0.75, for treatments with 0, 33, 66, or 100% of dietary DPB were in this order: 62.35, 63.58, 59.53 and 54.47 for DM

Transformation of particle size along anaerobic digestion of wastewater is considered in relation to the methane production kinetics model describing the process. Substratum utilized is the solid constituent of the slurry from a pig farm, after screening through a hydraulic filter with 1 mm mesh. Particle size characterization, following membrane separation of wastewater samples and quantification of Chemical Oxygen Demand was considered, in order to analyze particulate contaminants in wastewater related to size distribution and biological degradation process. The present study utilizes kinetics under Strayer and Tiedje model (1978). Thus, series of membrane separation technique was applied in order to classify particulate contaminants in settleable, supracolloidal, colloidal and dissolved particles. Two types of pilot-plant scale reactors were considered: stratified or no mixed, and completely-mixed digester, to determine their effects on the particle size modification. Experiments were carried out in mesophilic range, around 35 Celsius degrees, and organic load was treated along 56 days as hydraulic detention time. Results presented significant differences for both reactors, although proposed kinetic model seems to be fairly adequate for the completely mixed reactor, but it is not suitable for the no mixed one.

Two samples of residues from iron mining plants have been investigated for their retention capacity of As, Cu, Cr, and Pb. The sample with the higher content of iron oxides showed the highest capacity to retain metals. The adsorption affinity series changes from Pb>Cu>Cr

Aluminium dust from aluminium remelting industry is a hazardous residue because of its high reactivity in the presence of water (production of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide ...), potential aluminothermy and its content in leaching heavy metals. In order to apply the new European Directive about landfill of waste, a Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) process was developed in the CENIM with the aim of decreasing its reactivity and to assure an easy transport and storage of the residue. Gypsum was used as a binder material. This work summarizes the study of the mechanical properties of the stabilized residue en comparison with the gypsum ones. The reactivity of the dust, before and after the S/S process was investigated by analysing the ammonia and metallic aluminium.

[No abstract available

Normally used in rubber formulations, fillers can be classified as reinforcing or non-reinforcing fillers, according to their mechanical performance. The EVA waste (EVAR) is a crosslinked material, which can be used as filler in rubber compositions. In this work, mechanical and rheological properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) compositions with EVAR were investigated before, during and after vulcanization with the help of a rubber processing analyzer (RPA). The filler content varied from 0 to 70 phr. The set of results showed that EVAR acts as a median reinforcing filler and also makes the cure faster.

The discard of waste is a problem that worries the whole society. The metallurgical solid waste is obtained in the process of cooking of the mineral coal, together with other liquid and gaseous wastes reused for the own metallurgical industry. In the present work is done an evaluation on the metallurgical solid waste addition in masses used for red ceramics fabrication. The clay used in this work was given up by the Ceramic Industry of the Baixada Campista, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. Ceramic masses containing up to 3,0 wt% of waste were prepared. Ceramic bodies were produced by the extrusion and fired in electric furnace in the temperatures of 950 degrees C, 1000 degrees C and 1050 degrees C. The following properties were determined: flexure rupture tension (3 points), linear skinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity and apparent specific mass. The results obtained shown that the metallurgical waste addition influences a little in the properties of ceramic bodies. However, burning temperature has strong influence on the same ones.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the possibility of incorporation of granite dust residue, proceeding from the industry of ornamental rocks of the State of the Esp??rito Santo, for manufacture of structural ceramics products the clay base. Special emphasis is given to the effect of the addition of granite dust residue in the technological structural ceramics properties. The raw materials used in this work are red clay and granite dust (residue), proceeding from the region of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim - ES. These materials had been characterized how much its chemical composition, so great of particle and analysis for difra?

Cancer is one of the most hazardous effects to human health caused by the exposition to chemical agents. The search for new technological solutions in the industrial field led to a rapid increase in the productive sector, causing the workers to be exposed to millions of potentially toxic agents, substances potentially harmful to health. This study presents the mutagenic activity of sweepings from a sock and lingerie factory in Araraquara-Brazil, assayed with Salmonella typhimurium. All the extracts from the factory had mutagenic on activity the YG1024 strain, which is extremely sensitive to detect the mutagenic activity of the arilhydroxilamines, nitroarenes and aromatic amines. The extracts were non-mutagenics for the strains TA100 and TA98. The analysis of the mutagenicity of industrial residues is highly important because employees that participate in the production are directly exposed to those agents, as well as to the environment where the garbage is deposited.

Clay ceramic materials incorporated with solid wastes can form complex multiphase structures, which need analytical procedures for a previous evaluation of their properties. In the present work a simplified model for waste added clay ceramics considered as a composite material, is proposed. The model takes into account the reactions and transformations that the incorporated body could suffer at high temperatures in order to consolidate the multiphase ceramic structure. It is suggested that the waste added clay ceramics properties be evaluated by means of the Rule of Mixtures characteristic equations, which apply for particle composites.

Feathers are a poultry by-product rich in protein (mainly keratin), generated in very large amounts as a waste product from the poultry-processing industry. For many years, feathers have been subject to nutritional studies in order to incorporate them as protein supplement in animal feedstock. This allows the poultry industry to take advantage of their usefulness and eliminate the environmental problem of their accumulation, Industrially, a great part of the feather waste is cooked under high pressure and temperature, producing a feather meal. However, this product has two important nutritional limitations: an amino acid imbalance and poor digestibility. In spite of this, the meal is used in nutrition of chicken poultry (5%), rainbow trout (15%), shrimp (33%) and salmon (40%) but needs amino acids supplementation, especially feed-grade L-lysine. Their nutritional value might be improved by microbial action by modification of the structure of keratin and increasing the amino acid content. Thus, there is a growing interest in alternative methods for the treatment of feathers to improve the nutritional quality of the feather meal and to develop new added value products (enzymes, pigments, etc). This research has been conducted on LPB-3 bacterial strain of Kocuria rosea isolated from soil, to determine their potential use to produce fermented feather meal, enzymes and carotenoid pigments in feathers submerged fermentation. Under these conditions: 1) K. rosea excretes at least two proteolytic activities, able to degrade keratin, collagen and elastin. 2) The feather meal enriched with cells of K. rosea mainly contains protein (67%), with an in vitro digestibility (88%) similar to the value of the commercial non fermented feather meal. The bacterial cells incorporated into the final product improve the content of essential amino acids lysine, histidine and methionine. Additionally, by spectrometric data it was detected that this bacterium synthesizes an orange-pink carotenoid pigment astaxanthin, that may useful in alimentary industry for increase colour of some foods and salmonids feed in aquaculture operations.

In civil engineering, sustainable development comprises the use and production of materials, the characteristics of which are a longer, more useful life with the lowest environmental impact possible. The use of industrial solid waste in concrete production may aid in decreasing negative environmental impact by reducing the consumption of natural resources, the pollution generated by and the power consumed in concrete production. This text contains the results of a study on the use of copper slag and granite saw-waste as mineral admixture for concrete production. The findings state the technical viability of the proposed waste.

The objective of this work was evaluate the effect of gradative substitution of corn silage (0, 20, 40 and 60%, of dry matter) by pineapple by-products silage on average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion, carcass yield, fat thickness and loin eye area of bulls, finished in feedlot. Twenty eight bulls were used with approximately 20 months and initial body weight of 328 kg. The animals were divided in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (levels of pineapple by-products silage) and seven repetitions. Besides the corn silage and/or pineapple by-products silage, the animals received a concentrate formed by soybean meal, corn, mineral salt, urea and monensin. The animals were kept in a individually stable, fed ad libitum during 96 days. At the end of the period, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass characteristics were measured. There was no treatment effect on final body weight, average daily gain, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber ingestion, dry matter feed conversion, hot carcass weight and yield, loin eye area and fat thickness. Dry matter, organic matter, metabolizable energy ingestion for 100 kg body weight reduced linearly.

This research was developed by considering that the solid waste produced in the process of pig iron production represents the loss of raw materials and the increase in environmental problem. The charcoal based mini blast-furnace off gases dust named CHARCOK was collected from SIDERPA - Siderurgica Paulino Ltda, located in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. The Charcok was characterized and classified according to ABNT (Associa?

New occurrences of complex gold copper ores have been found recently in which gold is associated with high grades of copper minerals. The conventional cyanidation process becomes unfeasible due to copper dissolution in sodium cyanide solutions, which increases the leach reagent consumption. This fact justifies efforts in researching on innovative technological routes for developing a feasible and economical process, able to maximize the metals and cyanide recovery. One of the alternatives involves a pre-treatment stage to extract copper minerals prior to the cyanidation stage. Sulfuric acid leaching was studied, throughout the application of a statistical approach, to determine the optimum experimental conditions to achieve the maximum copper dissolution for lgarape Bahia gold copper ore (Mendes, 1999). The sulfuric acid residue presented 1.76g/t of gold and 0.52% of copper. This experimental work aimed at studying the feasibility of alkaline cyanide leaching of this sulfuric acid residue for gold recovery. The copper remaining in the sulfuric acid leach tailings was extracted in a large extent (67%) in the cyanidation stage, and gold was 94% extracted under these conditions. Copper in the metallic form (0.30%) was completely dissolved and iron cyanide complexes, as well as cyanate and thiocyanate composites, were formed contributing to the high cyanide consumption.

In this work, the residue generated in the new two-step centrifugation process for olive oil extraction is assessed for the production of bioethanol. Both olive pulp and fragmented stones fractions comprised in such residue are analyzed and tested at laboratory scale for bioconversion to ethanol by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. Firstly, optima conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis step of steam-exploded pretreated sustrates were determined. Then, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was assayed using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus in different assay conditions. For the selected conditions, 9 kg of unpretreated pulp or 6 kg of pretreated fragmented stones (both based on dry matter) would be necessary to obtain 1 liter of ethanol.

This research demonstrated the possibility to use a secondary product of paper industry (BIODAC 12/20) as carrier of microorganisms. The BIODAC granules showed high porosity (65.19%) and buffer properties in acid and basic medium. The mentioned characteristics are important to incorporate the microorganisms and to keep them viable during storage and proliferation on soil. Six different genres of microorganisms (bacteria and fungus) were used as study models, isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils from Southern Mexico. CFU/ mL values 10 to 1000 times above those observed in control samples were obtained in culture tests in liquid with BIODAC. The inhibition of microbial growth was not observed in the assays on petri dishes with agars containing granules that occupied 10, 50 and 100% of the surface. It is possible to recover live microorganisms after 42 days of storage on desiccating state in BIODAC. The number of living microorganisms was maintained on a considerable level, above 10⁹ (CFU/g). The experiments to define the effects of BIODAC 12/20 on plant growth were carried out using the granule quantity (equivalent to 1% of soil volume) that saturated the surface of the container It was demonstrated that the product did not inhibit the emergence time and biomass production. It was observe that after 40 days in the open air, previously inoculated model microporganisms on artifically soil (6% hydrocarbons), the CFU with BIODAC was up to 100% times greater than without BIODAC.

We report the production of anisotropic permanent magnets of barium hexaferrite using rolling scale (siderurgical waste) as starting material. A facility was designed and constructed and further tested for the industrial production of the anisotropic permanent magnets. The characteristics of both the ferrite powder and the compacts resulting of pressuring and sintering processes are described. In different stages parameters as grinding time and temperature were controlled. The samples were structurally and magnetically characterized. X-ray diffraction and M??ssbauer spectroscopy were used for phase identification, while scanning electron microscopy allowed the determination of the average grain size. The magnetic behavior was also measured. This work proves that the ferric oxide produced from rolling scale of the national siderurgical industry can be used to obtain anisotropic material. Initial technological parameters of the process are proposed.

The in vitro/gas dry matter (DM) digestibility of four roughages, mixed or not, in proportion of 50% in the DM were evaluated. Samples of 100 mg by treatment, in triplicate, in 48 h of digestion were incubated. The DM digestibilities and gas production were: sugar cane = 60.6%, 17.3 mL

The effects of the addition of bakery waste (BW) replacing corn in the diet of Holstein steers was studied on carcass dressing and meat quality. Four treatments were applied, respectively, 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste replacing corn in the concentrated mixture. The animals were fed with complete pelleted mixtures, with 30% of Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon L.) as roughage. A randomized block design with four treatments and five repetitions, total of 20 animals, was used. The experiment began when the calves reached 90 kg of live weight and lasted for 120 days. At the end of experiment, the animals were slaughtered and carcass dressing, commercial cuts and meat composition and quality were evaluated. The meat quality was evaluated by color, tenderness and chemistry composition (moisture, fat, protein and minerals). The results showed no differences among treatments concerning parameters studied (P>0,05). Therefore, bakery waste can be considered an alternative source for feeding growing steers, when compared with corn.

This work analyzes the feasibility of using

The effects of addition of bakery waste (BW) replacing corn in the diet of Holstein steers were studied. Four treatments, respectively to the addition of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste were applied in the concentrated mixture for corn replacement. Animals were fed with complete mixtures pelleted ration, with 30% of Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon L.) as roughage. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four treatments and five repetitions, totalizing 20 animals. The performance was evaluated by intake and feed conversion, weight gain, heart-girth and size. Diarrhea incidence was evaluated through daily observation of faeces. The experiment began when calves reached 90 kg of life weight, and lasted for 120 days. The results did not show statistically significant differences among treatments concerning weight gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion, heart-girth, height at whiter and diarrhea incidence. The addition of bakery waste caused feed costs reduction of 3.74%, 7.44% and 10.90% respectively for 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste, in comparison to the control diet (0%). So, bakery waste is an alternative source for feeding and for reduction of costs of growing steers, in comparison to corn.

[No abstract available

This work shows a preliminary study of the technical-economic viability of the Pinas sp. wood waste utilization, for the electric energy production. Approximately 30 sawmills in ?

The objective of this work was to compare the computerized monitoring of the in vitro gas production system with the in vivo and in situ methods. On the comparisons, corn silage with high/low dry matter contents, with/without inoculation, were used. The digestibility of silage with high dry matter (DM) content, with/without inoculation, did not present differences among the analyzed methods. When evaluated apart from the inoculation effect, that silage differed in vitro/gas and in situ methods

The qualitative trend of some trace elements (Ni, V, Zn, Pb, Cr) in the carbon residue (CCR) formation process (according to ASTM D189), starting from commercial fuel oils, is discussed. The experimental findings show that the metals enrichment in CCR matches with metals concentration and with the compound type in the parent oil. Moreover, a deep dependence of the metals enrichment on the oil aromaticity has been evidenced. In particular, the metals enrichment scales with the aromaticity except for Ni which shows an opposite trend. In other words, when the heating conditions are particulary favorable to coke formation, the Ni enrichment in carbon residue decreases with the parent oil aromaticity. Thus, as the oil aromaticity increases, an enhanced tendency of nickel to volatilize (and to concentrate in fine particle fractions more difficult to remove) is absented. Thus, from an emission control point of view, it is possible to postulate that, owing to the general temperature reduction, in low-NO_x burners the volatilization process of the volatile elements (i.e. nickel), will be depressed. In the light of the above considerations, the relative reduction of nickel emissions will be enhanced too, especially for highly aromatic oils.

The objective of the present study was to utilize the soymilk residue (SR), wheat flour and peanuts to formulate pa?

Dietary fiber in industrial tomato residue and its effect on glycaemic response and seric cholesterol in rats. The left over after ketchup sauce is obtained is a tomato residue (RIT) that contains skin and seeds. Proximal analysis of the flour of this industrial product reveals that it has 50% dietary fiber, 18% protein and 10% fat. Due to the high dietary fiber content the effect on glucose absorption and seric cholesterol was studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intragastric meal after a 12 hours fast containing 263 g tomato residue flour (RIT)/diet or a control meal (0% RIT) and glucose plasma levels were determined. Results show that the presence of RIT in the test meal flattened glucose response curves. Ad lib administration of four diets differing in RIT content to four groups of rats for 18 days showed that although animals on a high RIT diet ate increased amounts of cholesterol the plasma lipid levels remained constant which suggest that the presence of RIT fibre on the diet is responsible for this effect. The results reported in this paper suggest that the dietary fiber of RIT diminishes glucose absorption and reduces seric cholesterol levels, which in turn could be useful in the treatment of NIDD and hipercholesterolaemic patients.

Two experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the inclusion of cassava residue (RIFM) in diets for growing and finishing pigs. In the first experiment, four levels (0,6.67,13.33 and 20%) of RIFM in growing diets were studied. The inclusion of RIFM in the diets caused a cubic effect on average daily gain (GPMD, P<

The aim of this research was to utilize the waste residues of sisal fiber separation from Agave sisalana leaves to develop a larvicide for the combat of mosquito transmitting tropical diseases. Larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were exposed to different concentrations of the Agave extract for 24 hours to determine lethal concentrations. The LC50 for A. aegypti was 322 ppm and the LC50 for C. quinquefasciatus was 183 ppm. To detect the active substances, saponins were investigated. It was found that the various components of the extract were effective in eliminating the larvae. Under field conditions, this formulation can probably be used at 100 ppm, which causes 100% mortality of C. quinquefasciatus larvae after 3-4 days. The product is not recommended for use against A. aegypti due to the necessity for high concentrations and to the fact that the larvae of this species live frequently on drinking water. To avoid fermentation, Agave extract should be used in a dehydrated form which also represent a good formulation for practical use.

Several Marlim vacuum residue (VR) hydroconversion experiments were conducted in a batch reactor with changing temperature, time and catalyst mass (NiMo/

Penicillium citrinum grown in orange juice processing wastes medium under continuous agitation was studied in order to establish optimal conditions (incubation period, incubation temperature, initial pH and nitrogen addition) for biomass and ribonuclease production, as well as, biological depuration of the wastes. Nitrogen addition to wastes medium increased the biomass and ribonuclease production and provides COD reduction. The soy meal shows to be the best nitrogen source. The conditions for a more favorable enzyme and biomass production and COD reduction were initial pH 6.0 and temperature of 27 degrees C. The maximum value obtained for these parameters on optimal conditions of cultivation was 11 U/mL of enzyme, 4 mg/mL of biomass (dry matter) and 55% of COD reduction, in 96 hours of incubation.

There has been a growing interest in the food industry and in preventive medicine to search for

[No abstract available

The applicability of a residue of manioc (Manihot esculenta Granz) from industrial processing as a direct compression excipient was investigated in comparison with microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel

It has been carried out the structural characterization of high oxide content glasses obtained by melting of a goethite industrial waste from the zinc hydrometallurgy with other raw materials as dolomite and glass cullet. The structural characterization has been carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Diffraction by Amorphous Dispersion (RDF) and M??ssbauer spectroscopy. It has been determined the interatomic distance, the oxidation state and the coordination of iron atoms in these glasses.

No abstract available

Diatomite is a pozzolanic material containing amorphous silica, cristabolite and minor amounts of residual minerals. Waste marble powder (WMP) is an inert material which is obtained as an industrial by product during sawing, shaping, and polishing of marble and causes a serious environmental problem. This paper describes the procedures and results of a laboratory investigation of mechanical properties carried out on the concrete specimens containing diatomite and WMP as partial replacement of cement in concrete. The laboratory work essentially consists of characterization of the raw and waste materials, preparation of concrete specimens with diatomite and WPM in different ratios by weight as replacement for cement and a superplasticizing admixture to reduce water demand and compression and flexural tests of the specimens. Test results indicated that the concrete specimens containing 10% diatomite, 5% WPM and 5% WPM +10% diatomite replacement by weight for cement had the best compressive and flexural strength and the replacement of cement with diatomite and WMP separately and together using a superplasticizing admixture could be utilized to improve the mechanical properties of the conventional concrete mixtures. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut fibers and waste material from the coir industry, is stable and not easily degradable due to its high lignin content. Coir pith takes a decade to decompose thereby posing environmental hazard and disposal problem. Pollution by plastics creates an alternative solution to reduce problems. Hence the potential use of coir industrial wastes for production of bioplastics (Poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate - PHB) as an alternative to plastics was studied. Commercial production of this polymer is limited, however, due to higher cost and longer fermentation process as compared to petrochemical plastics. These concerned make it necessary to use the cheapest and readily available raw materials. Azotobacter beijerinickii used coir industrial waste as a substrate and produced PHB. Production of PHB was maximized at pH 6.5 with 3% coir hydrolysate. The amount of PHB produced by A. beijerinickii was 2.4 ± 0.2 g/L. The yield was 48.19%. Production of PHB was confirmed by Sudan black B staining under a light microscope, acridine orange staining under a fluorescent microscope and by an infrared spectrometer. This investigation showed that coir industrial waste could be effectively used for the production of PHB.

Use of industrial effluents for irrigation purposes is a highly warranted utility of water pollutants proposition. The objective of using waste water for irrigating crop plants is of two fold. The first and foremost of this is the safe disposal of the effluents, which may otherwise have adverse effects on the environment and human health. The other objective is to recycle it as irrigation water, as compost for its possible fertilizer value. The literatures relating the influence of industrial waste water on seed and seedling quality characters irrespective of crops are Estudoed hereunder. © 2010 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

During reclamation the water associated with the runoff or groundwater flushing from dry stackable tailings technologies may become available to the reclaimed environment within an oil sands lease. Here we evaluate the performance of the emergent macrophyte, common reed (Phragmites australis), grown in chemically amended mature fine tailings (MFT) and simulated runoff/seepage water from different MFT drying treatments. The present study also investigated the phytotoxicity of the concentration of oil sands naphthenic acids (NAs) in different MFT drying chemical treatments, in both planted and unplanted systems. We demonstrate that although growth was reduced, the emergent macrophyte common reed was capable of growing in diluted unamended MFT runoff, as well as in diluted runoff from MFT amended with either 0.25% lime and gypsum or 0.5% gypsum. Common reed can thus assist in the dewatering process of oil sands MFT. However, simulated runoff or seepage waters from chemically amended and dried MFT were phytotoxic, due to combined levels of salts, naphthenic acids and pH. Phytoremediation of runoff water/ground water seepage from dry-land applied MFT will thus require pre-treatment in order to make conditions more favorable for plant growth.

This study presents a screening protocol to evaluate the applicability of the ZVI pretreatment to various industrial wastewaters of which major constituents are not identified. The screening protocol consisted of a sequential analysis of UV-vis spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), and bioassay. The UV-vis and HPLC analyses represented the potential reductive transformation of unknown constituents in wastewater by the ZVI. The UV-vis and HPLC results were quantified using principal component analysis (PCA) and Euclidian distance (ED). The short-term bioassay was used to assess the increased biodegradability of wastewater constituents after ZVI treatment. The screening protocol was applied to seven different types of real industrial wastewaters. After identifying one wastewater as the best candidate for the ZVI treatment, the benefit of ZVI pretreatment was verified through continuous operation of an integrated iron-sequencing batch reactor (SBR) resulting in the increased organic removal efficiency compared to the control. The iron pretreatment was suggested as an economical option to modify some costly physico-chemical processes in the existing wastewater treatment facility. The screening protocol could be used as a robust strategy to estimate the applicability of ZVI pretreatment to a certain wastewater with unknown composition. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this study, the electrochemical treatment has been investigated in the real acidic effluent of copper-phthalocyanine dye manufacturing plant. Galvanostatic batch electrolyses have been carried out in an undivided cell using stainless steel as cathode, dimensionally stable anode (DSA) and graphite as anodes at different current densities and temperatures. The influence of these variables on current efficiency, cell voltage, energy consumption and deposit quality was reported. Under optimized conditions, the maximum copper recovery of 98% and COD removal efficiency of 87.3% with the energy consumption of about 11.23 kWh/kg of Cu and 6.08 kWh/kg of COD, respectively at 30 degrees C were achieved in the acidic raw effluent using 2D parallel-plate cathode. While in 3D stainless steel turning cathode reactor, 99.5% of copper can efficiently be recovered from dilute solution with an acceptable current efficiency of about 56.8% with minimum energy consumption of 2.37 kWh/kg of Cu. The experimental results suggested that the efficiency of copper removal is hindered by the presence of organic species in the mixed industrial effluent. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Degradation of leather industry wastewater by sole aerobic treatment incorporating Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Fenton's reagents, and combined treatment was investigated in this study. The sole treatment by Fenton's oxidation involving the introduction of 6g FeSO(4) and 266 g H(2)O(2) in a liter of wastewater at pH of 3.5 and 30 degrees C for 30 min at batch conditions reduced COD, BOD(5), sulfide, total chromium and color up to 69%, 72%, 88%, 5%, 100% and T. ferrooxidans alone showed maximum reduction to an extent of 77, 80, 85, 52, 89, respectively, in 21 d treatment at pH 2.5, FeSO(4) 16 g/L and temperature of 30 degrees C. The combined treatment at batch conditions involving 30 min chemical treatment by Fenton's oxidation followed by 72 h biochemical treatment by T. ferrooxidans at batch conditions gave rise up to 93%, 98%, 72%, 62% and 100% removal efficiencies of COD, BOD, sulfide, chromium and color at pH of 2.5 and 30 degrees C. Decrease in photo absorption of the Fenton's reagent treated samples, as compared to the banks, at 280, 350 and 470 nm wave lengths was observed. This may be the key factor for stimulating the biodegradation by T. ferrooxidans. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Botanical Garden lies within the city of Palermo, a few meters away from one of the largest unused Manufacturing Gas Plant in Sicily. The total concentrations of PAHs (23 compounds) in the soil of Botanical Garden ranged from 947 to 18,072 µg/kg. The wide range of PAH concentrations (RSD = 84%) found in the soil samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in the area and this can be explained by considering the different tree distributions which prevents the homogeneous deposition of pollutants on the soil. Soils collected in the Botanical Garden generally showed the highest PAH concentrations, being almost 2-3 times higher than the concentration samples obtained in the urban reference sites and about 20 times higher than those in the rural stations. The total PAH concentrations, in the Botanical Garden soil, resulted higher than the maximum concentrations allowed by the Italian legislation for the green areas. Perylene, was found in all the stations. From a careful study of the isomeric ratios, we can hypothesize that the soils of the Botanical Garden are mainly affected by localized MGP particulate deposition, suggesting that the partitioning between organic matter and PAHs is not the dominant process in the soils with higher organic matter content. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recycling of secondary raw materials is a priority of waste handling in the countries of the European community. A potentially important secondary raw material is the product of the thermal transformation of cement-asbestos, produced by prolonged annealing at 1200-1300 °C. The product is chemically comparable to a Mg-rich clinker. Previous work has assured the reliability of the transformation process. The current challenge is to find potential applications as secondary raw material. Recycling of thermally treated asbestos-containing material (named KRY·AS) in traditional ceramics has already been studied with successful results. The results presented here are the outcome of a long termed project started in 2005 and devoted to the recycling of this secondary raw materials in various industrial applications. KRY·AS can be added in medium-high percentages (10-40 wt%) to commercial mixtures for the production of clay bricks, rock-wool glasses for insulation as well as Ca-based frits and glass-ceramics for the production of ceramic tiles. The secondary raw material was also used for the synthesis of two ceramic pigments

Human gene therapy is currently seeing an increase in the use of plasmid (pDNA)-based vectors as a preferred choice of vehicle for delivery of the therapeutic gene into the body. In this regard, the environmental impacts of the waste streams from the possible industrial scale manufacture of pDNA require more detailed assessment. In this study, an initial assessment was made of the nutrient phosphorus (P) inputs to four fermentation processes recommended for the industrial scale production of pDNA for the purposes of gene therapy. Phosphorus inputs to each of the four selected fermentation processes ranged from approximately 60 mg l^-1 up to 3000 mg l^-1 in the fresh media. However, the spent media waste from each of the processes exhibited only a minor reduction in the phosphorus concentrations indicating minimal uptake of P by the microorganisms. This unutilised excess level of phosphorus nutrient within the waste streams poses a strong potential for environmental impact. Waste minimisation studies were undertaken on one model fermentation process with the aim of reducing unnecessary phosphorus input. An optimised media containing a 98% reduction in added P to the media was developed. This phosphorus-minimised media had little quantitative effect upon cell biomass produced and no effect upon the quantity or quality of pDNA produced, relative to the control media. The reduction in P requirement results in an overall cost savings of 12% per fermentation batch, would simplify subsequent wastewater treatment and would contribute to slowing the depletion rate of a valuable, finite natural resource. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

This study was conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals in two different contaminated field soils, and to assess its influence on remedial performance. The two field soils were obtained from two different polluted industrial sites in the Metropolitan Chicago area and were characterized for physical and chemical properties. The soils were referred to as silty sand and silty clay, based on their pArtigo-size distribution. A five-step sequential liquid-solid extraction procedure was used to speciate the heavy metals into: (1) easily exchangeable

The fish farming industry, especially the marine extractive fishery, is an activity of great economic importance in many parts of Brazil. Industrial fish processing operations generate a significant amount of wastes, which are rich in proteins and longchain fatty acids, among which the unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids are prominent. The aim of this study is to make a Estudo about the technological alternatives available for the utilization of fish wastes, such as a way for adding value to this material, focusing on green technologies. This material can be processed to obtain oil, meal or silage, that may be applied in livestock feeding. The obtained oil can further be stabilized by means of interesterification reactions, considering that the structured triglycerides thus obtained can be used in animal feeding, with nutritional advantages over original oils. The fish wastes can be applied as a substrate for the production of texturized proteins, protein concentrate, mechanically deboned meat, surimi, reestructured products or even oil, used for human feeding. The conversion of the extracted oil into biodiesel is another proposal of particular interest in the field of alternative fuels.

Industrial ecology suggests innovative pathways for re-use and recovery of waste streams, but efforts to establish ecoindustrial networks have encountered both technical and institutional barriers. To help overcome these challenges, an Industrial Ecosystem Toolkit has been developed to quantify how such collaborative networks can reduce costs, employ assets more efficiently, increase revenue, reduce risks, and conserve natural resources. The tools draw upon methods from network flow optimization modeling and environmental life cycle assessment, and enable real-time, interactive use by decision makers. Working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Business Council for Sustainable Development, and other regional organizations, the Center for Resilience has applied these innovative tools to promote a systems approach based on sound science and informed decision-making. Future work will develop network models that represent synergies among industrial and ecological processes.

This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate certain mechanical properties and durability characteristics of blended cement concretes, such as silica fume, fly ash and blastfurnace slag, incorporating up to 15% cement kiln dust. The results indicate that the compressive strength of silica fume and fly ash cement concretes with up to 10% kiln dust was marginally less than that of type I cement concrete. The compressive strength of slag cement concrete incorporating kiln dust was lower than that of other blended and type I cement concretes. A significant increase in the drying shrinkage was noted in the blended cement concretes. The electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes was, however, generally more than that of type I cement concrete. It is recommended to use 5% silica fume plus 10% kiln dust or 10% fly ash plus 10% kiln dust as a replacement of type I cement. Such usage would lead to technical, economic, and environmental benefits in terms of a reduction in the quantity of cement and utilisation of waste industrial by-products. As the electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes incorporating kiln dust is more than that of type I cement without kiln dust, it is expected that the useful service-life of the former would be more than that of the latter. As the compressive strength of slag cement concretes, incorporating up to 10% kiln dust, is low, it may be used in low- strength applications. It should, however, be noted that blended cement concretes require good curing to minimise drying shrinkage cracks.

This study is focused on the development of a hydrometallurgical process which allows the zinc recovery from Waelz oxide (WO). This process is aimed to zinc oxide production. So, it must allow the production of a widely used compound, mainly in tyre and ceramics production processes, from industrial residues such as EAF dusts considered as Toxic and Hazardous Wastes (THWs), from which the WO is generated [1]. Although some studies have been previously published describing zinc oxide hydrometallurgical production processes, none of them used a raw material with similar characteristics to the WO ones. The developed process consists of a series of initial stages in which an appropriate liquor is prepared through lixiviation and purifying steps, and some final stages where the zinc ion present in the liquor is precipitated as zinc hydroxide and calcined to obtain zinc oxide. Two different acids were studied as lixiviation agents, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid liquors, obtaining in both cases zinc lixiviation yields higher than 85%. After the purifying stages, the metallic zinc impurities concentration in the liquor was lower than 85 ppm in the case of hydrochloric acid liquors and lower than 47 ppm in the case of sulphuric acid liquors. The zinc hydroxide precipitated from the purified liquor was calcined obtaining a zinc oxide whose purity was higher than 99.99% in the case of hydrochloric liquors and lower than 20% when sulphuric liquors were used. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

The search of a sustainable development for the industry can only be understood from a global approach which takes account of both the industrial activity and the product. Industrial activity needs adding new systems to the production process that minimize its impact reducing the consumption of resources and atmospheric emissions. The product must incorporate sustainable features such as the capacity to be recycled and/or valorised throuhgout its life cycle and, so, being reintroduced again in the industrial activity. This way, product turns into the cornerstone of a closed circuit production system that involves all industrial sectors in recycling products and waste and minimizes the frootprint of the process. Cement sector must continue insisting on the development of recycling of cementicious maerials and also on the recycling of materials during its production, and, especially, we must continue studying in depth the relationship between Life Cycle and recycling, which will provide the sector with a methodology and with useful tools to reduce the environmental impact. Therefore, the sector is making efforts for achieving an industry in closed circuit, in which materials and energy are re-used, minimizing to the maximum its affection to the environment. At the same time, we are working on the conceptualizing of this production model that involves all the industrial sectors in material recycling. As a reuslt of this commitment, cement industry has signed aggrement of colaboration with FER and Sigrauto to use vehicles out of use and with UNESID to valorise steel waste and also the project Pressure for a global management of industrial waste.

CARBON FER is a mechanical mixture obtained out of various powder or ground to powder ferrous or non-ferrous wastes. The ferrous powder wastes that can be used are steel dust, soot, agglomeration and blast furnace dust as well as non-ferrous coke dust

Production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was tested on different byproducts of food industry, like fish meal, grape waste, an industrial fibrous soybean residue, soybean meal, and cheese whey. Bacillus sp. P11 produced the higher amount of antimicrobial activity on soybean meal, followed by fish meal and fibrous soybean residue. Soybean meal was the selected medium to determine the effect of three variables (temperature, initial pH, and substrate concentration) on bacteriocin activity by response surface methodology, using a 2³ factorial design. Statistical analysis showed good adequacy to the model (R² of 0.8268). In the range studied, temperature and initial pH of the medium have a significant effect on bacteriocin production, and substrate concentration has no significant effect. Response surface data showed maximum bacteriocin production at initial pH between 7.0 and 8.5 and temperature between 39 and 42 °C. In the optimum conditions (initial pH 7.0 and 42 °C), production of bacteriocin activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was compared using a commercial medium (BHI broth) and soybean meal. Maximum activity achieved with the soybean meal-based medium was similar to that obtained with BHI, indicating that soybean meal may be a cost-effective substrate for production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

One of the most important steps taken towards ecological recovery and the improvement of environment conditions was the harmonisation of environment laws to the EU legislation, as an important part of the adheration process. At present, priority is being given to the strict fulfillment of the commitments made by Romania during the negotiation process related to the environment chapter, both institutionally and financially, in order to lead to the creation of an environment infrastructure meeting European requirements and to ensure a clean and healthy environment. Under these conditions, the recovery of the numerous wastes resulted from various industrial processes and their re-introduction into the economical circuit ranges within the above-mentioned requirements. We particularly mean the wastes that can be components of some synthetic slags used in steel secondary treatment, inside the ladle (lime wastes, the aluminum industry slag, etc.). Thus, costs can be cut down by 70%, which means an average decrease of costs of 88 $/t of slag. At the same time, the use of wastes in slag formation has a positive ecological impact upon the environment, as pollution is reduced in the areas neighbouring the aluminum, construction material or steel-making plants.

Electromagnetic filters (EMFs) can be effectively used for the cleaning of both industrial and domestic disposals such as waste water having low concentration and micron size of dispersed pArtigos that show magnetic characteristics. In this work, we investigated the effect of some parameters of the filtration process, external magnetic field density, size of the filter matrix elements, filter length, filtration velocity, viscosity of the suspension, and number of the cycle on the separation efficiency of micron-sized pArtigos that can be magnetized in an external magnetic field. It has been found that filtration efficiency decreased with increasing filtration velocity and suspension viscosity. Furthermore, the filter matrix elements geometry, pH value of the medium, and number of the cycling processes affected the cleaning efficiency. Recycling the suspension to the filter body allowed the cleaning process to be made in a smaller filter size with a high quality factor. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Susceptibility of industrial mango peel waste to pectin degradation during storage at ambient conditions (25 °C, 63% relative humidity) for up to 5 h before by-product stabilisation by drying was explored. Depending on the interim storage period in the wet state, pectins were recovered from the dried peels by hot-acid extraction. Most important, pectin degradation during the temporary storage of the wet peels was insignificant, as revealed by yields, composition, average molecular properties, and techno-functional quality. Hardly acetylated (DAc 2.5-4.5%), rapid-set high-methoxyl pectins were obtained at starch-corrected net yields of 14.1-15.6 g hg^-1. Irrelevant de-esterification during peel storage in the wet state was confirmed by overall uniform setting temperatures. Arabinogalactans, uniformly indicated by high molar galactose/rhamnose ratios of 13.8-16.9 mol/mol and an arabinose percentage of 9.5-14.4 mol hmol^-1 of galactose residues, affected the galacturonide contents, intrinsic viscosities, and gel strengths throughout. The wet peels, derived from widespread manual peeling in mango canning, tolerated intermediate storage for 5 h, thus facilitating by-product stabilisation on smaller scales. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Institute of Food Science and Technology.

Pyrolysis of industrial fatty wastes (soybean soapstock, beef tallow, and poultry industry waste) was carried out in the absence of catalysts. In all cases, organic mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds were obtained. These mixtures were distilled and diesel-like fractions were isolated and characterized by GC-FID, GC-MS and FT-IR, showing the formation of olefins, paraffins, and some oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids and esters. The main physical-chemical properties of those isolated diesel-like fuels (density, viscosity, distillation curve, carbon residue, copper corrosion test, cetane index, cold finger plugging point, acid index and heating value) were determined using ASTM standard methods and matched the Brazilian specification for diesel fuel. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A rapid and effective preconcentration method for extraction of rhodamine 6G was developed by using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) prior to UV-vis spectrophotometry. In this extraction method, a suitable mixture of acetone (disperser solvent) and chloroform (extractant solvent) was injected rapidly into a conical test tube containing aqueous solution of rhodamine 6G. Therefore, a cloudy solution was formed. After centrifugation of the cloudy solution, sedimented phase was evaporated, reconstituted with methanol and measured by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Different operating variables such as type and volume of extractant solvent, type and volume of disperser solvent, pH of the sample solution, salt concentration and extraction time were investigated. The optimized conditions (extractant solvent: 300µL of chloroform, disperser solvent: 3mL of acetone, pH: 8 and without salt addition) resulted in a linear calibration graph in the range of 5-900ngmL^-1 of rhodamine 6G in initial solution with R²=0.9988 (n=5). The Limits of detection and quantification were 2.39 and 7.97ngmL^-1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 50 and 250ngmL^-1 of rhodamine 6G in water were 2.88% and 1.47% (n=5), respectively. Finally, the DLLME method was applied for determination of rhodamine 6G in different industrial waste waters. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Solvent extractable organic compounds in PM_2.5 samples collected in Taizhou, a city famous for its electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling industry in Zhejiang province of China, were analyzed to identify the main emission sources based on molecular markers. Two types of plastics which were most frequently contained in the e-wastes, wires/cables and plastic blocks, were burned in the lab and the pArtigos emitted analyzed. The concentrations of PAHs and phthalate esters at the e-waste dismantling area during our sampling periods were about two times of that at the reference urban site, indicating the high pollution level there. The high concentrations of quaterphenyl found at the dismantling area indicated that burning of plastics or polymers was an important emission source of the PAHs in the fine pArtigos. The diagnostic analysis based on the compositions of alkanes, hopanes and other molecular markers showed that engine exhaust, biomass burning and kitchen emissions were also important emission sources at the e-waste dismantling area. Our results suggested that more effort should be paid to control the correlative emission sources such as transportation and kitchen to achieve better air quality at the e-waste dismantling area besides regulating the recycling activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The degradation of organic compounds found in municipal solid waste (MSW) under the anaerobic landfill conditions produces gas and liquid emissions that can protract well into the landfill after-care period. The European Landfill Directives regulate the amount and nature of the organic compounds disposed into landfills. In South Africa and other developing countries, MSW is still landfilled without any kind of pre-treatment. This paper presents a pilot project of mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT) in South Africa implemented at municipal level in the city of Durban using passively aerated open windrows. Based on case studies from Austria, England and South Africa, a waste minimisation model which can facilitate full-scale implementation of MBWT in developing countries is presented. MSW was treated in open windrows for 8weeks. Composting temperature reached a maximum of 65°C in less than 10days. The results of eluate tests on waste samples from the windrows at the end of composting show a reduction of BOD₅ and BOD₅/COD ratios equal to 35.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The percent waste composition of the treated MSW was 28.3% putrescibles, 17.4% garden refuse, 13.3% plastic, 12.4% fabrics, 12% paper and other elements. The waste composition shows that more than 40% of un-treated organic material and also more than 40% non-biodegradable and recyclable materials are still landfilled without any form of biological treatment or resource recovery. A simple wet and dry waste collection model can promote recycling, treatment of biological waste before landfilling, resource recovery, labour intensive jobs and hence sustainable landfilling in the South African scenario as well as in similar developing countries. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000. ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000. ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000. ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304. ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6. ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Forest industries look for multiple utilizations for their timber production. In Brazil, the genus Eucalyptus has a great potential for solid wood products

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of Sardes waste clay (SC) from the Pomza Export placer gold mine at Sardes (Salihli), Turkey, as secondary raw materials in ceramic floor tiles. To obtain consistent quality, we monitored the physical and chemical properties of SC and fabrication conditions. Once SC was demonstrated to be acceptable as a secondary raw material, laboratory and industrial tests were conducted to understand the reaction mechanisms during firing and to determine the chemical, mineralogical, and technical properties of the reagents and products. The mineralogical composition of SC is dominated by quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, hematite, calcite, and clay minerals (muscovite-illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite). Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) analyses of SC from Aksay (Aksay, E.K., 2005. Determination of the technological properties of the Izmir-Menderes Pumice Ores as an industrial mineral. Ph.D. Thesis, Dokuz Eyla

Phosphate rock (PR) is an abundant ore and represents the basic raw material for the phosphatic fertilizer industry. Prior to industrial processing, PR is concentrated by grinding-and-screening to separate a fine fraction that is very poor in P₂O₅. This fine fraction is a solid waste and represents a disposal problem. The present study shows that the fine fraction of ground-and-screened Abu-Tartour PR can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to vary with initial methylene blue concentration and contact time. Raising the temperature enhances the rate of adsorption but has no effect on the adsorption capacity at equilibrium. The adsorption equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The Elovich model can be used to predict the adsorption kinetics at ambient temperatures especially when the initial concentration of MB is relatively high, while Ho's model deviates from the data as the initial concentration increases. However, as the temperature increases and MB concentration decreases, Ho's model fits the data better than the Elovich model. On studying the mechanism of adsorption, the results showed that the overall rate of dye uptake is controlled by intrapArtigo diffusion. The multilinear plots of intrapArtigo diffusion were modeled by piecewise linear regression and related to pore-size distribution of the adsorbent. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.

A full-scale combined biological system is used for the treatment of treated wastewater discharged from a pharmaceutical industrial park. This treated water is rich in NH₄⁺ s(-) N (average in 86.4 mg/L), low in COD / NH₄⁺ s(-) N (average in 3.4) and low in BOD₅/COD ratio (average in 0.24) with pH varying from 7.16 to 7.78. The final effluent of the combined treatment process was stably below 100 mg/L COD and 20 mg/L NH₄⁺ s(-) N, separately, with organic loading rate of 4954 kg COD/d and 92.5 kg NH₄⁺ s(-) N / d. It is found that the BOD₅/COD ratio could be raised from 0.24 to 0.35, and the production of total VFAs account for 9.57% of the total COD via the treatment of hydrolysis/acidification. MBBR and oxidation ditch represent 35.4% and 60.7% of NH₄⁺ s(-) N removal, 30.2% and 61.5% of COD removal, separately, of the total treatment process. PCR-DGGE is used for microbial community analysis of MBBR and oxidation ditch. Crown Copyright © 2010.

In the present study, the in vivo micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes was used to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of water samples collected from four different sites along the Nilufer Stream which empties into the Marmara Sea on the north-west of Turkey. Nilufer Stream receives discharges of industrial and domestic wastes resulting from industrialization and urbanization activities in Bursa city. Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to collected water samples under laboratory conditions for 3 and 6. days. Micronuclei analyses were carried out in peripheral blood erythrocytes. In addition to micronuclei, other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) such as bi-nucleated cells and binuclei with nucleoplasmic bridge and cells with blebbed, notched and lobbed nuclei, were assessed in the erythrocytes. Chemical analyses were also carried out in the water samples to assess the presence of major pollutants. MN and NA frequencies were significantly elevated in fishes exposed to water from polluted areas compared to those exposed to clean water sample. The results of this study indicate that Nilufer Stream is contaminated with potential genotoxic chemicals and the genotoxicity is possibly related with the industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Blending polypropylene (PP) with recycled polyamide-6 (PA6) industrial wastes at different compositions was produced in a corotating twin-screw extruder, where PP acts as the polymer matrix and polyamide as the dispersed phase. The mechanical and tribological properties of these blends were investigated. Results show that with the increasing filler content, the flexural strength and compressive strength of composites increase to the maximum and then decreases. When the filler mass fraction reaches 15%, the flexural strength and compressive strength of samples reach the maximum. The wear rate and the friction coefficient of PP decreased with the addition of PA6. The friction coefficients of PA6/PP composites are lower than those of PP. The main wear mechanisms are the plastic deformation and mechanical microploughing. © The Author(s), 2010.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its 'Proposed Rule for Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals (CCRs) from Electric Utilities' in the June 21, 2010, Federal Register (FR). The proposed rule is driven by several failures of surface impoundments for fly ash, increasing petitions from citizen and environmental groups requesting that EPA develop rules related to CCR management, and new information on human and ecological risks and health effects related to CCRs. The EPA is proposing to specifically regulate CCRs under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for the first time. EPA also determined that beneficial uses of these CCRs posed no significant risk. The proposed rule calls for public comment on two approaches available under RCRA for addressing the perceived risks of CCRs. Under this proposal, CCRs from electric utilities and destined for disposal would be managed as a special waste and would be subject to existing Subtitle C regulations under 40 CFR 260-268, 270-272.

Perfluorinated surfactants are highly effective additives to electroplating solutions to modify wetting properties. However, where these are discharged, they are ecologically undesirable and are thus subject to very strict monitoring by the Authorities. In a research project, it was shown that by filtration using activated charcoal and electrochemical treatment, these species could be totally destroyed. Using evaporation, the concentration of these harmful species can be significantly reduced. Using a combination of vacuum evaporation and active charcoal treatment, residues remain which can, in certain circumstances, be released during waste disposal treatment.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the possible use of exhausted grape marc for obtaining grape seed oil by means of the supercritical technology. An industrial-scale supercritical extraction plant (three extractors in series working in the counter-current mode) has been designed based on the availability of grape seeds of a region in the north of Italy, namely 3000ton/year (3a

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e-waste ends up in regions with sub-standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design-for-environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase-outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing-out substances

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decade. The efforts for modelling of such wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost effective design and operation). The development of Activated Sludge Models (ASM) was an important evolution in the modelling of Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) processes and their use is now very well established. However, although they were initially developed to describe CAS processes, they have simply been transferred and applied to MBR processes. Recent studies on MBR biological processes have reported several crucial specificities: medium to very high sludge retention times, high mixed liquor concentration, accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) rejected by the membrane filtration step, and high aeration rates for scouring purposes. These aspects raise the question as to what extent the ASM framework is applicable to MBR processes. Several studies highlighting some of the aforementioned issues are scattered through the literature. Hence, through a concise and structured overview of the past developments and current state-of-the-art in biological modelling of MBR, this Estudo explores ASM-based modelling applied to MBR processes. The work aims to synthesize previous studies and differentiates between unmodified and modified applications of ASM to MBR. Particular emphasis is placed on influent fractionation, biokinetics, and soluble microbial products (SMPs)/exo-polymeric substances (EPS) modelling, and suggestions are put forward as to good modelling practice with regard to MBR modelling both for end-users and academia. A last section highlights shortcomings and future needs for improved biological modelling of MBR processes. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Enrichment culturing of sludge taken from an industrial wastewater treatment pond led to the identification of a bacterium (Klebsiella jilinsis H. Zhang) that degrades chlorimuron-ethyl with high efficiency. Klebsiella jilinsis strain 2N3 grows with chlorimuron-ethyl as the sole nitrogen source at the optimal temperature range of 30-35°C and pH values between 6.0-7.0. In liquid medium, the degradation activity was further induced by chlorimuron-ethyl. Degradation rates followed the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 20 and 200 mg L^-1. Using initial concentrations of 20 and 100 mg L^-1, the degradation rates of chlorimuron-ethyl were 83.5% and 92.5% in 12 hours, respectively. At an initial concentration higher than 200 mg L^-1, the degradation rate decreased slightly as the concentration increased. The 2N3 strain also degraded the sulfonylurea herbicides ethametsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl. This study provides scientific evidence and support for the application of K. jilinsis in bioremediation to reduce environmental pollution. © Taylor &

Flyash cenosphere obtained as industrial waste from thermal power plants is an effective cost and weight reducing filler for developing lightweight polymer composites. Cenospheres as fillers also help in improving the mechanical properties of base polymer matrices. However, the desired enhancement depends on homogeneous dispersion of cenospheres and excellent compatibility between cenospheres and polymer matrix. In the present work, this was achieved by modifying the surface of cenospheres using silane treatment and incorporating them in a versatile thermoplastic high density polyethylene. The silane treatment resulted in considerable improvement in the impact strength and density of the composites which ultimately translated into better wear performance of composites even in severe abrasive conditions. Lancaster-Ratner correlation between mechanical properties and wear resistance was found to be almost linear for the silane treated cenospheres filled composites unlike the untreated cenospheres filled composites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to understand the wear modes and mechanisms and supported using X-ray diffractograms. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The aim of this work is to isolate and characterize bacterial isolates form dye house effluent, and to check their ability of decolorizing sulfonated azo dyes, and also to study influence of various environmental parameters on same process. Among seven Gram positive bacterial isolates obtained form dye house effluent, M1 (Bacillus cereus) and M6 were proved to be more potent for decolorizing sulfonated azo dyes under aerobic conditions. Maltose as carbon source and peptone as nitrogen source enhanced decolorization efficiency of M1 (B. cereus). HPTLC studies proved that more than 97% of the dye (Reactive Red 195) was degraded by bacteria after 72 h of incubation. These results along with spectrophotometric data prove the efficiency of bacteria suggesting their possible use in treating dye containing effluents. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The production of highly polluting palm oil mill effluent (POME) has resulted in serious environmental hazards. While anaerobic digestion is widely accepted as an effective method for the treatment of POME, anaerobic treatment of POME alone has difficulty meeting discharge limits due to the high organic strength of POME. Hence, subsequent post-treatment following aerobic treatment is vital to meet the discharge limits. The objective of the present study is to investigate the aerobic treatment of anaerobically digested POME by using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR performance was assessed by measuring Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal as well as Sludge Volume Index (SVI). The operating pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations were found to be 8.25-9.14 and 1.5-6.4mg/L, respectively, throughout the experiment. The experimental results demonstrate that MLVSS, OLR and sludge loading rate (SLR) play a significant role in the organic removal efficiency of SBR systems and therefore, further investigation on these parameters was conducted to attain optimum SBR performance. Maximum COD (95-96%), BOD (97-98%) and TSS (98-99%) removal efficiencies were achieved at optimum OLR, SLR and MLVSS concentration ranges of 1.8-4.2kgCOD/m³day, 2.5-4.6kgTSS/m³day and 22,000-25,000mg/L, respectively. The effluent quality remained stable and complied with the discharge limit. At the same time, the sludge showed good settling properties with average SVI of 65. It is envisaged that the SBR process could complement the anaerobic treatment to produce final treated effluent which meets the discharge limit. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Microbial granular sludge that is capable to treat textile wastewater in a single reactor under intermittent anaerobic and aerobic conditions was developed in this study. The granules were cultivated using mixed sewage and textile mill sludge in combination with anaerobic granules collected from an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor as seed. The granules were developed in a single sequential batch reactor (SBR) system under alternating anaerobic and aerobic condition fed with synthetic textile wastewater. The characteristics of the microbial granular sludge were monitored throughout the study period. During this period, the average size of the granules increased from 0.02 ± 0.01 mm to 2.3 ± 1.0 mm and the average settling velocity increased from 9.9 ± 0.7 m h^-1 to 80 ± 8 m h^-1. This resulted in an increased biomass concentration (from 2.9 ± 0.8 g L^-1 to 7.3 ± 0.9 g L^-1) and mean cell residence time (from 1.4 days to 8.3 days). The strength of the granules, expressed as the integrity coefficient also improved. The sequential batch reactor system demonstrated good removal of COD and ammonia of 94% and 95%, respectively, at the end of the study. However, only 62% of color removal was observed. The findings of this study show that granular sludge could be developed in a single reactor with an intermittent anaerobic-aerobic reaction phase and is capable in treating the textile wastewater. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

In recent decades an increasingly large fraction of the world's wrought aluminum alloys supply has come from the aluminum scrap recovered from industrial waste and discarded post-consumer items. However, replacing even a minor part of primary aluminum in wrought alloys with recycled counterpart originated from lower grades of scrap (typically scrap contaminated with various non-metallic impurities) without influencing the quality of the allay is very demanding from a metallurgical point of view. This Artigo discusses the two approaches for achieving the requested chemical composition of wrought alloys made from recycled aluminum: (i) before melting, by combining the appropriate qualities and quantities of scrap, primary aluminum, and the alloying elements and (ii) during melting, by diluting impurity content with primary aluminum to the needed level and adding, at the same time, the necessary amount of alloying elements for achieving their standard concentration in diluted melts. © 2010 TMS.

Four identically configured anaerobic packed bed biofilm reactors were developed and employed in the continuous acidogenic digestion of olive mill wastewaters to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which can be exploited in the biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Ceramic porous cubes or granular activated carbon were used as biofilm supports. Aside packing material, the role of temperature and organic loading rate (OLR) on VFA production yield and mixture composition were also studied. The process was monitored through a chemical, microbiological and molecular biology integrated procedure. The highest wastewater acidification yield was achieved with the ceramic-based technology at 25 °C, with an inlet COD and an OLR of about 17 g/L and 13 g/L/day, respectively. Under these conditions, about the 66% of the influent COD (not including its VFA content) was converted into VFAs, whose final amount represented more than 82% of the influent COD. In particular, acetic, propionic and butyric acids were the main VFAs by composing the 55.7, 21.5 and 14.4%, respectively, of the whole VFA mixture. Importantly, the relative concentrations of acetate and propionate were affected by the OLR parameter. The nature of the packing material remarkable influenced the process performances, by greatly affecting the biofilm bacterial community structure. In particular, ceramic cubes favoured the immobilization of Firmicutes of the genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Clostridium, which were probably involved in the VFA producing process. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

A short Estudo of phase change materials (PCMs) was given regarding the relevant applications and the latest development on various fiels including solar energy, industrial waste heat recovery, building materials, cold storage of air conditioning, electronic devices, heat dissipation of batteries, cosmetics, and temperature-adaptable fibers. The basic theory of PCMs' application is utilizing the heat (energy) being absorbed or released as the phase changing processes occur. It has been demonstrated that the research of PCMs is becoming one of the most popular topic in the world. It should be emphasized here that researchers of materials, technics and structure design et al. ought to cooperate intensively in order to promote the development of PCMs more efficently in the future.

The disposal of olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) represents a substantial environmental problem in Italy. A vermicompost process could be an alternative and valid method for the management of OMW. In a laboratory experiment, the OMW were absorbed onto a ligno-cellulosic solid matrix and 30 adult earthworms of Eisenia fetida specie were added. The experiment was carried out for 13 weeks. The number of earthworms increased throughout the experimental period and after 2 weeks about 90% of the earthworms had become sexually mature. The decrease in total organic carbon (about 35%), C : N ratio (from 31.2 to 12.3) and biochemical parameters (hydrolytic enzymes averagely 40% and dehydrogenase 23%), and the increase in humification rate (pyrophosphate extractable carbon (PEC) from 17.6 to 33.3 mg g^-1, and PEC : water-soluble carbon from 1.76 to 2.97) indicated the mineralization and the stabilization of organic matter at the end of the vermicomposting process. At the end of the experiment, the extracellular ß-glucosidase, phosphatase, urease and protease activities, measured in the pyrophosphate extract of the vermicompost, were found to be always higher or equal to that measured at the beginning of the vermicomposting process, suggesting that the enzymes bound to humic matter resisted biological attack and environmental stress. Moreover, the results obtained from the phyto-test showed that the OMW lose their toxicity and stimulate plant germination and growth. © The Author(s), 2010.

The rhizomes of turmeric are processed to obtain oleoresin and subsequently curcuminoids are isolated. The mother liquor, after partial isolation of curcuminoids, known as spent turmeric oleoresin (STO), is considered as industrial waste. Curcuminoids enriched spent turmeric oleoresin (CSTO) is prepared by removal of nonantioxidant constituents, and investigated for its antioxidant potential using in vitro methods, and also the total curcuminoids and phenolic contents were determined. CSTO has a total phenolic content of 267.27 ± 5.75 mg GAE/g that is almost double the amount present in STO (118.3 ± 3.0 mg GAE/g). The total amount of curcuminoids in CSTO is found to be 39 ± 1.2%, whereas STO had 15 ± 2.0%. CSTO possessed radical scavenging activity of 84% at 50 µg/mL, antioxidant activity of 74% at 25 µg/mL, high antioxidant capacity, and moderate total reducing power. These results provide scope for utilization of CSTO/STO as natural antioxidant/preservative as well as colorant in various foods. © 2010 Institute of Food Technologists®.

This work compares the calculated techno-economic performance for thermochemical and biochemical conversion of sugarcane residues, considering future conversion plants adjacent to sugarcane mills in Brazil. Process models developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory were adapted to reflect the Brazilian feedstock composition and used to estimate the cost and performance of these two conversion technologies. Models assumed that surplus bagasse from the mill would be used as the feedstock for conversion, while cane trash collected from the field would be used as supplementary fuel at the mill. The integration of the conversion technology to the mill enabled an additional ethanol production of 0.033m³ per tonne of cane for the biochemical process and 0.025m³t^-1 of cane plus 0.004m³t^-1 of cane of higher alcohols for the thermochemical process. For both cases, electricity is an important co-product for the biorefinery, but especially for biochemical conversion, with surpluses of about 50kWht^-1 of cane. The economic performance of the two technologies is quite similar in terms of the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP), at 318$m^-3 (United States 2007 dollars) for biochemical conversion and 329$m^-3 for thermochemical conversion. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Red mud, an abundant industrial waste from alumina industry, represents a rich source of various metal oxides, mainly of Fe₂O_3, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. In this study, the rinsed Bosnian red mud (RBRM) was evaluated as an economical, composite sorbent for aqueous Ni²⁺ ions. The process was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration. The investigated mineral mixture exhibited a high acid neutralising capacity, and its most important role in cation immobilization was observed in the initial pH range 2-8. The initial metal ion concentration strongly influenced the sorption kinetics and equilibrium times. Addition of 5g/L of RBRM caused 100% removal from the solutions of 10^-4 to 5a

Direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation by using boron doped diamond anode (BDD), direct electrochemical oxidation by using ruthenium mixed metal oxide (Ru-MMO) electrode, and electrofenton and electrocoagulation by using iron electrode were investigated for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The results have been given at the best operational conditions which were obtained for each electrochemical method. The results obtained from electrochemical methods were compared to each other. Complete phenol and COD removal can be achieved in almost all electrochemical methods, except electrocoagulation, provided that electrolysis time is prolonged. The most efficient method was the electrofenton process followed by the electrochemical oxidation using BDD anode. Phenol removal of 98.74% was achieved in 6min of electrolysis and COD removal of 75.71% was reached after 9min of electrolysis in electrofenton. Additionally, 99.53% phenol and 96.04% COD removal were obtained in direct electrochemical oxidation at the current density of 5mA/cm². Initial phenol concentration was reduced to final phenol concentration of 0.91mg/L after 40min of electrolysis, and initial COD decreased to 36.7mg/L and 23.3mg/L after 60min and 75min of electrolysis, respectively. Electrocoagulation was found to be ineffective for the treatment of PRW. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The surfactants are emerging as potential nanopArtigo stabilizing agents, however, the synthetic surfactants are not economically viable as well as they are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, the biosurfactants are emerging as a green alternate for the synthesis and stabilization of nanopArtigos. In this report, a glycolipid biosurfactant was produced from sponge-associated marine Brevibacterium casei MSA19 under solid state fermentation using the agro-industrial and industrial waste as substrate. The production was optimized with factors such as oil seed cake as substrate, glucose as carbon source, beef extract as nitrogen source, FeSO₄·7H₂O as metal, 2% NaCl, pH 7.0 and 30°C. Based on the biochemical composition, TLC chromatogram, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, the surface active compound produced by the strain MSA19 was elucidated as a glycolipid derivative. The emulsification index of the biosurfactant produced by B. casei MSA19 was invariably high over the synthetic surfactants such as SDS, Tween20 and Tween80. The purified surfactant concentration in the extract was 18g/L. It was found that the nano-scale silver can be synthesized in reverse micelles using the glycolipid as stabilizer. The silver nanopArtigos synthesized in this study were uniform and stable for 2 months. Therefore, the biosurfactant-mediated nanopArtigos synthesis can be considered as green stabilizer of nanopArtigos. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The untreated industrial and sewage wastes arising from industries and metropolitan activities make their passage to the River Ravi, Pakistan, where Balloki Headworks is one of the major sites of effluent concentration. This study was designed to evaluate the concentration of various toxic elements in fishes of that area compared to a nearby fish farm. The concentrations of heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn, and electrolytes Ca, K, and Na were determined in different edible and non-edible fresh water fish varieties. Fish samples were collected from two selected sites and were analyzed for aforementioned elements. Higher levels of As (35.74-45.33 ppm), Cd (0.35-0.45 ppm), Pb (2.1-3.0 ppm), Hg (83.03-92.35 ppm) while normal levels of Zn (37.85-40.74 ppm) and Cu (1.39-2.93 ppm) were bserved. Mercury, higher levels of which trigger cough, impairment of pulmonary function, and psychotic reactions, was significantly higher in all studied categories. At the sites under study, there has been observed alarming levels of toxic metals which are needed to be monitored regularly. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010.

Mangrove swamps, intertidal mudflats and creeks of backwaters represent main feature of Karachi harbour area. Karachi harbour sediment is under continuous influence of untreated industrial effluents and domestic waste discharged into the Harbour area vra Lyari River Sediment samples from sixteen locations were collected to evaluate the levels of contamination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Karachi harbour and adjoining areas. It has been observed that residual concentrations of various organochlorine pesticides were considerably higher in the semienclosed area of the upper Harbour in the vicinity of the discharge point of Lyari River. The residue of DDT mainly its metabolites (DDE and DDD) were widely distributed and have been detected in most of the sediment samples in relatively higher concentrations as compared to other OCPs. The higher levels of the DDTs would attribute to low tidal flushing of the area The high proportion of pp'-DDE in the most sediment sampled (41-95%) suggested old inputs of DDTs in the environment. Ratio of SDDT and DDT was in the range of 0,04 -0 24 at all locations which also reflects that the discharges of DDT were negligible in the Harbour area. This may be due to the restrictions being implemented on the use of DDTs and Pakistan has also switched over to natural pest control or using safer formulas. The data obtained during the study showed that concentration levels of other pesticides such as HCHs, HCB and Cyclodienes in the sediment were generally lower than the threshold levels known to harm wildlife by OCPs. The results clearly indicate that elevated concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the marine sediment of Karachi harbour and adjoining area was localized and much lower than the concentrations reported from neighbouring and regional countries which suggests/confirms that the present use of pesticide in Pakistan is environmentally safe.

The present study deals with the assessment of surface water quality from an industrial-urban region located in northern Poland near to the city of Gdansk. Concentrations of thirteen chemicals including total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) and major ions in the samples collected at five sampling points during six campaigns were used as variables throughout the study. The originality in the monitoring data treatment and interpretation was the combination of a traditional classification approach (self-organizing maps of Kohonen) with PAH diagnostic ratios expertise to achieve a reliable pollution source identification. Thus, sampling points affected by pollution from traffic (petroleum combustion products), from crude oil processing (petroleum release related compounds), and from phosphogypsum disposal site were properly discriminated. Additionally, it is shown that this original assessment approach can be useful in finding specific pollution source tracers. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Isothiazolinones are used as preservatives, biocides and disinfectants in a variety of industrial and domestic applications. Some of the isothiazolinones are difficult to isolate from water due their high polarity. A sensitive and selective analytical method was developed and optimized for the determination of sub-µg/L levels of three isothiazolinones in water samples. Three isothiazolinones are described in this paper: 2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone and 4,5-dichloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone. The analytical method involves a robust large-volume direct on-column loop injection of 2mL on an Aqua ODS HPLC column and tandem MS detection (HPLC-MS/MS). After filtration, samples are directly injected without further pretreatment. Detection limits of the individual target compounds were between 0.03 and 0.1µg/L employing Multi-Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. Based on the constant ratio of two selected product-ions together with the retention time, the identification is very selective and quantification is reliable. The method was successfully applied to real samples of membrane flushings, drinking water, surface waters and waste water. Additional investigations showed the instability of the isothiazolinones in river- and waste water. Preservation of river water and waste water samples with sodium azide (NaN₃) promotes the stability of the isothiazolines in solution. In membrane flushings, waste water, surface waters and drinking water, levels of the three isothiazolinones were all below the limit of detection. In effluents of households containing washings from normal shampoo use, isothiazolinones could be detected. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The impact of discharges from abandoned metal and ironstone mines has been a much studied form of aquatic pollution in recent decades. Few attempts however, have been made to accurately determine the overall contaminant mass flux arising from abandoned mine sites at scales above catchment level. Such assessments are critical to determine the significance of former mining to national, regional and ultimately global trace metal flux. This paper presents the most comprehensive national survey to date across England and Wales of the total pollution burden discharged at source from abandoned non-coal mine sites. 338 discharges have been identified (from 4923 known abandoned metal mines) and while concurrent flow and contaminant concentration records are only available for around 30% of these, significant quantities of metals (and As) have been quantified to be discharged. A minimum of 193. tonnes of Zn, 18.5. tonnes of Pb, 0.64. tonnes Cd, 19.1. tonnes of Cu, 551. tonnes Fe, 72. tonnes Mn and 5.1. tonnes As are released in water discharges from abandoned non-coal mines to the surface water environment of England and Wales each year. Precautionary extrapolation of mass fluxes based on the frequency distribution of measured concentration and flow data, for discharges with absent data, suggests that the actual total mass flux for these contaminants could be up to 41% higher. The mass flux of Pb released from mines exceeds that of all currently permitted discharges (e.g. active industrial sites and wastewater treatment works) to surface waters across England and Wales, while those of As, Cd and Zn are of a similar magnitude. These data put into context the enduring legacy of historic mining on the water environment, highlighting its significance relative to more highly regulated polluting sites. Comparison of the figures with estimates of global trace metal flux suggests that the national total identified here is significant on a global scale. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Waste utilization for biosurfactant production is an important approach contributing to the reduction of waste treatment costs, while increasing the economic value of residues and reducing biosurfactant production costs. In an attempt to optimize rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI, the effects of the oil refinery waste as carbon source, C/N ratio, agitation Speed, aeration rate, pH control and fed-batch culture conditions on the production of this biosurfactant were assessed in a bioreactor. Maximum production (16.9 g L ) was attained at a C/N ratio of 23, agitation at 800 rpm and aeration at 2.0 vvm. The rhamnolipid solution (0.1%, w/v) exhibited surface and interface tensions of 25 mN/m and 0.63 mN/m respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) wds 73,9 mg L^-1. The optimal parameters used in this study promoted the formation of a useful biosurfactant with potential for many industrial applications.

This study was set out to investigate emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from both the stack (i.e., point source) and plant fugitives (i.e., area source) of an electric-arc furnace-dust treatment plant (EAFDTP) and their impact to the vicinity environments. The emission rate of the point source (2360ng I-TEQh^-1) was determined directly by measuring PCDD/F concentrations of the stack flue gas. The emission rate of the area source (1080ng I-TEQm^-2h^-1) was estimated by using the Industrial Sources Complex Short-Term (ISCST3) model based on concentrations measured at the downwind side of the plant. The mean emission factors of 785 and 893ngI-TEQton^-1 ZnO were found for the point and area source, respectively. The above results suggest that the area source accounted for more than 50% of total PCDD/F emissions for the selected EAFDTP. The contribution of the point source to the atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations of the upwind site and downwind site of the EAFDTP were 0 and 0.27fgI-TEQNm^-3, respectively. The contributions of the area source were 0.020 and 3.3fgI-TEQNm^-3, respectively. The total contribution of the selected EAFDTP (including both the point and area sources) to the concentrations in both upwind and downwind side vicinities were all less than 10%. Finally, the impact of PCDD/F emissions from the selected EAFDTP to the vicinity atmospheric environments was discussed in the present study. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The current state of RLIS (Reverse Logistics Information System) for e-waste (Electronic Waste) reverse logistics is no integrated and effective reverse logistics information system for disposing e-waste information of management. When Social needs, the time is a system to produce. We draw up an information system model for e-waste reverse logistics based on internet to solve the lack of RLIS. Next, it introduces the main technique in detail and puts forward design scheme of e-waste reverse logistics RLIS based on internet. Especially it used the GIS technique. It is a multifactor model to analyze e-waste material flow. It has great significance for the visualization of e-waste logistics, management dynamically real time and assistance decision analysis. © 2010 IEEE.

Brought into focus by sustainable development along with related issues of resource efficiency and health hazard reduction, sustainability in industrial waste recycling is becoming an emerging area with potentials to contribute to environmental protection, economic development and social benefit. This paper examines a sustainability management approach to the development of sustainable recycling technologies. It focuses on characterizing, modeling and assessing the critical sustainability factors of a closed-loop recycling technology for recovery of nickel from waste catalysts. The sustainability factors are identified from the nickel recovery process and modeled in metrics to evaluate economic and environmental impacts. The results suggest that the economic profitability of nickel recovery from wastes strongly depends on nickel market values and it also increases over production batch size. Its environmental impact is highly sensitive to changes in energy consumption. However, energy intensity indicates that there exist improvement rooms in energy efficiency for the current process. © 2010 IEEE.

In this paper, performance of a HUASB reactor for treating a tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream has been studied and compared with that of a UASB reactor under identical conditions of operation. Six influent COD concentrations ranging from about 1700-5800 mg/L and five HRTs (8 to 24 hrs) were considered and performance of the reactors evaluated based on pre-set criteria i.e., on COD removal (%) and bio-gas yield. From an overall assessment, the HUASB reactor has performed better than the UASB reactor for treating the above waste stream. Copyright © EM International.

An investigation was carried out to assess the impact of paper mill effluent on the microbial diversity viz., bacteria and fungi. Results of one year ecological study revealed that altogether 7 species of bacteria and 12 species of fungi were isolated from the paper mill effluent stream. Among bacteria, Streptococcus with two species and others with single species each were recorded. Aspergillus was dominant among fungi with 9 species followed by Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichoderma. Higher amounts of phosphates and nitrates, with sufficient amount of oxidizable organic matter limited dissolved oxygen content and slightly alkaline pH were probably the factors favouring the growth of microbes especially fungi. The utilization of dominant species of fungi to monitor pollution in paper mill effluent has also been discussed. Copyright © EM International.

Waste derived from different industries coprocessing represents a priority for cement industry in its efforts towards the sustainable development. In this ' respect, it becomes highly important identifying the impact of the alternative fuels use on the composition and structure of the clinker and on the cement properties. The paper presents some investigations on some industrial clinkers produced by using a complex alternative fuel mix and a relatively high substitution rate of the traditional fuel with alternative fuels - 34 % - 60 %, in comparison with a reference clinker burnt using coal. The investigations of the mineralogical composition by Rietveld method and of the structural and textural characteristics by electronic microscopy SEM, showed no significant difference in terms of main mineralogical compounds content and of the structure and textural appearance, between the clinker burnt with traditional fuels and the clinkers produced in the same installation, but using various types of alternative fuels and thermal substitution up to 60 %.

The present Artigo is an integrated approach of energetic efficiency in the field of glass manufacturing industry as well as the reduction of its environment impact. In the same time, this Artigo is targeting an improvement of energetic and economic efficiency, a reduction of the environment impact (CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and dust emissions) and new equipment implementation in the field of glass manufacturing industry in Romania. This Artigo takes also in consideration the consequences of the glass waste recycling. As a result of the present model, complex appraisal methodologies of energetic efficiency, environmental impact and economic efficiency as well as new clean technologies will be available for the Romanian glass manufacturing domain. In this way, Romanian glass industry will be able to reach European efficiency and environment standards. Emissions reduction, especially CO₂, will create appropriate conditions to implement the main Kyoto Agreement measures. New methodologies techniques and technologies (solutions, equipments, etc) and also the new developed evaluation models might have a replication potential for other industrial branches.

When geotechnical Engineers are faced with problematic soils (such as clayey or expansive soils), the engineering properties of those soils may need to be improved to make them suitable for construction. Waste materials such as flyash or pozzolanic materials have been used for soil improvement. Flyash is a waste material of burring coal at electric power plants and one of the most useful and versatile industrial by products. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the viability and environmental suitability. Effective utilization of waste materials with technical development in each field is indeed necessary. Attempts are made to investigate the stabilization process with model test tracks over expansive/sand subgrades. Loading-unloading tests are carriedout on the tracks with chemicals like lime and cement introduced in flyash subbase laid on expansive/sand subgrades. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity is obtained for stabilized flyash subbase compared to untreated flyash subbase. © Global Science Publications.

The southern Sindh province of Pakistan adjoins the Arabian Sea coast where drinking water quality is deteriorating due to dumping of industrial and urban waste and use of agrochemicals and yet has limited fresh water resources. The study assessed the drinking water quality of canal, shallow pumps, dug wells, and water supply schemes from the administrative districts of Thatta, Badin, and Thar by measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded WHO MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%, 81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. However, the turbidity was lower in underground water, i.e., 24% and 28% in dug wells and shallow pumps as compared to open water, i.e., 96% and 69% in canal and water supply schemes, respectively. In dug wells and shallow pumps, limits for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sodium exceeded, respectively, by 63% and 33%

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate an adhesive prepared from soy flour (SF) modified with urea, citric acid and boric acid as an environmentally friendly product for the wood industry. Design/methodology/ approach - Urea solution was prepared at 30°C and then SF was added and stirred at 30°C for 2 hours. Citric acid solution was added and stirred for another 0.5 hours and then boric acid solution was added and heated at 30°C for a further 0.5 hours. The resulting adhesive was used to bond poplar veneers. Shear strength was measured to evaluate the bonding property of the adhesive. Viscometry and FT-IR spectrometry were used to test the viscosity and chemical changes, respectively. Findings - Soy protein has potential value in the preparation of adhesives because of its unique functional characteristics. The optimum formulation was 100 g of soy powder treated with 9 g of citric acid at 30°C for 0.5 hours in the presence of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH ₂PO₄). After addition of 6 g of boric acid the resulting adhesive exhibited a shear strength of 0.82 MPa when bonded samples were treated with water, indicating that boric acid improved the water resistance via the formation of a chelating polymer. Research limitations/implications - Compared to synthetic resin such as urea formaldehyde, the SF adhesive exhibited lower water resistance. Further modification methods and optimum chemical reagents still need to be investigated. Originality/value - A new formulation for an environmentally friendly adhesive prepared from SF is identified for the panel industry. The bonding potential of soy protein was developed without any synthetic resin, which will promote industrial utilisation of an agricultural by-product. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds, which have the advantages over synthetic counterparts such as lower toxicity, biodegradability, selectivity, specific activity at extreme temperatures, pH, salinity, and the possibility of their production through fermentation. These have wide range of potential applications in areas of environmental protection and management, crude oil recovery, as antimicrobial agents in health care and food processing industries. The advantages of biosurfactants over their synthetic derivatives and wide range of applications have attracted the strong interest of scientific community. In the present investigation, the food industry waste namely molasses and whey have been tested for their suitability for biosurfactant production. Five bacterial strains have been evaluated for their ability to use these raw materials and compared their performance on the conventional media. Among the bacterial strains tested, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2297 displayed the maximum emulsification activity (65%) on molasses medium after 120 hrs of incubation period. © Global Science Publications.

Continuous Catalytic Wet Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation (CWHPO) for the treatment of a petrochemical industry wastewater has been studied on a pilot plant scale process. The installation, based on a catalytic fixed bed reactor (FBR) coupled with a stirred tank reactor (STR), shows an interesting alternative for the intensification of a continuous CWHPO treatment. Agglomerated SBA-15 silica-supported iron oxide (Fe₂O ₃/SBA-15) was used as Fenton-like catalyst. Several variables such as the temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration, as well as the capacity of the pilot plant for the treatment of inlet polluted streams with different dilution degrees were studied. Remarkable results in terms of TOC reduction and increased biodegradability were achieved using 160°C and moderate hydrogen peroxide initial concentration. Additionally, a good stability of the catalyst was evidenced for 8 hours of treatment with low iron leaching (less than 1 mg/L) under the best operating conditions. © IWA Publishing 2010.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) industrial waste as a source of raw material for certain applications, as well as to understand the effects of the annealing on the fracture behavior of PLA. PLA waste has been simulated by an initial step of extrusion in a single screw extruder and pelletizing. Specimens of virgin and reprocessed PLA were obtained by injection molding. An annealing treatment capable of increasing the percentage of crystallinity (determined by differential scanning calorimetry) was also analyzed in reprocessed and non reprocessed specimens. The fracture behavior was studied at slow and high testing speed, applying the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) on single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. This study revealed that the fracture toughness of the reprocessed PLA was basically the same that the virgin PLA and also that the increase in the crystalline fraction produced an improvement on the fracture toughness, at slow loading rate. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Conventional process in saponin industry resulted in severe environmental problems in China. Millions of tons of high strength wastewater discharged to the ambient rivers and threatened the safety of local drinking water and the major function as drinking water source of the ambitious South-to-North Water Transfer Project. In this paper, cleaner production alternatives for saponin industry were investigated with material flow analysis (MFA) with particular attention to pollutants reduction through starch transformation. Simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the two proposed schemes primarily in terms of recycling principle characterized by reduce, reuse and recycle. Quantitative evaluation was carried out from four aspects including resource conservation, pollution reduction, starch recycling efficiency and diosgenin yield. The experimental results showed that starch recycle was an effective measure for the cleaner production of saponin industry, and especially the starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (scheme I) would greatly alleviate the load to acid hydrolysis and reduce pollution at the source. By recycling starch, both schemes could reduce 45-50% of pollutants and 32-35% of wastewater comparingwith the conventional process, besides, about 64% (scheme I) and 75% (scheme II) of starch could be utilized and thus extra profit which was more than 20,000 RMB yuan/t diosgenin could be achieved. Starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (in scheme I) would result in a saving of 40% sulfuric acid and a lowering of 50% material intensity, while the starch recycle after acid hydrolysis (in scheme II) would have much less contribution to the reduction of both material intensity and pollutants. Therefore, starch recycling should be implemented with priority at the earlier stage of the whole processing system. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A resistant and capable fungal strain in removing hexavalent chromium was isolated from an environment near of Chemical Science Faculty, located in the city of San Luis Potosa

Solid waste management is gaining significant importance with the ever-increasing quantities of industrial by-products and wastes. With the environmental awareness and scarcity of space for landfilling, wastes/by-product utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several industrial by-products are produced from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes. Some of these industrial by-products/waste materials could possibility be used in cement-based materials. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) represent incombustible materials left after combustion of coal in conventional and/or advanced clean-coal technology combustors. These include fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products from advanced clean-coal technology combustors. This paper briefly describes various coal combustion products produced, as well as current best recycling use options for these materials. Materials, productions, properties, potential applications in manufacture of emerging materials for sustainable construction, as well as environmental impact are also briefly discussed. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Wastewater generated in industrial production processes are often contaminated by hazardous chemicals. Characterization by means of toxicity-directed analysis is useful for identifying which fractions of a waste stream possess the most toxicity. We applied this approach to evaluate toxic components of a polyester manufacturing wastewater. Using the reduction in oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge as an indicator of toxicity, it was determined that increasing the pH from 3 to 11 followed by air stripping significantly reduced the toxicity of the wastewater. Comparative headspace GC/MS analysis of wastewater at different pHs selected a group of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) associated with the observed effect of air stripping at pH 11. Ten of these compounds were identified as a,b unsaturated aldehydes (acrolein (2-propenal) congeners)

The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland, which was commissioned in 2004, is one of the largest constructed wetlands in Taiwan. This multi-function wetland has been designed for the purposes of non-point source (NPS) pollutant removal, wastewater treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation, and education. The major influents of this wetland came from the local drainage trench containing domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters, and effluents from the wastewater treatment plant of a paper mill. Based on the quarterly investigation results from 2007 to 2009, more than 96% of total coliforms (TC), 48% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 40% of nutrients (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus) were removed via the constructed wetland system. Thus, the wetland system has a significant effect on water quality improvement and is capable of removing most of the pollutants from the local drainage system before they are discharged into the downgradient water body. Other accomplishments of this constructed wetland system include the following: providing more green areas along the riversides, offering more water assessable eco-ponds and eco-gardens for the public, and rehabilitating the natural ecosystem. The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland has become one of the most successful multi-function constructed wetlands in Taiwan. The experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing similar natural treatment systems for river water quality improvement and wastewater treatment. © IWA Publishing 2010.

In the present study, the treatment of metal plating wastewater containing complexed metals originating from the nickel and zinc plating process by electrocoagulation (EC) using stainless steel electrodes was explored. In order to improve the organic matter removal efficiency, the effect of H ₂O₂ addition to the electrocoagulation (the combined EC/Fenton process) application was investigated. For this purpose, a wide range of H₂O₂ concentrations varying between 15 and 230 mM was tested. All EC and EC/Fenton processes were performed at an initial pH of 2.6 and at an optimized current density of 22 mA/cm². Although up to 30 mM H₂O₂ addition improved the EC process performance in terms of organic matter abatement, the highest COD and TOC removal efficiencies were obtained for the combined EC/Fenton process in the presence of 20 mM H ₂O₂. Nickel and zinc were completely removed for all runs tested in the present study after pH adjustments. At the optimized operation conditions, the combined EC/Fenton process proved to be an alternative treatment method for the improvement of organic matter reduction as well as complexed metal removal from metal plating industry wastewater. © IWA Publishing 2010.

A new kind of inorganic polymer flocculant, the solid composite polyferric sulfate (SPFS) was prepared using ferrous sulfate and Na-Bentonite. The obtained SPFS was characterized by FT-IR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). It showed that SPFS was a kind of composite inorganic polymer, which was the complex of PFS and Na-Bent, not only a simple mixture of raw materials. The synthetic mechanism and surface structure of SPFS were also discussed. Acting as a kind of environmentfriendly flocculating agent, the solid composite polyferric sulfate (SPFS) was applied in pretreatment of potato starch industry wastewater, a typical wastewater containing high concentration organic compounds, which COD was above 6,000 mg/L. The results showed that the COD removal value reached 4,070 mg/L with COD removal rates being 46.6%. Based on these results, it is suggested that the SPFS can be attractive pretreatment agent for the starch industry wastewater. © IWA Publishing 2010.

The use of the activated sludge process (ASP) for the nitrification/ denitrification of wastewaters is commonplace throughout the UK and many other parts of the industrial world. Associated with this process are significant costs arising from aeration requirements and for selected sites, the need to provide an external carbon source. These costs can constitute up to of 50% of the total running cost of the whole plant and as such, any effort to reduce them could realise significant benefits. This paper investigates the use of real time control (RTC) using online sensors and control algorithms to optimise the operation of the ASP, leading to greater efficiency and sustainability. Trials were undertaken at full scale to assess the benefit of such a system at a 250,000 population equivalent (PE) works on the south coast of the UK, using Activated sludge model No.1 (ASM 1) as a basis for the control system. Initial results indicate that it is possible to significantly reduce both aeration and chemical consumption costs whilst still delivering the required effluent quality. Over the trial period the aeration requirements were consistently reduced by 20% whereas, a reduction in methanol consumption of in excess of 50% was observed. © IWA Publishing 2010.

A mesophilic bacterium, Aeromonas veronii PG01, isolated from industrial wastes produced an extracellular thermostable organic solvent tolerant protease. The optimum condition for cell growth and protease production waspH7.0and 30°C. The protease produced was purified 53-fold to homogeneity with overall yield of 32%, through ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The molecular weight, as determined by GPC-HPLC, was found to be about 67kDa. SDS-PAGE revealed that the enzyme consisted of two subunits, with molecular weight of 33kDa. The protease was active in broad range of pH from 6.0 to 10.0 with optimum activity at pH 7.5. The optimum temperature for this protease was 607deg

Cleaner production plays an important role in minimizing the consumption of water, raw materials, energy, and the generation of waste during industrial processes. Tax breaks, equipment subsidies and penalties are often considered the main policy tools for promoting enterprises to adopt cleaner production technologies, especially in Chinese electroplating industry. However, the results of these policies implementation are confronting with some uncertainty because of the conflicts of the interest between players involved. This paper presents a framework for analyzing the conflicts between a local government and a potentially polluting firm by using game theory. We enriched the model by adding policy variables, such as psychological costs (m), environmental benefit evaluation (E), and reward local government for its implementation (R), to change the payoffs, which can improve the current policies. Using theoretical and numerical analysis, the effects of subsidies, penalties and other policy variables on implementation of cleaner production were obtained. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the production of various types of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes which pose serious problems to the environment. The disposal and use of solid industrial wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum, fly ash, slag, and lime sludge, is significant in view of their availability and potential applications. The paper deals with studies on select wastes like phosphogypsum and chalk for use in value-added building materials. The engineering properties and techno-economics of materials like gypsum plasters, cementitious binders, boards/blocks, masonry cement and flooring tiles produced from phosphogypsum and lime have been detailed. The production and use of building materials from such wastes will protect the environment from degradation. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (f_anti ) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p >

Lubricant is one of the important resources that cannot be disposed of randomly due to the presence of pollutants. In response to economic efficiency and environmental protection, there is a growing trend of regeneration and reuse of waste lubricant. However, the technologies shall be compared to provide a useful reference for the use of waste lubricant. The major aim of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process to select, analyze, and compare the regenerative technologies, thus laying a basis for the governmental bodies in policy making of lubricant recovery as well as for industrial operators in deciding the recovery methods. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

A large variety of ornamental and decorative items are manufactured from bone waste by various unorganized sectors in India. An initial survey indicated that workers were exposed at various phases of final product. The subjects (12 industrial units) were tested for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter <

EPA is promulgating a regulation to require monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from magnesium production, underground coal mines, industrial wastewater treatment, and industrial waste landfills. This action adds these four source categories to the list of source categories already required to report greenhouse gas emissions. Some of the affected entities by category include pulp mills, paper mills, ethanol manufacturing facilities, and petroleum refineries. This action requires monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gases for these source categories only for sources with CO₂ equivalent emissions above certain threshold levels as described in this regulation. This action does not require control of greenhouse gases. The final rule is effective on 9/10/2010. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in the rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of 9/10/2010.

Tin is an essential industrial metal with many applications from plastics to electronics. In contrast to other metals, tin reserves are very small with a static lifetime of 22 years. Mining is heavily concentrated in a few countries. Together, these characteristics render primary tin supply potentially vulnerable to short and long-term disruptions. An increased use of secondary tin resources (e.g., scrap from retiring products) could replace primary tin and thereby mitigate both challenges. In order to identify the potential for secondary resource use, it is necessary to know both where tin is accumulating in the anthroposphere and where tin could be recovered most effectively.Wefirst analyzed the global, historical tin metabolism on a highly aggregated level to identify areas of stock accumulation. Subsequently, we studied the contemporary (2005) U.S. tin cycle in more detail to detect flows rich in tin for potential recycling. Most of the tin mined globally in the 20th century has been accumulating in landfills due to a relatively short lifetime and low recovery rates. The global tin reservoir in landfills has reached about double the size of current reserves, while products in use constitute about half the amount in reserves. In addition, substantial amounts of tin have accumulated in steel (where it forms a tramp element and is virtually lost for future recovery). Landfills might become important tin mines in the future, however, currently more attractive is a focus on in-use stocks, where tin is available in higher concentrations. Today, the U.S. has a post-consumer recycling rate of about 28%, exclusively in alloy form. The most important current source of post-consumer recycled material is lead acid batteries. Products that are good candidates for improved end of life recycling include containers and electronics, although this potential is not currently being harvested in the U.S. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete. Various mortar and concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from 0% (for the control mixture) to 100% as fine aggregates replacement. Cement mortar mixtures were evaluated for compressive strength, whereas concrete mixtures were evaluated for workability, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and durability. The results obtained for cement mortars revealed that all mixtures with different copper slag proportions yielded comparable or higher compressive strength than that of the control mixture. Also, there was more than 70% improvement in the compressive strength of mortars with 50% copper slag substitution in comparison with the control mixture. The results obtained for concrete indicated that there is a slight increase in density of nearly 5% as copper slag content increases, whereas the workability increased significantly as copper slag percentage increased compared with the control mixture. A substitution of up to 40-50% copper slag as a sand replacement yielded comparable strength to that of the control mixture. However, addition of more copper slag resulted in strength reduction due to the increase in the free water content in the mix. Also, the results demonstrated that surface water absorption decreased as copper slag content increases up to 50% replacement. Beyond that, the absorption rate increased rapidly and the percentage volume of the permeable voids was comparable to the control mixture. Therefore, it is recommended that up to 40-50% (by weight of sand) of copper slag can be used as a replacement for fine aggregates in order to obtain a concrete with good strength and durability requirements. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effluents from the textile dyeing industry with high color and organic constituents frequently cannot comply with environmental standards. Without suitable treatment before discharging into natural water-bodies, these effluents may threaten the ecological environment and human health. The objective of this study was to utilize wasted basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag for decolorization of recalcitrant diazo dye C.I. Acid Black 24 wastewater, considering time, slag dose and initial dye concentration. From the results, BOF slag was efficiently capable of reducing dye color, obtaining the best color removal of 99.7 %, as well as a total organic carbon (TOC) of 57.4% with an initial dye concentration of 25.0 mg/L and slag dose of 10 g/L at 60 min. The color removal efficiency was dependent on slag dose and initial dye concentrations. Color and TOC removal efficiencies linearly increased with increased slag dose, reaching a maximum at 10 g/L. Moreover, the removal of the American Dye Manufactures Institute color unit (ADMI) followed a first-order equation with respect to slag dose. The leachate from the toxic test was identified to contain non-detectable toxic metals such as Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb. Therefore, the metal release with this BOF slag addition was proven to be non-harmful in the view of environmental aspects.

Gases with a low-heating value of 1.2 a

Many mining wastes, especially those from the metal mining industry, have traditionally been treated as a matter of little or no value and in practice a cost burden. Some wastes, due to their reactivity characteristics, have emergent values that go beyond purely economic and into the environmentally beneficial realm. This paper discusses the changing paradigm of mine waste management. Such fundamental parameters such as cut off grade, and strip ratio, are positively impacted by the revaluation of waste rock material. Mine rock waste can now be seen as a commodity of value, similar to the underlying ore being mined and influences the economic performance of suitable projects. This valuable material can be used for industrial purposes including acid neutralization as well as the capture and long-term disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. The Turnagain Nickel project, located in northern British Columbia serves as an example of how waste rock material can become an important matrix for carbon capture and sequestration and can benefit economically from it. By producing material that has emergent economic value as well as carbon capture and sequestration capabilities, the sequestration matrix producer is a beneficiary of new carbon credits that have a market value and is looked upon favourably by regulatory authorities and affected stakeholders.

Industrial wastes contribute significantly to environmental pollution following the directives of European environmental policies, we must look for alternatives for minimization, treatment and / or recovery of wastes [1]. Several studies have found that basic materials such as polymers, cements and ceramics are better suited to inerting and neutralization of the waste by encapsulation in your matrix [2]. They are also increasingly used more insulating bricks. One way to increase this capacity is introduce additives organics into the matrix [3]. This is the case presented below, where they have used sludge from water purification of the brewing industry for the manufacture of ceramics. © (2010) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

Este trabalho enfoca o problema de identificacao multivariavel de um processo de incineracao de residuos liquidos que faz parte do complexo da unidade de utilidades da empresa BASF S.A, localizada em Resende-RJ. Para trabalhos futuros, pretendemos utilizar esta identificacao em um projeto de controlador inteligente. A escolha desse processo foi motivada pelo potencial de melhoria no sistema de controle da combustao, sendo realizado um estudo com as possiveis melhorias econ

A industria eletro-eletr

Esta dissertacao tem como foco estudar e propor um procedimento alternativo de craqueamento termico de residuos de petroleos pesados e ultra pesados por radiacao laser. As principais vantagens dessa tecnica estao relacionadas com a economia e a praticidade obtidas nas atividades de refino de petroleo, ao se tornar desnecessario, por exemplo, o uso de catalisadores e de grandes fornalhas nas etapas de craqueamento, reduzindo os altos custos operacionais tipicos desses processos. A tecnica proposta consistiu na utilizacao de um sistema laser de CO2 e scanner optico de varredura. Assim, gerou-se um laser o qual foi incidido diretamente no residuo de petroleo, fornecendo a amostra uma energia termica suficiente para ocorrer o rompimento das cadeias dos hidrocarbonetos. Inicialmente, para se definir as condicoes de processo, os residuos pesados e ultra pesados obtidos da destilacao molecular tiveram suas propriedades fisico-quimicas (condutividade termica (k), profundidade de absorcao (d), densidade (?), peso molecular (PM) ) e termicas (capacidade calorifica (Cp), entalpia (H) e temperatura de craqueamento (Tcrack)caracterizadas, sendo estas ultimas determinadas atraves da tecnica de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC). A caracterizacao quimica dos hidrocarbonetos presentes antes e depois da irradiacao foi feita num sistema de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectroscopia de massas (CG/EM), com uma previa separacao das fracoes parafinicas com o uso de coluna cromatografica aberta. Uma condicao experimental de irradiacao utilizada consistiu na operacao do laser de CO2 a uma potencia de 25 W e a uma velocidade de varredura de 1595 mm/s sob a superficie dos residuos ultra pesados produzindo um aumento em hidrocarbonetos caracteristicos em C8-C10, sendo a maioria identificada como fracoes aromaticas (etilbenzeno, s-xileno e ?-xileno). Alem disso, composto de hidrocarbonetos C25-C36 foram produzidos nos residuos com maior peso molecular. Com as propriedades opticas, termicas e fisico-quimicas das amostras determinadas, esenvolveu-se para este processo um modelo matematico deterministico, cujas equacoes foram resolvidas pela tecnica de elementos finitos, atraves do uso do software ANSYS. Os resultados de simulacao juntamente com os dados experimentais permitiram identificar para a condicao de irradiacao estudada o comportamento termico (transferencia de calor) e as reacoes de craqueamento, tornando possivel a estimativa da seletividade dos produtos obtidos apos a incidencia do laser.

Objetivo: Na cidade de Cubatao esta implantado o maior polo sidero-petroquimico do pais. A degradacao ambiental decorrente da falta de politica ambiental gera a necessidade de se entender o atual estado da arte do Gerenciamento Ambiental destas empresas, bem como, propor um modelo de gerenciamento ambiental baseado em ferramentas da qualidade, objetivo deste estudo. Metodo: O universo deste estudo constitui-se de 8 (oito) empresas que representam 81,63% do total de geracao de residuos do polo. Foram analisadas a luz da ISO 14.000 e com auxilio de ferramentas da qualidade (Histograma, Ishikawa, Diagrama de arvore, Fluxogramas, Ciclo Deming), apos aplicacao de duas pesquisas e a partir do diagrama de arvore, montou-se a Matriz de Qualidade Ambiental, tendo por base o QFD (Desdobramento da Funcao Qualidade). Desta matriz, extraiu-se o modelo de Gerenciamento Ambiental proposto no trabalho. Resultados: Criou-se uma ONG (Organizacao nao Governamental), o NPABS - Nucleo de Pesquisas Ambientais da Baixada Santista, para facilitar a troca de informacoes cientificas entre pesquisadores e futura aplicacao do trabalho em um banco de dados. Aplicou-se a Tabela de Desdobramento da Qualidade Exigida, com base no diagrama de arvore, e suas interacoes com a empresa, seus funcionarios e a comunidade, dando origem a Matriz de Qualidade Ambiental. Seus itens situados na horizontal sao a base do modelo de gerenciamento ambiental proposto para evitar os impactos ambientais de producao e proporcionar qualidade de vida a populacao da Baixada Santista, ja que pelos dados de Medrado Faria, a incidencia de c

A area de estudo deste trabalho, localizada no Municipio de Cubatao, abrange um terreno industrial desativado onde no passado foram descartados residuos, bem como, manipulados e estocados materiais com elevados teores de subst

Por intermedio da Cartografia Geotecnica, associada a tecnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e a organizacao de dados atraves de um Sistema de Informacoes Geografica (SIG), obteve-se o mapeamento do Risco Potencial a Contaminacao do Solo e das aguas Subterr

No Brasil e no mundo, a industria relacionada a pesca gera grande quantidade de residuo de alto valor biologico. Este material residual, devido a falta de um destino adequado, e considerado um problema sob o ponto de vista ambiental, de sanidade e de eficiencia de producao. Com os objetivos de minimizar os problemas ambientais e melhorar a eficiencia de producao da industria do pescado, procedeu-se a elaboracao e a caracterizacao fisico-quimica e nutricional da silagem acida (SA), silagem biologica (SB) e silagem enzimatica (SE), utilizando como materia-prima os descartes da piscicultura e o residuo do beneficiamento da tilapia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) (Experimento 1). As silagens SA, SB e SE apresentaram os valores (base na materia seca) de: 25,21; 34,58 e 25,01 g/100g para a materia seca, 54,25; 33,00 e 54,50 g/100g para a proteina bruta, 12,45; 12,25 e 12,17 g/100g para lipidios, 8,03; 7,33 e 8,58 g/100g para o calcio e 4,71; 2,86 e 4,85 g/100g para o fosforo, respectivamente. Entre os aminoacidos essenciais (AAE), a leucina (3,50; 2,41 e 3,31 g/100g para SA, SB e SE, respectivamente) e a lisina (3,33; 2,41 e 3,22 g/100g para SA, SB e SE, respectivamente) apresentaram-se em maior concentracao. Com base no escore quimico, todas as silagens apresentaram deficiencia em triptofano, quando comparadas as exigencias em AAE para a tilapia do Nilo, de acordo com o NRC (1993). Contudo, considerando-se como aminoacidos limitantes apenas os que estiverem 30% abaixo das exigencias minimas para peixes, em geral, esses produtos nao sao deficientes em nenhum AAE. Em um segundo experimento, avaliou-se biologicamente as silagens elaboradas no experimento 1, atraves da determinacao do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da energia, nutrientes e aminoacidos. Foram encontrados valores de CDA de: 92,01; 89,09 e 93,66% para proteina bruta, 86,39; 84,53 e 89,09% para energia bruta, 82,52; 78,98 e 82,96% para materia seca, 81,72; 73,99 e 80,27% para calcio e 77,86; 79,21 e 81,46% para o fosforo na SA, SB e SE, respectivamente. O CDA medio dos aminoacidos foi de: 91,83; 90,76 e 94,61% para SA, SB e SE, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos para SA e SE foram, de maneira geral proximos e melhores que os obtidos para SB. Recomenda-se, com base nos resultados desta pesquisa, o uso da SA pela facilidade na sua elaboracao.

Hidroxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDLs) ou compostos lamelares do tipo da hidrotalcita podem ser representados genericamente atraves da formula: , na qual: M2+ representa um cation divalente; M3+ representa um cation trivalente; Am- representa o

A producao brasileira de aco inoxidavel e estimada em 290 mil toneladas anuais. Nas etapas finais da producao e realizado o tratamento da superficie do aco para remocao da camada de oxidos presentes, atraves da etapa denominada decapagem acida. A solucao da decapagem e composta pelos acidos nitrico e fluoridrico e e utilizada ate que a concentracao de ions ferricos atinja um valor entre 40 - 80 g/l, sendo entao descartada. O efluente contem cerca de 50 % dos acidos nao utilizados, alem dos metais dissolvidos (ferro, niquel e cromo). No Brasil, o tratamento de efluente da decapagem acida e realizado atraves do metodo de neutralizacao/precipitacao gerando um grande volume de solidos a serem depositados em areas apropriadas, alem do efluente liquido resultante possuir niveis de constituintes em desacordo com a legislacao ambiental vigente. O estudo aqui desenvolvido tem como objetivo a avaliacao tecnica do processo para recuperacao dos constituintes do efluente da decapagem acida, com enfoque na recuperacao dos acidos nitrico e fluoridrico para retomo ao processo. Numa primeira etapa, o ferro foi recuperado atraves da tecnica de extracao por solventes em uma cascata de misturadores-decantadores, apresentando um indice de recuperacao acima de 99%. Os estudos realizados permitiram a recuperacao de 99 % do acido nitrico e 80 % do acido fluoridrico atraves da tecnica de extracao por solventes em colunas pulsadas, utilizando o Tributilfosfato-TBP diluido em isoparafina como solucao org

O conceito de prevencao da poluicao, ja abordado em estudos sobre efluentes e outros tipos de residuos, deve se estender tambem a questao das embalagens utilizadas em industrias. Isto porque, com o aumento na complexidade dos processos produtivos, as embalagens passaram a ser empregadas tambem para abrigar componentes durante a fabricacao e o transporte, e nao mais apenas para conter o produto final; assim, sua utilizacao pode acarretar a geracao de grandes quantidades de residuos, caso o principio da prevencao nao seja adotado. e neste quadro que o presente trabalho se insere: inicialmente, apresenta consideracoes relativas as embalagens e a evolucao dos conceitos do gerenciamento de residuos, destacando a presenca da prevencao da poluicao em norma ISO 14001 e em dispositivos legais do Brasil e de paises da Comunidade Econ

Varias alternativas sao propostas para reduzir o impacto das condicoes climaticas adversas na alimentacao de ruminantes, dentre as quais se destaca o uso de residuos e subprodutos da agricultura e da industria alimenticia, uma alternativa de grande potencial, pois consiste no aproveitamento de materiais hoje desperdicados, que podem ser transformados em racao animal. Um aproveitamento racional e eficiente desses residuos como substrato para a producao de proteinas microbianas podera dar resultados satisfatorios na producao de racoes, contribuindo tambem para minimizar os problemas de perdas na industrializacao das frutas tropicais. A producao de proteinas microbianas sobre os residuos agroindustriais pode ser realizada por meio de fermentacao semi-solida que, alem de requerer baixo investimento de capital e energia, praticamente nao produz rejeitos; e pode ser aplicada em diversos substratos. Os materiais in natura e enriquecidos sao muito delicados e por isso requerem cuidado durante a secagem, principalmente se a temperatura for a variavel que mais influencia as propriedades do material e a qualidade do produto final. Alem da secagem, outra etapa importante e a armazenagem; o material deve ser mantido em condicoes adequadas de forma a inibir ou evitar o crescimento de microorganismos, que podem gerar perdas de qualidade no material, inviabilizando sua utilizacao na alimentacao de ruminantes, sendo fundamental o conhecimento do comportamento higroscopico do mesmo e a qualidade do produto ao longo do tempo de armazenamento. Neste contexto, as metas deste projeto de pesquisa sao obter os produtos com maior valor agregado e de tempo de armazenamento alto; tendo como fonte produtora os residuos da agroindustria do abacaxi (casca e coroa).

Esta tese apresenta a obtencao de silica xerogel a partir de carvao de cascas de arroz e a modificacao da sua superficie com um ligante org

Os agrotoxicos tem sido usados na agricultura, mundialmente, para proteger as plantacoes e solos do ataque de pragas. As formulacoes de agrotoxicos devem ser acondicionadas em embalagens seguras e adequadas a cada tipo de produto. Apos o uso da formulacao, as embalagens vazias, contaminadas com residuo de agrotoxicos, devem ser descartadas de maneira correta e segura, sendo a forma recomendada, no Brasil, a triplice lavagem. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a eficiencia da triplice lavagem realizada em embalagens de agrotoxicos enviadas a Central de Recebimento de Embalagens Vazias, em Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, atraves da analise dos quatro ingredientes ativos mais comercializados nesta regiao: glifosato, MSMA, ametrina e tebutiurom. Foram analisadas, 75 embalagens de glifosato, 72 de MSMA, 70 de ametrina e 104 de tebutiurom. Os resultados demonstraram que 34,67 % das embalagens com glifosato, 58,33 % das com MSMA, 75,71 % das com ametrina e 73,07 % das com tebutiurom estavam em nao conformidade com a norma vigente, ou seja, com um residuo remanescente acima de 0,01 %. Concluiu-se que as embalagens analisadas apresentaram elevada percentagem dos principios ativos, indicando que as triplices lavagens foram executadas em desacordo a forma recomendada

Tres gramineas tropicais, P.purpureum, B. decumbens e P. graucum e uma planta nativa da Inglaterra, P.australis, foram utilizadas em sistemas pilotos de Reed Bed recebendo diferentes tipos de aguas residuarias. Dez sistemas pilotos, formados por dois tanques de PVC ( 30cm x 32cm x 27cm) foram inicialmente alimentados com uma solucao nutriente Long Ashton por aproximadamente uma semana, seguido de esgoto por oito semanas, cromo por mais oito semanas e hidrocarbonetos por quatro semanas. O esgoto adicionado aos sistemas apresentava uma DQO em torno de 400 mg/L. As concentracoes de cromo variaram entre 10-20 ppm dependendo da fase do experimento. Concentracoes de 0,1% de decano, dodecano, hexadecano, octadecano e docosano, foram utilizadas na preparacao do efluente contendo hidrocarbonetos. Analises de pH, DQO, DBO, solidos suspensos, am

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O aumento das atividades industriais intensificou os problemas com poluicao ambiental por metais pesados e principalmente por cadmio, por ser dentre os metais pesados, muito utilizado em varios processos industriais e por ser extremamente toxico em baixas concentracoes, alem de causar serios problemas de saude. Dentre varios processos utilizados na remocao de cadmio de efluentes industriais, um dos mais promissores e a biossorcao que envolve a utilizacao de microrganismos na recuperacao e remocao de metais de efluentes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae e um dos organismos que apresentam grande capacidade de biossorcao de metais pesados, alem de ser um residuo facilmente obtido em grandes quantidades como subproduto de processos industriais. Visando o tratamento de residuos liquidos contaminados com cadmio, foram determinados alguns par

Busca-se a minimizacao da emissao de material particulado em incinerador industrial de residuos perigosos atraves do controle operacional de algumas variaveis de processo. Essas variaveis, que afetam diretamente a qualidade da queima, sao: intervalo de tempo de alimentacao, modo de introducao de pequena quantidade de residuo liquido no forno rotativo e excesso de oxigenio na saida dos gases de combustao. Todos os testes tem a mesma taxa de residuos incinerados (kg/h). Na faixa estudada, o controle operacional mostrou resultados expressivos: em todos os casos, para cada variavel estudada, a emissao de material particulado na melhor condicao foi aproximadamente 2,5 vezes menor o valor da emissao de material particulado, se comparado com a pior condicao de operacao.

Em razao da crescente preocupacao com a protecao ao meio ambiente e preservacao da qualidade das aguas superficiais e subterr

A pratica de utilizar residuos org

O fosforo (P) tem sido um dos fatores mais limitantes da producao agricola em solos de exploracao recente, bem como nos solos ha tempo utilizados e cuja fertilidade nao e mantida. Tradicionalmente, o uso de fontes de P de elevada solubilidade tem auxiliado no aumento da fertilidade desses solos proporcionando acrescimos na produtividade das culturas. No entanto, o processo de fabricacao desses fertilizantes requer o uso de rochas fosfaticas com baixa quantidade de impurezas metalicas como ferro e aluminio. Essa exigencia tem levado as industrias a descartarem quantidades elevadas de residuo fosfatico, no qual se encontram os minerais do grupo da crandallita. A busca de fontes alternativas de P para a producao agricola encontra-se dentro do contexto de aproveitamento racional de recursos minerais existentes bem como de avancar no conhecimento de condicoes agron

Os Manguezais sao ecossistemas de grande import

O Sistema Estuarino de Santos e Sao Vicente, localizado na porcao central do litoral do Estado de Sao Paulo, abriga o mais importante complexo industrial costeiro do Pais, o Complexo Industrial de Cubatao, e o maior porto brasileiro, o Porto de Santos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram o estudo do historico da contaminacao da area por metais pesados e a avaliacao da aplicabilidade da suscetibilidade magnetica na deteccao de anomalias geoquimicas. Foram estudados tres testemunhos proximos a fontes pontuais de poluicao. A taxa de sedimentacao foi determinada pelo metodo do 137Cs, a suscetibilidade magnetica foi medida por um perfilador Bartington MS2C e o teor de metais foi analisado em ICP-OES. Os teores de Pb, Cu, Cr e Zn apresentaram uma tendencia de aumento em direcao ao topo dos testemunhos, mas os maiores teores nao ocorrem na superficie, e sim a alguns centimetros de profundidade. A correlacao entre os teores de Pb, Cu, Cr e Zn e a suscetibilidade magnetica indicou a aplicabilidade desta na avaliacao preliminar da qualidade dos sedimentos. O aporte desses metais pode ser associado a diversas fontes antropicas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento urbano-industrial da regiao, como atividades industriais e portuarias e disposicao irregular de residuos solidos e esgoto.

O objetivo do projeto e explorar o potencial proteico de leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae dos residuos industrial ou excedentes de producao de etanol em destilarias. Atraves da secagem spray em escala piloto, pretende-se obter leveduras secas para possivel utilizacao em racao animal. Objetiva-se encontrar os par

O crescimento das grandes cidades, da industrializacao e do consumo, tem forcado a civilizacao a conviver com um processo mais intenso de degradacao do meio ambiente, ameacando os recursos naturais e energeticos, alem da maior producao de residuos solidos, liquidos e gasosos. Isto tem trazido preocupacao com relacao a sustentabilidade do processo de crescimento das economias mundiais e ao futuro dos recursos esgotaveis. Dessa forma, torna-se essencial a utilizacao de combustiveis obtidos a partir de fontes renovaveis, como por exemplo os residuos solidos, liquidos e gasosos, gerados pela atividade industrial e pelas cidades. Uma das metas do planejamento energetico de um pais e minimizar a producao de descartes, e incentivar a reinsercao dos residuos e sub-produtos nos diversos processos produtivos. Alem disso deve-se minimizar os impactos desses residuos no meio ambiente. Como exemplo pode-se citar a producao de polimeros, que nas ultimas decadas, com a evolucao da pesquisa, tem provocado um crescimento na geracao de residuos, que devido a sua composicao, permanecem intactos nos aterros por longos periodos de tempo sem que haja sensivel degradacao. Por outro lado, grande parte destes materiais possuem caracteristicas bastante adequadas ao reaproveitamento ou reciclagem e, que podem apresentar razoavel potencial energetico. Entre os polimeros mais comuns estao as borrachas, principalmente as empregadas nos pneus automotivos, que tem gerado, nos paises com maior frota, grandes problemas ambientais, ainda nao completamente solucionados. Procurando contribuir para a solucao destas questoes, apresenta-se a proposta de um reator que utiliza pneus usados para a obtencao de oleo combustivel atraves de sua gaseificacao. A eficiencia e a viabilidade da utilizacao deste processo foi avaliada atraves do seu balanco energetico e da caracterizacao do oleo obtido como energetico

Neste trabalho, por meio de uma metodologia experimental foram analisados varios aspectos de tijolos modulares compostos por misturas binarias e ternarias de solo-cimento e solo cimento-silica produzidos em prensa manual modelo SAHARA, com a finalidade de se obter par

A cinza pesada e um sub-produto gerado do processo da queima do carvao mineral pulverizado nas caldeiras das termeletricas para a producao de vapor aquecido que atuara na geracao de energia eletrica. Nao ha um destino adequado para esse tipo de cinza, sendo que o volume gerado diariamente e depositado em bacias de sedimentacao, causando, dessa forma, problemas ambientais. Principalmente nos Estados Unidos, muitas pesquisas tem evidenciado o sucesso do emprego deste residuo na construcao de rodovias. Contudo, no Brasil as pesquisas sobre cinza pesada estao mais voltadas para a area de edificacoes. Deste modo, a proposta da pesquisa foi investigar os efeitos da cinza pesada quando incorporada a solos, atraves de ensaios laboratoriais, visando o aproveitamento deste residuo na construcao de bases e sub-bases de pavimentos. Tambem foi avaliado o efeito da adicao de cal as misturas solo-cinza. Os ensaios utilizados na etapa experimental foram os de mini-CBR, resistencia a compressao simples e resistencia a tracao por compressao diametral. Complementarmente, realizaram-se ensaios de CBR e de resistencia a compressao simples na condicao imersa. Os resultados mostraram que as adicoes de cinza pesada aos solos nao melhoram as propriedades mec

No inicio do desenvolvimento industrial, os subprodutos gerados no processo produtivo eram dispostos sem nenhuma preocupacao com as conseq

Atualmente, o aproveitamento de residuos na construcao civil tem sido estimulado devido essa atividade ser um dos maiores consumidores de materiais naturais em seus processos e produtos. As cinzas agroindustriais ocupam lugar de destaque dentre os residuos com possibilidades de aplicacao em materiais cimenticios, pois algumas, como a cinza da casca do arroz, apresentam propriedades pozol

Este trabalho teve como finalidade principal formular as equacoes de modelagem e realizar a simulacao do processo de destilacao molecular de residuos pesados de petroleo. Ele se insere no projeto

O chumbo e o quinto metal mais utilizado na industria. e empregado principalmente na fabricacao de baterias acidas. Sua reciclagem e feita devido a escassez do mesmo nas jazidas existentes, alem da preocupacao com o meio ambiente. Os residuos contendo chumbo sao classificados segundo a norma brasileira de residuos (NBR-IOO4) como perigosos. O processo de reciclagem e constituido por duas fases: separacao dos componentes da bateria acida de chumbo e fusao do metal em fornos de reducao. Este trabalho realizou uma avaliacao ambiental do processo de reciclagem de chumbo utilizado em tres unidades de reciclagem no Brasil. Para atingi-Io, foram desmontadas baterias e seus componentes analisados com o intuito de caracterizar o material a ser reciclado. Tambem foram feitas visitas a recicladoras para coleta de dados, que proporcionou o levantamento de alguns indices ambientais e de consumo de insumos. Os principais fatores potenciais de contaminacao ambiental identificados foram a emissao de material particulado contendo chumbo e a formacao de escoria tambem contaminada pelo mesmo metal. O resultado da caracterizacao das baterias e a analise dos dados obtidos nas visitas mostram que a reciclagem de chumbo e uma fonte potencial de poluicao ambiental. O controle do processo de reciclagem deve ser rigoroso para se atingir padroes ambientais aceitaveis e a necessidade de muitos equipamentos de controle ambiental contribui de forma significativa para um elevado custo do processo

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Em agosto de 2001 havia, no Brasil, sete fabricas de cimento com licenca para o co-processamento de residuos industriais em seus fornos, em substituicao a matriz energetica, e 14 outras em vias de adquiri-la. Ha mais de cinco anos, a Companhia de Cimento Ribeirao Grande conta com efetiva participacao de uma mistura (blend) de residuos industriais de diferentes correntes no processo. O clinquer co-processado e hoje o componente principal do cimento portland da fabrica, o qual manteve resistencias mec

A contaminacao de aguas subterr

Um dos grandes problemas das Metropoles tem sido o descarte de residuos solidos. Em diversas situacoes aterros sao selecionados como solucao de melhor viabilidade para disposicao final desses materiais que, na maioria das vezes, sao agentes poluentes. Condicoes inadequadas de operacao e conservacao desses locais vem acarretando inumeros danos ao meio ambiente, em especial, nas areas de seu entorno que, muitas vezes, possuem aglomerados residenciais. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas condicoes ambientais mais significativas de uma area e de seu entorno onde se encontram instalados quatro Aterros, tres Sanitarios e um Industrial, localizados no Municipio de Tremembe/SP. Provavelmente como conseq

A contaminacao ambiental provocada pelo despejo de residuos industriais e pela aplicacao de agrotoxicos pode resultar no desequilibrio dos ecossistemas, alem de causar danos diretos a saude humana. No Brasil, existem varias areas contaminadas com residuos industriais, tais como o hexaclorobenzeno (HCB), um composto organoclorado usado no passado como fungicida, mas que atualmente tem seu uso proibido devido a sua alta persistencia no ambiente e alta capacidade de bioacumulacao. Este estudo verificou a possibilidade de remocao de residuos de HCB do solo contaminado alem da possibilidade de contaminacao do ar e da agua por este composto. Verificou-se: a) o efeito de adicao de materia org

A reducao no volume de residuos produzidos, industriais e agricolas, vem se tornando uma exigencia constante em todos os processos de producao. A falta de espaco fisico para a disposicao destes residuos, a contaminacao ambiental causada por eles, alem da necessidade de preservacao dos recursos naturais nao-renovaveis e da diminuicao do consumo de energia e emissao de poluentes, tornam a reciclagem e a reutilizacao dos residuos uma alternativa bastante atraente. A construcao civil apresenta-se como um setor bastante apto a utilizacao de tecnicas de reaproveitamento de residuos, provenientes das mais diversas industrias. Alem de todos os beneficios ambientais, este reaproveitamento, pela construcao civil, pode gerar recursos financeiros, bem como, possibilita a melhora das caracteristicas de alguns materiais de construcao, e pode diminuir o custo de construcao, fator importante, quando se avalia o deficit de habitacional existente no Brasil. Neste trabalho, desenvolveu-se um estudo baseado no aproveitamento de escoria de aciaria eletrica, residuo gerado a partir da reciclagem do aco, empregada como agregado para concreto de cimento Portland, em substituicao total ou parcial dos materiais convencionais. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para a viabilidade de utilizacao deste residuo como agregado.

Neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo propor uma metodologia para avaliacao da energia associada ao residuo solido industrial (RSI) e sua aplicacao a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC). A metodologia foi baseada numa revisao bibliografica, sobre aspectos ambientais e energeticos relacionados ao residuo solido industrial. No roteiro metodologico propoe-se caracterizar a area de estudo; a producao e gestao do RSI; a classificacao energetica e o estudo quali-quantitativo da energia associada ao RSI; e, avaliacao da aplicabilidade dos mecanismos de aproveitamento energetico propostos para a regiao. A aplicacao da metodologia a RMC mostrou-se valida e resultou numa apresentacao sintetica da realidade socio-ambienta!, do setor industrial e da destinacao de residuo, bem como indicou as potencialidades quanto ao aproveitamento energetico de RSI, na regiao. Com os resultados obtidos constata-se a import

A geracao de residuos quimicos em industrias ocorre em quantidades expressivas, portanto o lancamento desses efluentes vem sendo monitorado por orgao de fiscalizacao ambiental com maior intensidade, de maneira a evitar contaminacoes no ambiente. Nas Universidades, o volume da geracao e muito pequeno, porem a diversidade de residuos e muito grande, o que dificulta o tratamento dos mesmos. Ainda assim e crescente o numero de universidades preocupadas em estabelecer programas de gerenciamento dos seus residuos. Essas iniciativas surgem por cuidado com o meio ambiente e pela preocupacao em dar bons exemplos aos profissionais por elas formados. Porem outra acao nao menos importante, mas complementar ao tratamento e gerenciamento de residuo e a avaliacao constante desses procedimentos em rotina. O Programa de Gerenciamento de Residuos Quimicos (PGRQ) implementado no CENA/USP a partir de 2001, e permanente e carece de inovacoes e aperfeicoamento, tambem porque a cada ano novos projetos passam a ser executados, resultando na geracao de residuos que ate entao nao eram motivo de preocupacao. No entanto, iniciativas de tratamento de residuos quimicos no Laboratorio de Isotopos Estaveis da Instituicao tiveram inicio em 1999. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com esta dissertacao: 1 quantificar e qualificar as condicoes dos efluentes laboratoriais e o comportamento da populacao responsavel pela geracao de residuos do CENA/USP, apos 10 anos de implantacao do Programa de Gerenciamento de Residuos Quimicos (PGRQ); 2 solucionar problemas do PGRQ ainda nao equacionados para o tratamento de alguns residuos, desenvolvendo metodos de tratamento para cromo, para acetonitrila e propor adequacoes aos problemas levantados a partir da avaliacao do programa; 3 estender os conhecimentos quimicos utilizados em rotina no PGRQ, de maneira pratica e didatica a alunos do ensino medio-publico de Piracicaba-SP, tais como: identificacao de subst

O Polo Cer

Devido a persistencia de metais pesados em solos, a contaminacao por estes elementos e considerada permanente resultando no impacto agravante da degradacao das propriedades quimicas e biologicas do solo. As tecnicas de estabilizacao para remediacao de solos contaminados com metais pesados tem se destacado como uma opcao eficaz, alem de resultar num custo/beneficio mais acessivel quando comparado aos metodos de descontaminacao tradicionais. Quando associada a fitoestabilizacao, constitui uma das tecnicas mais promissoras, pois alem de promover a reabilitacao da area impactada, diminui os riscos ambientais, na medida em que protege o solo da erosao hidrica e reduz a lixiviacao dos contaminantes. O conhecimento da distribuicao dos metais nas fracoes do solo e essencial a predicao do comportamento geoquimico destes no ambiente e, permite ainda avaliar a eficiencia dos procedimentos remediadores e sua longevidade. Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni e Zn sao de grande interesse na regulamentacao por agencias governamentais, visto que em concentracoes elevadas em aguas, solos e ar representam riscos a saude humana. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou o potencial de imobilizacao de superfosfato triplo, lama vermelha e zeolitas para um solo contaminado com residuo industrial rico em Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni e Zn, por meio de ensaio de incubacao em vasos. Posteriormente, a capacidade de promover o crescimento vegetal em cada tratamento foi avaliada atraves de ensaios com milho (Zea mays), em vasos, e pelo metodo de Neubauer, em placas de Petri, utilizando o arroz (Oryza sativa). O comportamento e distribuicao dos metais foram avaliados pelo metodo de extracao seq

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar, a partir de ensaios de laboratorio, o comportamento mec

Alguns estudos do emprego de compostos de ferro como material adsorvedor nao- convencional sao citados em literatura. Foram feitos alguns testes da utilizacao de hematita (Fe2O3), o lodo galv

O grande volume de residuos solidos industriais gerado pelo setor de celulose e papel e o alto custo do seu manejo estimulam pesquisas em busca de solucoes mais adequadas para o seu gerenciamento. Uma alternativa que se destaca neste contexto e o aproveitamento destes residuos em materiais de construcao. Este trabalho visa o aproveitamento do lodo de ETE de industria de papel na producao de compositos cimenticios para uso na construcao civil. Foi estudada a influencia de diferentes teores da adicao do lodo de ETE (5%,10%,20% e 30% em massa) em argamassa de cimento e areia, com relacao agua-cimento de 0,65. Determinou-se para o residuo: teor de umidade; massa unitaria; massa especifica; pH; sazonalidade de geracao e teor de solidos fixos e para o composito: massa especifica aparente; absorcao de agua por imersao; absorcao de agua por capilaridade; retratibilidade; isolamento acustico; resistencia a compressao e analise da microestrutura. O residuo foi classificado como Classe II

Os metais pesados representam o maior residuo industrial contaminante de solos, plantas e animais no ecossistema, causando graves efeitos toxicos ao homem principalmente devido a sua ampla distribuicao no ambiente, que tem sido intensificado pela industrializacao. Um dos metais pesados mais toxicos e o cadmio, elemento bastante utilizado em processos industriais, o que o torna um importante contaminante ambiental. Pesquisadores preocupados com problemas associados a poluicao ambiental por metais pesados iniciaram estudos com tecnicas de biorremediacao utilizando microrganismos explorando a capacidade desses na remocao de ions toxicos do ambiente, dentre eles os fungos. Dentre os varios processos utilizados na remediacao do cadmio dos efluentes industriais, um dos mais promissores e a biossorcao. Essa tecnica tem por base a propriedade dos metais se ligarem a varios materiais biologicos, tais como algas, leveduras, fungos, bacterias e plantas; para retencao, remocao ou recuperacao de metais pesados de um ambiente liquido. Dentro desse contexto o fungo Aspergillus sp. foi estudado quanto a sua capacidade de biossorcao de cadmio. As pesquisas com Aspergillus sp. demonstram que linhagens dessa especie possuem grande resistencia ao cadmio. No presente trabalho foram avaliados par

Este trabalho trata da aplicacao do plasma termico na recuperacao de materiais valiosos ainda presente em escorias e residuos, como e o caso do silicio metalurgico contido em escorias. Esse processo pode ser estendido para outros materiais, como por exemplo o aluminio e o niquel contido em escorias. Para a realizacao dos ensaios praticos de reciclagem de escoria, foi projetado e construido um reator fechado, em escala laboratorial, com uma tocha de plasma de arco transferido operando com plasma de gas inerte como fonte de energia. Alem do aparato de reciclagem, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia analitica para o conhecimento das fases presentes na escoria e principalmente da quantificacao de silicio metalico livre, unindo tecnicas de analise estrutural como a Difracao de Raios-X (DRX), analise quimica por Fluorescencia de Raios-X (FRX) e Microscopia Eletr

A reciclagem de materiais polimericos e de fundamental import

Um dos grandes problemas hodiernos e o acentuado aumento populacional e, por conseguinte, a geracao de uma enorme quantidade de materiais descartaveis, isto e, residuos cumulativos da materia-primaja utilizada, o que leva a se pensar em uma proposta de utilizacao destes diferentes residuos para diversos fins. Os residuos domiciliar e industrial na maioria das vezes sao depositados em lixoes a ceu aberto e em aterros sanitarios controlados, ou encaminhadosa usinas ou incineradores, muitas vezes sem qualquer tratamento previo, podendo trazer conseq

O municipio de Guarulhos, localizado na Regiao Metropolitana da Grande Sao Paulo, possui uma area de 341 km

Na Regiao Metropolitana de Sao Paulo, em uma area impactada por residuos de galvanoplastia estudaram-se fen

A utilizacao de polimeros ligno-celulosicos combinados com polimeros artificiais na forma de materiais compostos e fruto do desenvolvimento de uma linha de pesquisa que tinha como objetivo inicial a utilizacao dos primeiros como enchimento de uma matriz termofixa ou termoplastica aglutinante. Com o advento da necessidade do reaproveitamento de residuos de processos industriais, as pesquisas e a utilizacao de residuos fibrosos e particulas de madeira cresceram em import

A baia de Sepetiba, localizada a 60 km na direcao Oeste da regiao metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, vem sendo submetida, nas ultimas decadas, a um consideravel desenvolvimento populacional e industrial, contando hoje com aproximadamente 400 industrias (em sua maioria metalurgicas) instaladas nas bacias de drenagem da baia, as quais lancam seus residuos diretamente na baia ou nos corpos d'agua da regiao. Alem disso, o Porto de Sepetiba trouxe muitos investimentos industriais para a area. Toda esta expansao industrial e urbana resultou em uma serie de impactos ambientais, devido ao lancamento de efluentes domesticos e industriais, os quais sao ricos em metais pesados e outras subst

A exploracao das florestas nativas e das plantacoes florestais no Brasil tem um imenso potencial. No entanto, na Amaz

Este trabalho avalia a viabilidade tecnica da obtencao de compositos lignocelulosicos de PVC, utilizando-se residuo de Pinus elliottii e Pinus taeda como fibra de reforco. Foi desenvolvido um processo simples e economicamente viavel de tratamento de residuos industriais desta madeira, processo este baseado na secagem e revestimento das particulas com lubrificantes funcionais e agentes de acoplamento utilizados como aditivos na industria do PVC, bem como no uso de equipamentos tradicionais da industria de processamento deste termoplastico. Foram avaliados os efeitos da incorporacao do residuo de madeira em concentracoes variaveis e do tipo de agente de tratamento superficial utilizado na processabilidade do composto de PVC, bem como em propriedades finais do composito. Verificou-se que a incorporacao de fracoes massicas crescentes de fibra lignocelulosica a matriz de PVC afeta de maneira significativa diversas propriedades do composito, notadamente processabilidade e desempenho mec

Existe uma preocupacao geral quanto a aderencia que se pode obter entre os pneus de uma aeronave e as superficies das pistas de aeroportos, principalmente naqueles em que operam aeronaves a jato, em altas velocidades, tornando a aderencia um fator importante relacionado a seguranca de v

Esta tese apresenta os resultados da investigacao realizada nos anos de 1998 a 2002 sobre os principais aspectos tecnologicos, energeticos, territoriais e ambientais do processamento de residuos industriais perigosos em fornos rotativos de clinquer de fabricas de cimento. A analise realizada considerou esta atividade como um sistema complexo contendo riscos e incertezas, pois ocorrem e podem ocorrer outros prejuizos para os trabalhadores, para a populacao e para o meio ambiente, alem daqueles associados a producao de cimento com emprego de insumos energeticos tradicionais. Sao comentados definicoes, conceitos e normas relativos a destinacao de residuos industriais para fins de tratamento termico, co-incineracao e co-processamento nas plantas cimenteiras. Com base nos cadastros e series de estatisticas obtidas sobre o transporte e as licencas ambientais de fabricas de cimento instaladas na Regiao do Calcario, ao norte da area metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, foram qualificadas as principais fontes de residuos - a maior parte gerada nas atividades industriais petroliferas, petroquimicas e metal-mec

A prevencao a poluicao e uma abordagem de gerenciamento ambiental que prioriza a reducao dos residuos na fonte como forma de preservar os recursos naturais e reduzir o desperdicio de materiais, agua e energia, em contraposicao a abordagem tradicional, que se apoia nas tecnologias de controle e tratamento de residuos. Apesar de resultar em beneficios ambientais e econ

O objetivo deste estudo foi aumentar o banco de dados em relacao a residuos (cake) e efluentes (licor) industriais e o seu nivel de clastogenicidade. Este estudo contribuiu para mostrar: a) que o bioensaio com Tradescantia pallida foi sensivel para a avaliacao da clastogenicidade em mistura complexa de residuos cataliticos industriais, nunca testados anteriormente. b) a tendencia de uma dose resposta para ambos os residuos cataliticos c)a pasta (cake) apresenta maior clastogenicidade que o licor nas concentracoes estudadas. Provavelmente isto se deve a menor concentracao de Ti e Al no licor do que no cake.

O aumento das preocupacoes ambientais tem proporcionado a busca crescente por alternativas para reduzir os impactos decorrentes de residuos perigosos oriundos de processos industriais. Dentre estes residuos, pode-se destacar o fenol, por sua alta toxicidade e dificuldade de tratamento. O fenol e um dos principais poluentes encontrado em efluentes de industrias de resinas fenolicas, automotivas, farmaceuticas e refinarias de petroleo. Compostos fenolicos sao absorvidos facilmente por animais e seres humanos atraves da pele e sao extremamente toxicos para a vida aquatica. Nesta busca por formas de tratamento de residuos, a absorcao e considerada uma das mais importantes tecnicas de uso industrial utilizada na purificacao de emissoes gasosas, alem de diversas aplicacoes em processos industriais. O principio desta operacao baseia-se no transporte de massa de pelo menos um componente de uma mistura gasosa para uma fase liquida, atraves da interface entre ambas. Este trabalho e parte integrante de um projeto global intitulado Estudo da Recuperacao de Poluentes Prioritarios de Solucoes Aquosas por Extracao Liquido-Liquido com Tratamento Simult

Neste trabalho estimou-se o custo de obtencao de extratos de cera, por extracao supercritica, a partir do residuo da industria de acucar e alcool, a torta de filtro. Foram realizados ensaios para determinacao das isotermas de rendimento global, as curvas globais de extracao (cineticas de extracao) e a identificacao da composicao quimica dos extratos obtidos. Na determinacao da isoterma de rendimento global foram estudadas as pressoes no intervalo de 100 a 350 bar com variacoes de 50 bar para as temperaturas de 30 e 50

e consenso que o reaproveitamento de materiais descartados pela industria constitui uma importante fonte de materias-primas para novos produtos. Entretanto a atuacao dos mesmos deve ser analisada com criterio para assegurar a funcionalidade e qualidade dos produtos acabados. Este trabalho estuda a viabilidade de se obter materiais vitreos utilizando-se residuos solidos galv

A partir do processamento dos residuos da destilacao a vacuo de petroleos diferentes em unidades-piloto de craqueamento termico, foram obtidas correlacoes para determinar a qualidade e o rendimento dos produtos (gases, nafta, diesel, gasoleos e residuo) em funcao das caracteristicas da carga e da conversao. As serpentinas das unidades piloto foram simuladas usando estas correlacoes, e constantes cineticas foram ajustadas aos dados experimentais. A reacao na fase vapor foi desprezada, e a integracao das equacoes diferenciais que representam os balancos de massa e momento foi feita com o algoritmo Runge-Kutta de Fehlberg. A cada passo da integracao, eram calculadas a distribuicao de fases (com uma equacao tipo SRK), as propriedades de transporte, o holdup e a perda de carga. O modelo adaptado para estimar a conversao e de primeira ordem, irreversivel, e os seus par

O residuo solido industrial areia de fundicao e gerado na etapa de desmoldagem de pecas metalicas fundicao. Em particular, as areias fenolicas requerem cuidados especiais, em funcao da presenca de resina fenolica na composicao, que pode conferir a este residuo uma potencial periculosidade em relacao a toxicidade. A metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho compreendeu inventario do residuo areia de fundicao do polo metal-mec

A utilizacao de residuos industriais gerados pela industria de papel como material geotecnico, tem se tornado uma pratica comum nestes ultimos anos. Esta pratica se da devido a dois aspectos importantes: a economia e a aspectos ambientais. As industrias de papel geram uma quantidade significativa de residuos, e com o aumento dos custos de disposicao e as dificuldades de armazenamento destes materiais esta havendo uma preocupacao crescente no reaproveitamento destes residuos. O objetivo deste trabalho e apresentar as propriedades geotecnicas do residuo de papel gerado pela industria de papel Rigesa de Valinhos, Sao Paulo. O estudo deste tipo de residuo pretende contribuir para reducao do custo na disposicao final do residuo para as industrias de papel e por outro lado oferecer uma alternativa econ

A incorporacao de residuos industriais ao concreto, tais como as pozolanas, e uma das solucoes para o aproveitamento de subprodutos poluentes estando em acordo com os principios da sustentabilidade. e objetivo do trabalho discutir e analisar a viabilidade da aplicacao de um residuo das termoeletricas da industria de beneficiamento do arroz, a cinza da casca de arroz (CCA), como adicao mineral em concretos duraveis. Com 88% de silica em sua composicao, a CCA tem grande potencial de utilizacao em concretos porque possibilita o aumento da resistencia a compressao pelas suas caracteristicas de alta pozolanicidade e grande finura. Misturas de argamassas padrao contendo 0, 5, 10 e 15% de CCA moidas apenas industrialmente e com moagem adicional de 1 hora, foram confeccionadas a fim de se avaliar o comportamento do aglomerante (CPV - ARI PLUS + CCA) em relacao a resistencia mec

Este estudo tratou do diagnostico da geracao de residuos na producao de moveis de madeira certificada e nao certificada, visando a disponibilizacao de subsidios para tomada de decisao quanto a gestao ambiental e econ

Nao informado

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma alternativa para utilizacao de vidros laminados provenientes de rejeitos industriais ou pos-consumo. Reciclando o vidro laminado, por meio de uma serie de moagens, pode-se obter dois tipos de rejeitos: vidros de particulas pequenas (200 e 325 mesh), que nao conseguem ser reaproveitados pela industria vidreira, e filme de poli(vinil butiral) - PVB - impregnado com uma pequena quantidade de carga, que tem como destino os aterros. No presente estudo, esses dois residuos foram aproveitados na fabricacao de vernizes curados por radiacao ultravioleta empregados para protecao de pisos de madeira. O filme de PVB foi utilizado na formulacao de um isolante, em razao de sua alta flexibilidade e boa aderencia a madeira, e o vidro de baixa granulometria foi empregado como carga nos vernizes chamados de alto trafego para o aumento da resistencia a abrasao dos mesmos (propriedade fundamental de vernizes para pisos de madeira). Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o isolante preparado com o filme de PVB em solucao alcoolica e misturado a um mon

A revolucao industrial levou a sociedade ao incremento do uso de fontes de energia e, no seculo XX, ao uso intensivo de derivados de petroleo, pelo desenvolvimento dos automoveis como meio de transporte. Ou seja, nos ultimos seculos a sociedade tem usado como base de seu crescimento os combustiveis de origem fossil, que na atualidade, alem de seu esgotamento tem originado problemas ambientais derivados de seu uso. Dada esta situacao, surge a necessidade de pesquisar sobre fontes alternativas de energia que tenham um menor impacto ambiental, como por exemplo, os chamados biocombustiveis, os quais sao, na realidade, combustiveis de origem biomassica. Neste trabalho, fazendo-se uso da analise exergetica e exergo-ambiental, sao avaliadas diferentes rotas de producao de biocombustiveis: hidrolise acida do amido da polpa da banana ou da banana, e hidrolise enzimatica do material lignocelulosico de residuo do cultivo da banana para obter acucares que depois sao fermentados e destilados para obtencao de etanol; producao combinada de acucar e etanol mediante a moagem da cana de acucar, concentracao, cozimento e refino do acucar e fermentacao e destilacao dos acucares da cana-de-acucar para produzir etanol; assim como a extracao e transesterificacao do oleo da palmeira-do-dende para a producao de biodiesel. Para a analise da producao combinada de acucar e etanol usando a cana de acucar, e a extracao do oleo da palmeira do dende, foram usados dados tecnicos obtidos de plantas de producao localizadas na Col

Este projeto avalia a utilizacao de residuos rurais e agroindustriais para producao de energia, na forma de biogas, e de biofertilizante. Para tanto, sao utilizados diferentes substratos, individualmente ou conjugados, com relacao a capacidade de producao de biogas a partir do processo de biodigestao anaerobica. Analises de caracterizacao do substrato antes e apos a digestao sao efetuadas a fim de se verificar a reducao da carga org

No Brasil, grandes reservas de petroleo encontradas sao de oleos pesados. As altas viscosidades destes oleos dificultam a exploracao, escoamento, transferencia, processamento primario e refino. Se por um lado, a realidade brasileira de oleos pesados e grande, por outro, a necessidade por produtos mais leves na industria petrolifera vem aumentando e isto exige novos desenvolvimentos, de forma a agregar valor a estes produtos. Dentro deste contexto, a presente dissertacao de mestrado tem como objetivo geral o desenvolvimento de metodologia para caracterizacao de fracoes ultra pesadas de petroleo nacional atraves da tecnologia de destilacao molecular. Para atingir este objetivo, foram realizadas as seguintes etapas: familiarizacao com o processo de destilacao molecular, incluindo experimentos com oleos lubrificantes, a fim de se estabelecer metodologia robusta para o funcionamento do equipamento; conducao dos experimentos com dois tipos de residuos de petroleo utilizando o destilador molecular de filme descendente, obtendo-se as fracoes ultra pesadas; caracterizacao dos destilados e residuos (fracoes ultra pesadas) do processo de destilacao molecular por diferentes metodos analiticos e determinacao da curva de destilacao (porcentagem em massa da corrente de destilado em funcao da temperatura) a partir dos dados experimentais. Desta forma, a caracterizacao das fracoes ultra pesadas do petroleo geradas no destilador molecular representara um consideravel avanco no sistema de analise destas fracoes que, como conseq

A Convencao de Basileia sobre o Controle de Movimentos Transfronteiricos de Residuos Perigosos e seu Deposito trata-se de um acordo que define mecanismos de organizacao dos movimentos transfronteiricos de residuos solidos e liquidos perigosos e sua disposicao final. Os residuos perigosos sao materiais descartados que podem colocar em risco a seguranca da vida.A Convencao para atingir seu proposito de existencia permite a concessao previa e explicita de importacao e exportacao dos residuos autorizados entre os paises que dela participam, de modo a evitar o trafico ilicito. O Brasil atraves do Decreto numero 875 de 1993 confirmou sua permanencia como integrante da convencao, internalizando assim o documento no pais. A partir de entao, todo o comercio internacional de residuos perigosos entre o Brasil e o exterior passou a ser regulamentado. Os residuos industriais, considerados perigosos constituem, no Brasil, motivo de preocupacao das autoridades e orgaos ambientais, seja devido as quantidades que vem sendo geradas, principalmente como resultado da elevada concentracao industrial em algumas regioes do pais, seja pela carencia de instalacoes e locais adequados para o tratamento e destino final. Descrever e discutir as dimensoes deste documento e ao mesmo tempo demonstrar sua repercussao na realidade brasileira sera o proposito desta dissertacao.

Os objetivos deste projeto sao caracterizar e quantificar os residuos do processamento mec

Avaliacao das caracteristicas de residuos agroindustriais para fins de obtencao de materiais de construcao. Estudo da compatibilidade quimica biomassa-cimento e das formas para melhora-la. Avaliacao nao destrutiva dos materiais por meio de ensaios de ultra-som. Caracterizacao dos materiais por meio de ensaios adaptados das normas brasileiras..

O presente projeto propoem-se estudar os indicadores de sustentabilidade para o setor textil. Metodo. A partir do Sinditextil, como estudo de caso, estudam-se os indicadores nas dimensoes econ

A presente pesquisa compreendeu a biorremediacao ex-situ do solo contaminado com residuos de uma unidade industrial de plastificantes, utilizando reatores aerobios, com microrganismos indigenas e exogenos adaptados atraves da adicao de inoculo retirado da Estacao de Tratamento de Efluentes por Lodos Ativados desta industria. Foram avaliados os plastificantes: DIBP (Di-isobutilftalato), DBP (Dibutilftalato), DEHP (Bis- 2-etilhexilftalato), DIDP (Di-isodecilftalato), DIAP (Di-isoamilftalato) e DOA (dioctiladipato). Foram realizados ensaios preliminares e confirmatorios em escala de laboratorio. Estes ensaios demonstraram a viabilidade da biodegradacao aerobia dos plastificantes, mesmo com altos teores de co-substratos (alcoois), em valores de pH entre 5,5 a 7,81, temperatura de 17 a 30oC, umidade de 35 a 71%, adicao de 5 a 11 gSSV/kg de solo, relacoes carbono: nitrogenio e carbono:fosforo de 60:1 e 300:1, respectivamente. Apos a caracterizacao geotecnica do solo da area de plastificantes em 10 diferentes pontos, foram retiradas as quantidades para a biorremediacao em 8 diferentes pontos (100kg solo/ponto) com os teores de plastificantes compreendidos entre 1 mg/kg solo e 2371 mg/kg solo. Analises mineralogicas, fisicas e quimicas foram realizadas conforme as recomendacoes da EMBRAPA, CETESB e Environmental Protection Agency. No ensaio piloto de biorremediacao, os teores iniciais de plastificantes no solo variaram de 1 a 723mg/kg e apos 120 dias de biodegradacao em reatores aerobios, as eficiencias de remocao foram acima de 50%. Conforme as analises de fingerprint da comunidade bacteriana, ao final do processo, as bacterias presentes no solo eram originarias do lodo e do solo inicial e as analises de CGMS identificaram o metabolito Monoetilhexilftalato (MEHP), alem de outros sub-produtos finais da biodegradacao.

O Polo Cer

Motores termomagneticos utilizam-se do efeito magnetocalorico para promover movimento a partir de troca termica entre duas fontes de calor (quente e fria). Neste projeto utilizam-se materiais que possuam efeito magnetocalorico colossal (transicao de primeira ordem) para promover movimento a partir de fontes renovaveis de energia (i.e. coletor solar) ou por rejeitos termicos industriais. Todo o projeto de equipamentos esta sendo efetuado por CAE (computer aided engineering) e fluidodin

Neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo propor uma metodologia para avaliacao da energia associada ao residuo solido industrial (RSI) e sua aplicacao a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC). A metodologia foi baseada numa revisao bibliografica, sobre aspectos ambientais e energeticos relacionados ao residuo solido industrial. No roteiro metodologico propoe-se caracterizar a area de estudo; a producao e gestao do RSI; a classificacao energetica e o estudo quali-quantitativo da energia associada ao RSI; e, avaliacao da aplicabilidade dos mecanismos de aproveitamento energetico propostos para a regiao.

O objetivo do presente trabalho sera a reciclagem das cinzas provenientes da queima de residuos agroindustriais na fabricacao de fibrocimento sem amianto, para uso em placas planas de interesse a construcao rural. Sera dada atencao especial ao emprego da cinza da queima da cama de frango. 2) Objetivos Especificos - Comparar e caracterizar materiais residuais, com enfase em camas de frango provenientes de diferentes locais, por meio de analises bromatologicas. - Comparar e caracterizar as cinzas obtidas da incineracao dos materiais residuais coletados, por meio de ensaios de caracterizacao quimica e fisica. - Produzir e caracterizar compositos de cimento celulose, com adicao de cinzas de residuos agroindustriais, e fibras vegetais como alternativa para producao de componentes construtivos aplicados a instalacoes rurais. - Produzir, a partir de processos de adensamento, prensagem e autoclavagem, em escala laboratorial, placas para uso como pisos em instalacoes de pequenos animais

A proposta tem como principal objetivo viabilizar o aproveitamento de residuos agricolas provenientes da industria sisaleira do Nordeste do Brasil. O aproveitamento destes residuos vem de encontro a necessidade de se aumentar a renda nessa regiao do pais, contribuindo assim para a sustentacao das familias. Alem da necessidade de gerar maior riqueza para a regiao Nordeste, existe tambem a preocupacao com o meio ambiente, no que diz respeito a sua preservacao. Neste sentido, a utilizacao de biomassa vegetal como fonte de materia-prima desperta grande interesse de estudo por ser um material de fonte facilmente renovavel, principalmente quando se consideram rejeitos agricolas que ainda nao encontram utilizacao sistematica. O presente projeto propoe a utilizacao de biomassa vegetal, no presente caso proveniente da industria sisaleira, como materia-prima para utilizacao em diversos segmentos. Entre os campos de aplicacao, merecem destaque a industria de papel e celulose, os componentes para o setor automobilistico, os plasticos reforcados e as embalagens, e especialmente a industria da construcao civil. A materia prima fibrosa advem da bucha verde de sisal, que representa aproximadamente o triplo da producao da fibra comercial (longa, penteada), mas que nao serve para a cordoaria e, por conseguinte, permanece no campo. Para producao de polpa celulosica, serao empregados processos nao convencionais, como organosolve e explosao a vapor (EV). As polpas tratadas serao utilizadas para reforco de matrizes polimericas para uso como componentes (paineis, fechamentos internos) da industria automobilistica. Outra aplicacao de impacto social e econ

O objetivo geral deste projeto e o desenvolvimento de sistema alternativo de cobertura de baixo custo, em carater industrial, a base de residuos agropecuarios e industriais. Como conseq

uso de um biodigestor instalado no Campo Experimental da FEAGRI/UNICAMP.

Neste estudo houve o desenvolvimento metodologico e a definicao de criterios especificos para selecao de areas potenciais para disposicao de residuos. Considerou-se uma abordagem em carater regional (escala 1:100.000), baseada na analise e interpretacao de imagens de satelite, e que permitisse a otimizacao de tempo, de recursos humanos e financeiros. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplicada a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas, a qual inclui dezoito municipios e uma superficie de 3.345 km . A elaboracao da metodologia proposta considerou as caracteristicas geoambientais que possam interferir tanto nas condicoes de seguranca de um empreendimento de recebimento de residuos, como tambem na manutencao da qualidade ambiental da regiao circunvizinha a ele. Assim, foram estudados quatro aspectos fundamentais envolvidos na gestao de residuos: socio-politicos, fisiograficos, hidrogeologicos, e climaticos. Apos o levantamento e analise dos elementos de interesse para o estudo, foram definidas classes de caracteristicas e de propriedades consideradas: eliminatorias (determinam areas que devam ser descartadas para o uso pretendido) e restritivas (possibilitam a hierarquizacao de areas potenciais com maior ou menor restricao ao uso pretendido). Assim, e possivel priorizar ou planejar estudos de detalhe que subsidiem a definicao do tipo de obra mais adequado e de levantamentos e investigacoes necessarios para viabilizar a implantacao de um empreendimento.as informacoes produzidas e levantadas estao associados sete mapas: de aspectos socio-politicos; geologico; de compartimentacao fisiografica; de suscetibilidade a processos de erosao, escorregamentos e inundacoes; de vulnerabilidade natural dos aq

Este projeto tem como objetivo o estudo da remocao, por adsorcao, de metais pesados de efluentes contaminados, mais especificamente o zinco, niquel e chumbo, utilizando-se um processo de leito fluidizado e tendo como solido adsorvente, uma zeolita sintetica. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho serao realizados as seguintes etapas: - Determinacao das condicoes fluidodin

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Este projeto tem como objetivo a despolimerizacao de EVA proveniente de residuos da industria calcadista e sua posterior utilizacao na obtencao de blendas com PVC virgem.

O Projeto Eletropaulo/USP, desenvolvido em conjunto com essa empresa do setor energetico do Estado de Sao Paulo, foi aplicado nas Usinas Pedreira e Piratininga, duas unidades operacionais da empresa localizadas em Pedreira, na zona sul do muni

Pesquisa que embasou a Tese de Doutoramento, realizada em area contaminada por residuos industriais de processo galvanoplastico (Municipio de Guararema-SP), onde foram afetados os elementos: - a agua de mananciais superficiais (pocos de abastecimento domiciliar) e do aq

This paper addresses the influence of stabilizer content, compaction effort and curing time on the mechanical strength and swelling of two soils from the Zona da Mata Norte region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two residual gneiss soils from the municipality of Vi?

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the total replacement of corn with a dry residue extracted from cassava starch on production of crossbred heifers in feedlot. Thirty crossbred heifers averaging 21 months of age and 325 kg of body weight were distributed in two experimental groups and then housed in two stalls. Both groups were submitted to a pretrial period of 49 days, in which animals received ad libitum sorghum silage and 1.05% of body weight as concentrate (19.67% CP) composed of soybean meal, corn, and urea. In this period, daily weigh gain (DWG) averaged 1.08 kg for both groups. The experimental period lasted 57 days with animals averaging 378 kg of body weight. At the beginning of the experimental period, one group remained receiving the pre-trial diet while the other was fed ad libitum sorghum silage and 1.18% of body weight as concentrate (18.12% CP) containing dry cassava byproduct rather than corn. Daily weight gain was significantly higher for heifers fed corn-based concentrate (0.97 kg) compared to those receiving dry cassava byproduct-based concentrate (0.78 kg). In addition, dry matter intake and feed conversion were both lower on heifers fed the diet containing dry cassava byproduct.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) hay with a dehydrated pineapple by-product (DPB) on performance, apparent digestibility, and intake of digestible nutrients in growing goats. Twenty-four crossbred Saanen x Criola female goats averaging 19.2 kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the trial were used in a completely randomized design. Animals were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 0, 33, 66, or 100% of DPB in the diet. Replacing coastcross hay with DPB did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). However, the apparent digestibility of both organic matter (OM) and cellulose (CEL) increased linearly while that of acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed a quadratic effect with the increasing levels of DPB in the diet. The average intake of digestible nutrients, expressed in g/kg BW^0.75, for treatments with 0, 33, 66, or 100% of dietary DPB were in this order: 62.35, 63.58, 59.53 and 54.47 for DM

Transformation of particle size along anaerobic digestion of wastewater is considered in relation to the methane production kinetics model describing the process. Substratum utilized is the solid constituent of the slurry from a pig farm, after screening through a hydraulic filter with 1 mm mesh. Particle size characterization, following membrane separation of wastewater samples and quantification of Chemical Oxygen Demand was considered, in order to analyze particulate contaminants in wastewater related to size distribution and biological degradation process. The present study utilizes kinetics under Strayer and Tiedje model (1978). Thus, series of membrane separation technique was applied in order to classify particulate contaminants in settleable, supracolloidal, colloidal and dissolved particles. Two types of pilot-plant scale reactors were considered: stratified or no mixed, and completely-mixed digester, to determine their effects on the particle size modification. Experiments were carried out in mesophilic range, around 35 Celsius degrees, and organic load was treated along 56 days as hydraulic detention time. Results presented significant differences for both reactors, although proposed kinetic model seems to be fairly adequate for the completely mixed reactor, but it is not suitable for the no mixed one.

Two samples of residues from iron mining plants have been investigated for their retention capacity of As, Cu, Cr, and Pb. The sample with the higher content of iron oxides showed the highest capacity to retain metals. The adsorption affinity series changes from Pb>Cu>Cr

Aluminium dust from aluminium remelting industry is a hazardous residue because of its high reactivity in the presence of water (production of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide ...), potential aluminothermy and its content in leaching heavy metals. In order to apply the new European Directive about landfill of waste, a Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) process was developed in the CENIM with the aim of decreasing its reactivity and to assure an easy transport and storage of the residue. Gypsum was used as a binder material. This work summarizes the study of the mechanical properties of the stabilized residue en comparison with the gypsum ones. The reactivity of the dust, before and after the S/S process was investigated by analysing the ammonia and metallic aluminium.

[No abstract available

Normally used in rubber formulations, fillers can be classified as reinforcing or non-reinforcing fillers, according to their mechanical performance. The EVA waste (EVAR) is a crosslinked material, which can be used as filler in rubber compositions. In this work, mechanical and rheological properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) compositions with EVAR were investigated before, during and after vulcanization with the help of a rubber processing analyzer (RPA). The filler content varied from 0 to 70 phr. The set of results showed that EVAR acts as a median reinforcing filler and also makes the cure faster.

The discard of waste is a problem that worries the whole society. The metallurgical solid waste is obtained in the process of cooking of the mineral coal, together with other liquid and gaseous wastes reused for the own metallurgical industry. In the present work is done an evaluation on the metallurgical solid waste addition in masses used for red ceramics fabrication. The clay used in this work was given up by the Ceramic Industry of the Baixada Campista, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. Ceramic masses containing up to 3,0 wt% of waste were prepared. Ceramic bodies were produced by the extrusion and fired in electric furnace in the temperatures of 950 degrees C, 1000 degrees C and 1050 degrees C. The following properties were determined: flexure rupture tension (3 points), linear skinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity and apparent specific mass. The results obtained shown that the metallurgical waste addition influences a little in the properties of ceramic bodies. However, burning temperature has strong influence on the same ones.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the possibility of incorporation of granite dust residue, proceeding from the industry of ornamental rocks of the State of the Esp??rito Santo, for manufacture of structural ceramics products the clay base. Special emphasis is given to the effect of the addition of granite dust residue in the technological structural ceramics properties. The raw materials used in this work are red clay and granite dust (residue), proceeding from the region of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim - ES. These materials had been characterized how much its chemical composition, so great of particle and analysis for difra?

Cancer is one of the most hazardous effects to human health caused by the exposition to chemical agents. The search for new technological solutions in the industrial field led to a rapid increase in the productive sector, causing the workers to be exposed to millions of potentially toxic agents, substances potentially harmful to health. This study presents the mutagenic activity of sweepings from a sock and lingerie factory in Araraquara-Brazil, assayed with Salmonella typhimurium. All the extracts from the factory had mutagenic on activity the YG1024 strain, which is extremely sensitive to detect the mutagenic activity of the arilhydroxilamines, nitroarenes and aromatic amines. The extracts were non-mutagenics for the strains TA100 and TA98. The analysis of the mutagenicity of industrial residues is highly important because employees that participate in the production are directly exposed to those agents, as well as to the environment where the garbage is deposited.

Clay ceramic materials incorporated with solid wastes can form complex multiphase structures, which need analytical procedures for a previous evaluation of their properties. In the present work a simplified model for waste added clay ceramics considered as a composite material, is proposed. The model takes into account the reactions and transformations that the incorporated body could suffer at high temperatures in order to consolidate the multiphase ceramic structure. It is suggested that the waste added clay ceramics properties be evaluated by means of the Rule of Mixtures characteristic equations, which apply for particle composites.

Feathers are a poultry by-product rich in protein (mainly keratin), generated in very large amounts as a waste product from the poultry-processing industry. For many years, feathers have been subject to nutritional studies in order to incorporate them as protein supplement in animal feedstock. This allows the poultry industry to take advantage of their usefulness and eliminate the environmental problem of their accumulation, Industrially, a great part of the feather waste is cooked under high pressure and temperature, producing a feather meal. However, this product has two important nutritional limitations: an amino acid imbalance and poor digestibility. In spite of this, the meal is used in nutrition of chicken poultry (5%), rainbow trout (15%), shrimp (33%) and salmon (40%) but needs amino acids supplementation, especially feed-grade L-lysine. Their nutritional value might be improved by microbial action by modification of the structure of keratin and increasing the amino acid content. Thus, there is a growing interest in alternative methods for the treatment of feathers to improve the nutritional quality of the feather meal and to develop new added value products (enzymes, pigments, etc). This research has been conducted on LPB-3 bacterial strain of Kocuria rosea isolated from soil, to determine their potential use to produce fermented feather meal, enzymes and carotenoid pigments in feathers submerged fermentation. Under these conditions: 1) K. rosea excretes at least two proteolytic activities, able to degrade keratin, collagen and elastin. 2) The feather meal enriched with cells of K. rosea mainly contains protein (67%), with an in vitro digestibility (88%) similar to the value of the commercial non fermented feather meal. The bacterial cells incorporated into the final product improve the content of essential amino acids lysine, histidine and methionine. Additionally, by spectrometric data it was detected that this bacterium synthesizes an orange-pink carotenoid pigment astaxanthin, that may useful in alimentary industry for increase colour of some foods and salmonids feed in aquaculture operations.

In civil engineering, sustainable development comprises the use and production of materials, the characteristics of which are a longer, more useful life with the lowest environmental impact possible. The use of industrial solid waste in concrete production may aid in decreasing negative environmental impact by reducing the consumption of natural resources, the pollution generated by and the power consumed in concrete production. This text contains the results of a study on the use of copper slag and granite saw-waste as mineral admixture for concrete production. The findings state the technical viability of the proposed waste.

The objective of this work was evaluate the effect of gradative substitution of corn silage (0, 20, 40 and 60%, of dry matter) by pineapple by-products silage on average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion, carcass yield, fat thickness and loin eye area of bulls, finished in feedlot. Twenty eight bulls were used with approximately 20 months and initial body weight of 328 kg. The animals were divided in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (levels of pineapple by-products silage) and seven repetitions. Besides the corn silage and/or pineapple by-products silage, the animals received a concentrate formed by soybean meal, corn, mineral salt, urea and monensin. The animals were kept in a individually stable, fed ad libitum during 96 days. At the end of the period, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass characteristics were measured. There was no treatment effect on final body weight, average daily gain, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber ingestion, dry matter feed conversion, hot carcass weight and yield, loin eye area and fat thickness. Dry matter, organic matter, metabolizable energy ingestion for 100 kg body weight reduced linearly.

This research was developed by considering that the solid waste produced in the process of pig iron production represents the loss of raw materials and the increase in environmental problem. The charcoal based mini blast-furnace off gases dust named CHARCOK was collected from SIDERPA - Siderurgica Paulino Ltda, located in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. The Charcok was characterized and classified according to ABNT (Associa?

New occurrences of complex gold copper ores have been found recently in which gold is associated with high grades of copper minerals. The conventional cyanidation process becomes unfeasible due to copper dissolution in sodium cyanide solutions, which increases the leach reagent consumption. This fact justifies efforts in researching on innovative technological routes for developing a feasible and economical process, able to maximize the metals and cyanide recovery. One of the alternatives involves a pre-treatment stage to extract copper minerals prior to the cyanidation stage. Sulfuric acid leaching was studied, throughout the application of a statistical approach, to determine the optimum experimental conditions to achieve the maximum copper dissolution for lgarape Bahia gold copper ore (Mendes, 1999). The sulfuric acid residue presented 1.76g/t of gold and 0.52% of copper. This experimental work aimed at studying the feasibility of alkaline cyanide leaching of this sulfuric acid residue for gold recovery. The copper remaining in the sulfuric acid leach tailings was extracted in a large extent (67%) in the cyanidation stage, and gold was 94% extracted under these conditions. Copper in the metallic form (0.30%) was completely dissolved and iron cyanide complexes, as well as cyanate and thiocyanate composites, were formed contributing to the high cyanide consumption.

In this work, the residue generated in the new two-step centrifugation process for olive oil extraction is assessed for the production of bioethanol. Both olive pulp and fragmented stones fractions comprised in such residue are analyzed and tested at laboratory scale for bioconversion to ethanol by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. Firstly, optima conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis step of steam-exploded pretreated sustrates were determined. Then, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was assayed using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus in different assay conditions. For the selected conditions, 9 kg of unpretreated pulp or 6 kg of pretreated fragmented stones (both based on dry matter) would be necessary to obtain 1 liter of ethanol.

This research demonstrated the possibility to use a secondary product of paper industry (BIODAC 12/20) as carrier of microorganisms. The BIODAC granules showed high porosity (65.19%) and buffer properties in acid and basic medium. The mentioned characteristics are important to incorporate the microorganisms and to keep them viable during storage and proliferation on soil. Six different genres of microorganisms (bacteria and fungus) were used as study models, isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils from Southern Mexico. CFU/ mL values 10 to 1000 times above those observed in control samples were obtained in culture tests in liquid with BIODAC. The inhibition of microbial growth was not observed in the assays on petri dishes with agars containing granules that occupied 10, 50 and 100% of the surface. It is possible to recover live microorganisms after 42 days of storage on desiccating state in BIODAC. The number of living microorganisms was maintained on a considerable level, above 10⁹ (CFU/g). The experiments to define the effects of BIODAC 12/20 on plant growth were carried out using the granule quantity (equivalent to 1% of soil volume) that saturated the surface of the container It was demonstrated that the product did not inhibit the emergence time and biomass production. It was observe that after 40 days in the open air, previously inoculated model microporganisms on artifically soil (6% hydrocarbons), the CFU with BIODAC was up to 100% times greater than without BIODAC.

We report the production of anisotropic permanent magnets of barium hexaferrite using rolling scale (siderurgical waste) as starting material. A facility was designed and constructed and further tested for the industrial production of the anisotropic permanent magnets. The characteristics of both the ferrite powder and the compacts resulting of pressuring and sintering processes are described. In different stages parameters as grinding time and temperature were controlled. The samples were structurally and magnetically characterized. X-ray diffraction and M??ssbauer spectroscopy were used for phase identification, while scanning electron microscopy allowed the determination of the average grain size. The magnetic behavior was also measured. This work proves that the ferric oxide produced from rolling scale of the national siderurgical industry can be used to obtain anisotropic material. Initial technological parameters of the process are proposed.

The in vitro/gas dry matter (DM) digestibility of four roughages, mixed or not, in proportion of 50% in the DM were evaluated. Samples of 100 mg by treatment, in triplicate, in 48 h of digestion were incubated. The DM digestibilities and gas production were: sugar cane = 60.6%, 17.3 mL

The effects of the addition of bakery waste (BW) replacing corn in the diet of Holstein steers was studied on carcass dressing and meat quality. Four treatments were applied, respectively, 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste replacing corn in the concentrated mixture. The animals were fed with complete pelleted mixtures, with 30% of Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon L.) as roughage. A randomized block design with four treatments and five repetitions, total of 20 animals, was used. The experiment began when the calves reached 90 kg of live weight and lasted for 120 days. At the end of experiment, the animals were slaughtered and carcass dressing, commercial cuts and meat composition and quality were evaluated. The meat quality was evaluated by color, tenderness and chemistry composition (moisture, fat, protein and minerals). The results showed no differences among treatments concerning parameters studied (P>0,05). Therefore, bakery waste can be considered an alternative source for feeding growing steers, when compared with corn.

This work analyzes the feasibility of using

The effects of addition of bakery waste (BW) replacing corn in the diet of Holstein steers were studied. Four treatments, respectively to the addition of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste were applied in the concentrated mixture for corn replacement. Animals were fed with complete mixtures pelleted ration, with 30% of Coast-cross hay (Cynodon dactylon L.) as roughage. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four treatments and five repetitions, totalizing 20 animals. The performance was evaluated by intake and feed conversion, weight gain, heart-girth and size. Diarrhea incidence was evaluated through daily observation of faeces. The experiment began when calves reached 90 kg of life weight, and lasted for 120 days. The results did not show statistically significant differences among treatments concerning weight gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion, heart-girth, height at whiter and diarrhea incidence. The addition of bakery waste caused feed costs reduction of 3.74%, 7.44% and 10.90% respectively for 10%, 20% and 30% of bakery waste, in comparison to the control diet (0%). So, bakery waste is an alternative source for feeding and for reduction of costs of growing steers, in comparison to corn.

[No abstract available

This work shows a preliminary study of the technical-economic viability of the Pinas sp. wood waste utilization, for the electric energy production. Approximately 30 sawmills in ?

The objective of this work was to compare the computerized monitoring of the in vitro gas production system with the in vivo and in situ methods. On the comparisons, corn silage with high/low dry matter contents, with/without inoculation, were used. The digestibility of silage with high dry matter (DM) content, with/without inoculation, did not present differences among the analyzed methods. When evaluated apart from the inoculation effect, that silage differed in vitro/gas and in situ methods

The qualitative trend of some trace elements (Ni, V, Zn, Pb, Cr) in the carbon residue (CCR) formation process (according to ASTM D189), starting from commercial fuel oils, is discussed. The experimental findings show that the metals enrichment in CCR matches with metals concentration and with the compound type in the parent oil. Moreover, a deep dependence of the metals enrichment on the oil aromaticity has been evidenced. In particular, the metals enrichment scales with the aromaticity except for Ni which shows an opposite trend. In other words, when the heating conditions are particulary favorable to coke formation, the Ni enrichment in carbon residue decreases with the parent oil aromaticity. Thus, as the oil aromaticity increases, an enhanced tendency of nickel to volatilize (and to concentrate in fine particle fractions more difficult to remove) is absented. Thus, from an emission control point of view, it is possible to postulate that, owing to the general temperature reduction, in low-NO_x burners the volatilization process of the volatile elements (i.e. nickel), will be depressed. In the light of the above considerations, the relative reduction of nickel emissions will be enhanced too, especially for highly aromatic oils.

The objective of the present study was to utilize the soymilk residue (SR), wheat flour and peanuts to formulate pa?

Dietary fiber in industrial tomato residue and its effect on glycaemic response and seric cholesterol in rats. The left over after ketchup sauce is obtained is a tomato residue (RIT) that contains skin and seeds. Proximal analysis of the flour of this industrial product reveals that it has 50% dietary fiber, 18% protein and 10% fat. Due to the high dietary fiber content the effect on glucose absorption and seric cholesterol was studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intragastric meal after a 12 hours fast containing 263 g tomato residue flour (RIT)/diet or a control meal (0% RIT) and glucose plasma levels were determined. Results show that the presence of RIT in the test meal flattened glucose response curves. Ad lib administration of four diets differing in RIT content to four groups of rats for 18 days showed that although animals on a high RIT diet ate increased amounts of cholesterol the plasma lipid levels remained constant which suggest that the presence of RIT fibre on the diet is responsible for this effect. The results reported in this paper suggest that the dietary fiber of RIT diminishes glucose absorption and reduces seric cholesterol levels, which in turn could be useful in the treatment of NIDD and hipercholesterolaemic patients.

Two experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the inclusion of cassava residue (RIFM) in diets for growing and finishing pigs. In the first experiment, four levels (0,6.67,13.33 and 20%) of RIFM in growing diets were studied. The inclusion of RIFM in the diets caused a cubic effect on average daily gain (GPMD, P<

The aim of this research was to utilize the waste residues of sisal fiber separation from Agave sisalana leaves to develop a larvicide for the combat of mosquito transmitting tropical diseases. Larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were exposed to different concentrations of the Agave extract for 24 hours to determine lethal concentrations. The LC50 for A. aegypti was 322 ppm and the LC50 for C. quinquefasciatus was 183 ppm. To detect the active substances, saponins were investigated. It was found that the various components of the extract were effective in eliminating the larvae. Under field conditions, this formulation can probably be used at 100 ppm, which causes 100% mortality of C. quinquefasciatus larvae after 3-4 days. The product is not recommended for use against A. aegypti due to the necessity for high concentrations and to the fact that the larvae of this species live frequently on drinking water. To avoid fermentation, Agave extract should be used in a dehydrated form which also represent a good formulation for practical use.

Several Marlim vacuum residue (VR) hydroconversion experiments were conducted in a batch reactor with changing temperature, time and catalyst mass (NiMo/

Penicillium citrinum grown in orange juice processing wastes medium under continuous agitation was studied in order to establish optimal conditions (incubation period, incubation temperature, initial pH and nitrogen addition) for biomass and ribonuclease production, as well as, biological depuration of the wastes. Nitrogen addition to wastes medium increased the biomass and ribonuclease production and provides COD reduction. The soy meal shows to be the best nitrogen source. The conditions for a more favorable enzyme and biomass production and COD reduction were initial pH 6.0 and temperature of 27 degrees C. The maximum value obtained for these parameters on optimal conditions of cultivation was 11 U/mL of enzyme, 4 mg/mL of biomass (dry matter) and 55% of COD reduction, in 96 hours of incubation.

There has been a growing interest in the food industry and in preventive medicine to search for

[No abstract available

The applicability of a residue of manioc (Manihot esculenta Granz) from industrial processing as a direct compression excipient was investigated in comparison with microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel

It has been carried out the structural characterization of high oxide content glasses obtained by melting of a goethite industrial waste from the zinc hydrometallurgy with other raw materials as dolomite and glass cullet. The structural characterization has been carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Diffraction by Amorphous Dispersion (RDF) and M??ssbauer spectroscopy. It has been determined the interatomic distance, the oxidation state and the coordination of iron atoms in these glasses.

No abstract available

Diatomite is a pozzolanic material containing amorphous silica, cristabolite and minor amounts of residual minerals. Waste marble powder (WMP) is an inert material which is obtained as an industrial by product during sawing, shaping, and polishing of marble and causes a serious environmental problem. This paper describes the procedures and results of a laboratory investigation of mechanical properties carried out on the concrete specimens containing diatomite and WMP as partial replacement of cement in concrete. The laboratory work essentially consists of characterization of the raw and waste materials, preparation of concrete specimens with diatomite and WPM in different ratios by weight as replacement for cement and a superplasticizing admixture to reduce water demand and compression and flexural tests of the specimens. Test results indicated that the concrete specimens containing 10% diatomite, 5% WPM and 5% WPM +10% diatomite replacement by weight for cement had the best compressive and flexural strength and the replacement of cement with diatomite and WMP separately and together using a superplasticizing admixture could be utilized to improve the mechanical properties of the conventional concrete mixtures. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut fibers and waste material from the coir industry, is stable and not easily degradable due to its high lignin content. Coir pith takes a decade to decompose thereby posing environmental hazard and disposal problem. Pollution by plastics creates an alternative solution to reduce problems. Hence the potential use of coir industrial wastes for production of bioplastics (Poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate - PHB) as an alternative to plastics was studied. Commercial production of this polymer is limited, however, due to higher cost and longer fermentation process as compared to petrochemical plastics. These concerned make it necessary to use the cheapest and readily available raw materials. Azotobacter beijerinickii used coir industrial waste as a substrate and produced PHB. Production of PHB was maximized at pH 6.5 with 3% coir hydrolysate. The amount of PHB produced by A. beijerinickii was 2.4 ± 0.2 g/L. The yield was 48.19%. Production of PHB was confirmed by Sudan black B staining under a light microscope, acridine orange staining under a fluorescent microscope and by an infrared spectrometer. This investigation showed that coir industrial waste could be effectively used for the production of PHB.

Use of industrial effluents for irrigation purposes is a highly warranted utility of water pollutants proposition. The objective of using waste water for irrigating crop plants is of two fold. The first and foremost of this is the safe disposal of the effluents, which may otherwise have adverse effects on the environment and human health. The other objective is to recycle it as irrigation water, as compost for its possible fertilizer value. The literatures relating the influence of industrial waste water on seed and seedling quality characters irrespective of crops are Estudoed hereunder. © 2010 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

During reclamation the water associated with the runoff or groundwater flushing from dry stackable tailings technologies may become available to the reclaimed environment within an oil sands lease. Here we evaluate the performance of the emergent macrophyte, common reed (Phragmites australis), grown in chemically amended mature fine tailings (MFT) and simulated runoff/seepage water from different MFT drying treatments. The present study also investigated the phytotoxicity of the concentration of oil sands naphthenic acids (NAs) in different MFT drying chemical treatments, in both planted and unplanted systems. We demonstrate that although growth was reduced, the emergent macrophyte common reed was capable of growing in diluted unamended MFT runoff, as well as in diluted runoff from MFT amended with either 0.25% lime and gypsum or 0.5% gypsum. Common reed can thus assist in the dewatering process of oil sands MFT. However, simulated runoff or seepage waters from chemically amended and dried MFT were phytotoxic, due to combined levels of salts, naphthenic acids and pH. Phytoremediation of runoff water/ground water seepage from dry-land applied MFT will thus require pre-treatment in order to make conditions more favorable for plant growth.

This study presents a screening protocol to evaluate the applicability of the ZVI pretreatment to various industrial wastewaters of which major constituents are not identified. The screening protocol consisted of a sequential analysis of UV-vis spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), and bioassay. The UV-vis and HPLC analyses represented the potential reductive transformation of unknown constituents in wastewater by the ZVI. The UV-vis and HPLC results were quantified using principal component analysis (PCA) and Euclidian distance (ED). The short-term bioassay was used to assess the increased biodegradability of wastewater constituents after ZVI treatment. The screening protocol was applied to seven different types of real industrial wastewaters. After identifying one wastewater as the best candidate for the ZVI treatment, the benefit of ZVI pretreatment was verified through continuous operation of an integrated iron-sequencing batch reactor (SBR) resulting in the increased organic removal efficiency compared to the control. The iron pretreatment was suggested as an economical option to modify some costly physico-chemical processes in the existing wastewater treatment facility. The screening protocol could be used as a robust strategy to estimate the applicability of ZVI pretreatment to a certain wastewater with unknown composition. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this study, the electrochemical treatment has been investigated in the real acidic effluent of copper-phthalocyanine dye manufacturing plant. Galvanostatic batch electrolyses have been carried out in an undivided cell using stainless steel as cathode, dimensionally stable anode (DSA) and graphite as anodes at different current densities and temperatures. The influence of these variables on current efficiency, cell voltage, energy consumption and deposit quality was reported. Under optimized conditions, the maximum copper recovery of 98% and COD removal efficiency of 87.3% with the energy consumption of about 11.23 kWh/kg of Cu and 6.08 kWh/kg of COD, respectively at 30 degrees C were achieved in the acidic raw effluent using 2D parallel-plate cathode. While in 3D stainless steel turning cathode reactor, 99.5% of copper can efficiently be recovered from dilute solution with an acceptable current efficiency of about 56.8% with minimum energy consumption of 2.37 kWh/kg of Cu. The experimental results suggested that the efficiency of copper removal is hindered by the presence of organic species in the mixed industrial effluent. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Degradation of leather industry wastewater by sole aerobic treatment incorporating Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Fenton's reagents, and combined treatment was investigated in this study. The sole treatment by Fenton's oxidation involving the introduction of 6g FeSO(4) and 266 g H(2)O(2) in a liter of wastewater at pH of 3.5 and 30 degrees C for 30 min at batch conditions reduced COD, BOD(5), sulfide, total chromium and color up to 69%, 72%, 88%, 5%, 100% and T. ferrooxidans alone showed maximum reduction to an extent of 77, 80, 85, 52, 89, respectively, in 21 d treatment at pH 2.5, FeSO(4) 16 g/L and temperature of 30 degrees C. The combined treatment at batch conditions involving 30 min chemical treatment by Fenton's oxidation followed by 72 h biochemical treatment by T. ferrooxidans at batch conditions gave rise up to 93%, 98%, 72%, 62% and 100% removal efficiencies of COD, BOD, sulfide, chromium and color at pH of 2.5 and 30 degrees C. Decrease in photo absorption of the Fenton's reagent treated samples, as compared to the banks, at 280, 350 and 470 nm wave lengths was observed. This may be the key factor for stimulating the biodegradation by T. ferrooxidans. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Botanical Garden lies within the city of Palermo, a few meters away from one of the largest unused Manufacturing Gas Plant in Sicily. The total concentrations of PAHs (23 compounds) in the soil of Botanical Garden ranged from 947 to 18,072 µg/kg. The wide range of PAH concentrations (RSD = 84%) found in the soil samples indicates heterogeneous levels of contamination in the area and this can be explained by considering the different tree distributions which prevents the homogeneous deposition of pollutants on the soil. Soils collected in the Botanical Garden generally showed the highest PAH concentrations, being almost 2-3 times higher than the concentration samples obtained in the urban reference sites and about 20 times higher than those in the rural stations. The total PAH concentrations, in the Botanical Garden soil, resulted higher than the maximum concentrations allowed by the Italian legislation for the green areas. Perylene, was found in all the stations. From a careful study of the isomeric ratios, we can hypothesize that the soils of the Botanical Garden are mainly affected by localized MGP particulate deposition, suggesting that the partitioning between organic matter and PAHs is not the dominant process in the soils with higher organic matter content. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recycling of secondary raw materials is a priority of waste handling in the countries of the European community. A potentially important secondary raw material is the product of the thermal transformation of cement-asbestos, produced by prolonged annealing at 1200-1300 °C. The product is chemically comparable to a Mg-rich clinker. Previous work has assured the reliability of the transformation process. The current challenge is to find potential applications as secondary raw material. Recycling of thermally treated asbestos-containing material (named KRY·AS) in traditional ceramics has already been studied with successful results. The results presented here are the outcome of a long termed project started in 2005 and devoted to the recycling of this secondary raw materials in various industrial applications. KRY·AS can be added in medium-high percentages (10-40 wt%) to commercial mixtures for the production of clay bricks, rock-wool glasses for insulation as well as Ca-based frits and glass-ceramics for the production of ceramic tiles. The secondary raw material was also used for the synthesis of two ceramic pigments

Human gene therapy is currently seeing an increase in the use of plasmid (pDNA)-based vectors as a preferred choice of vehicle for delivery of the therapeutic gene into the body. In this regard, the environmental impacts of the waste streams from the possible industrial scale manufacture of pDNA require more detailed assessment. In this study, an initial assessment was made of the nutrient phosphorus (P) inputs to four fermentation processes recommended for the industrial scale production of pDNA for the purposes of gene therapy. Phosphorus inputs to each of the four selected fermentation processes ranged from approximately 60 mg l^-1 up to 3000 mg l^-1 in the fresh media. However, the spent media waste from each of the processes exhibited only a minor reduction in the phosphorus concentrations indicating minimal uptake of P by the microorganisms. This unutilised excess level of phosphorus nutrient within the waste streams poses a strong potential for environmental impact. Waste minimisation studies were undertaken on one model fermentation process with the aim of reducing unnecessary phosphorus input. An optimised media containing a 98% reduction in added P to the media was developed. This phosphorus-minimised media had little quantitative effect upon cell biomass produced and no effect upon the quantity or quality of pDNA produced, relative to the control media. The reduction in P requirement results in an overall cost savings of 12% per fermentation batch, would simplify subsequent wastewater treatment and would contribute to slowing the depletion rate of a valuable, finite natural resource. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

This study was conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals in two different contaminated field soils, and to assess its influence on remedial performance. The two field soils were obtained from two different polluted industrial sites in the Metropolitan Chicago area and were characterized for physical and chemical properties. The soils were referred to as silty sand and silty clay, based on their pArtigo-size distribution. A five-step sequential liquid-solid extraction procedure was used to speciate the heavy metals into: (1) easily exchangeable

The fish farming industry, especially the marine extractive fishery, is an activity of great economic importance in many parts of Brazil. Industrial fish processing operations generate a significant amount of wastes, which are rich in proteins and longchain fatty acids, among which the unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids are prominent. The aim of this study is to make a Estudo about the technological alternatives available for the utilization of fish wastes, such as a way for adding value to this material, focusing on green technologies. This material can be processed to obtain oil, meal or silage, that may be applied in livestock feeding. The obtained oil can further be stabilized by means of interesterification reactions, considering that the structured triglycerides thus obtained can be used in animal feeding, with nutritional advantages over original oils. The fish wastes can be applied as a substrate for the production of texturized proteins, protein concentrate, mechanically deboned meat, surimi, reestructured products or even oil, used for human feeding. The conversion of the extracted oil into biodiesel is another proposal of particular interest in the field of alternative fuels.

Industrial ecology suggests innovative pathways for re-use and recovery of waste streams, but efforts to establish ecoindustrial networks have encountered both technical and institutional barriers. To help overcome these challenges, an Industrial Ecosystem Toolkit has been developed to quantify how such collaborative networks can reduce costs, employ assets more efficiently, increase revenue, reduce risks, and conserve natural resources. The tools draw upon methods from network flow optimization modeling and environmental life cycle assessment, and enable real-time, interactive use by decision makers. Working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Business Council for Sustainable Development, and other regional organizations, the Center for Resilience has applied these innovative tools to promote a systems approach based on sound science and informed decision-making. Future work will develop network models that represent synergies among industrial and ecological processes.

This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate certain mechanical properties and durability characteristics of blended cement concretes, such as silica fume, fly ash and blastfurnace slag, incorporating up to 15% cement kiln dust. The results indicate that the compressive strength of silica fume and fly ash cement concretes with up to 10% kiln dust was marginally less than that of type I cement concrete. The compressive strength of slag cement concrete incorporating kiln dust was lower than that of other blended and type I cement concretes. A significant increase in the drying shrinkage was noted in the blended cement concretes. The electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes was, however, generally more than that of type I cement concrete. It is recommended to use 5% silica fume plus 10% kiln dust or 10% fly ash plus 10% kiln dust as a replacement of type I cement. Such usage would lead to technical, economic, and environmental benefits in terms of a reduction in the quantity of cement and utilisation of waste industrial by-products. As the electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes incorporating kiln dust is more than that of type I cement without kiln dust, it is expected that the useful service-life of the former would be more than that of the latter. As the compressive strength of slag cement concretes, incorporating up to 10% kiln dust, is low, it may be used in low- strength applications. It should, however, be noted that blended cement concretes require good curing to minimise drying shrinkage cracks.

This study is focused on the development of a hydrometallurgical process which allows the zinc recovery from Waelz oxide (WO). This process is aimed to zinc oxide production. So, it must allow the production of a widely used compound, mainly in tyre and ceramics production processes, from industrial residues such as EAF dusts considered as Toxic and Hazardous Wastes (THWs), from which the WO is generated [1]. Although some studies have been previously published describing zinc oxide hydrometallurgical production processes, none of them used a raw material with similar characteristics to the WO ones. The developed process consists of a series of initial stages in which an appropriate liquor is prepared through lixiviation and purifying steps, and some final stages where the zinc ion present in the liquor is precipitated as zinc hydroxide and calcined to obtain zinc oxide. Two different acids were studied as lixiviation agents, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid liquors, obtaining in both cases zinc lixiviation yields higher than 85%. After the purifying stages, the metallic zinc impurities concentration in the liquor was lower than 85 ppm in the case of hydrochloric acid liquors and lower than 47 ppm in the case of sulphuric acid liquors. The zinc hydroxide precipitated from the purified liquor was calcined obtaining a zinc oxide whose purity was higher than 99.99% in the case of hydrochloric liquors and lower than 20% when sulphuric liquors were used. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

The search of a sustainable development for the industry can only be understood from a global approach which takes account of both the industrial activity and the product. Industrial activity needs adding new systems to the production process that minimize its impact reducing the consumption of resources and atmospheric emissions. The product must incorporate sustainable features such as the capacity to be recycled and/or valorised throuhgout its life cycle and, so, being reintroduced again in the industrial activity. This way, product turns into the cornerstone of a closed circuit production system that involves all industrial sectors in recycling products and waste and minimizes the frootprint of the process. Cement sector must continue insisting on the development of recycling of cementicious maerials and also on the recycling of materials during its production, and, especially, we must continue studying in depth the relationship between Life Cycle and recycling, which will provide the sector with a methodology and with useful tools to reduce the environmental impact. Therefore, the sector is making efforts for achieving an industry in closed circuit, in which materials and energy are re-used, minimizing to the maximum its affection to the environment. At the same time, we are working on the conceptualizing of this production model that involves all the industrial sectors in material recycling. As a reuslt of this commitment, cement industry has signed aggrement of colaboration with FER and Sigrauto to use vehicles out of use and with UNESID to valorise steel waste and also the project Pressure for a global management of industrial waste.

CARBON FER is a mechanical mixture obtained out of various powder or ground to powder ferrous or non-ferrous wastes. The ferrous powder wastes that can be used are steel dust, soot, agglomeration and blast furnace dust as well as non-ferrous coke dust

Production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was tested on different byproducts of food industry, like fish meal, grape waste, an industrial fibrous soybean residue, soybean meal, and cheese whey. Bacillus sp. P11 produced the higher amount of antimicrobial activity on soybean meal, followed by fish meal and fibrous soybean residue. Soybean meal was the selected medium to determine the effect of three variables (temperature, initial pH, and substrate concentration) on bacteriocin activity by response surface methodology, using a 2³ factorial design. Statistical analysis showed good adequacy to the model (R² of 0.8268). In the range studied, temperature and initial pH of the medium have a significant effect on bacteriocin production, and substrate concentration has no significant effect. Response surface data showed maximum bacteriocin production at initial pH between 7.0 and 8.5 and temperature between 39 and 42 °C. In the optimum conditions (initial pH 7.0 and 42 °C), production of bacteriocin activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was compared using a commercial medium (BHI broth) and soybean meal. Maximum activity achieved with the soybean meal-based medium was similar to that obtained with BHI, indicating that soybean meal may be a cost-effective substrate for production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.

One of the most important steps taken towards ecological recovery and the improvement of environment conditions was the harmonisation of environment laws to the EU legislation, as an important part of the adheration process. At present, priority is being given to the strict fulfillment of the commitments made by Romania during the negotiation process related to the environment chapter, both institutionally and financially, in order to lead to the creation of an environment infrastructure meeting European requirements and to ensure a clean and healthy environment. Under these conditions, the recovery of the numerous wastes resulted from various industrial processes and their re-introduction into the economical circuit ranges within the above-mentioned requirements. We particularly mean the wastes that can be components of some synthetic slags used in steel secondary treatment, inside the ladle (lime wastes, the aluminum industry slag, etc.). Thus, costs can be cut down by 70%, which means an average decrease of costs of 88 $/t of slag. At the same time, the use of wastes in slag formation has a positive ecological impact upon the environment, as pollution is reduced in the areas neighbouring the aluminum, construction material or steel-making plants.

Electromagnetic filters (EMFs) can be effectively used for the cleaning of both industrial and domestic disposals such as waste water having low concentration and micron size of dispersed pArtigos that show magnetic characteristics. In this work, we investigated the effect of some parameters of the filtration process, external magnetic field density, size of the filter matrix elements, filter length, filtration velocity, viscosity of the suspension, and number of the cycle on the separation efficiency of micron-sized pArtigos that can be magnetized in an external magnetic field. It has been found that filtration efficiency decreased with increasing filtration velocity and suspension viscosity. Furthermore, the filter matrix elements geometry, pH value of the medium, and number of the cycling processes affected the cleaning efficiency. Recycling the suspension to the filter body allowed the cleaning process to be made in a smaller filter size with a high quality factor. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Susceptibility of industrial mango peel waste to pectin degradation during storage at ambient conditions (25 °C, 63% relative humidity) for up to 5 h before by-product stabilisation by drying was explored. Depending on the interim storage period in the wet state, pectins were recovered from the dried peels by hot-acid extraction. Most important, pectin degradation during the temporary storage of the wet peels was insignificant, as revealed by yields, composition, average molecular properties, and techno-functional quality. Hardly acetylated (DAc 2.5-4.5%), rapid-set high-methoxyl pectins were obtained at starch-corrected net yields of 14.1-15.6 g hg^-1. Irrelevant de-esterification during peel storage in the wet state was confirmed by overall uniform setting temperatures. Arabinogalactans, uniformly indicated by high molar galactose/rhamnose ratios of 13.8-16.9 mol/mol and an arabinose percentage of 9.5-14.4 mol hmol^-1 of galactose residues, affected the galacturonide contents, intrinsic viscosities, and gel strengths throughout. The wet peels, derived from widespread manual peeling in mango canning, tolerated intermediate storage for 5 h, thus facilitating by-product stabilisation on smaller scales. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Institute of Food Science and Technology.

Pyrolysis of industrial fatty wastes (soybean soapstock, beef tallow, and poultry industry waste) was carried out in the absence of catalysts. In all cases, organic mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds were obtained. These mixtures were distilled and diesel-like fractions were isolated and characterized by GC-FID, GC-MS and FT-IR, showing the formation of olefins, paraffins, and some oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids and esters. The main physical-chemical properties of those isolated diesel-like fuels (density, viscosity, distillation curve, carbon residue, copper corrosion test, cetane index, cold finger plugging point, acid index and heating value) were determined using ASTM standard methods and matched the Brazilian specification for diesel fuel. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A rapid and effective preconcentration method for extraction of rhodamine 6G was developed by using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) prior to UV-vis spectrophotometry. In this extraction method, a suitable mixture of acetone (disperser solvent) and chloroform (extractant solvent) was injected rapidly into a conical test tube containing aqueous solution of rhodamine 6G. Therefore, a cloudy solution was formed. After centrifugation of the cloudy solution, sedimented phase was evaporated, reconstituted with methanol and measured by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Different operating variables such as type and volume of extractant solvent, type and volume of disperser solvent, pH of the sample solution, salt concentration and extraction time were investigated. The optimized conditions (extractant solvent: 300µL of chloroform, disperser solvent: 3mL of acetone, pH: 8 and without salt addition) resulted in a linear calibration graph in the range of 5-900ngmL^-1 of rhodamine 6G in initial solution with R²=0.9988 (n=5). The Limits of detection and quantification were 2.39 and 7.97ngmL^-1, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 50 and 250ngmL^-1 of rhodamine 6G in water were 2.88% and 1.47% (n=5), respectively. Finally, the DLLME method was applied for determination of rhodamine 6G in different industrial waste waters. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Solvent extractable organic compounds in PM_2.5 samples collected in Taizhou, a city famous for its electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling industry in Zhejiang province of China, were analyzed to identify the main emission sources based on molecular markers. Two types of plastics which were most frequently contained in the e-wastes, wires/cables and plastic blocks, were burned in the lab and the pArtigos emitted analyzed. The concentrations of PAHs and phthalate esters at the e-waste dismantling area during our sampling periods were about two times of that at the reference urban site, indicating the high pollution level there. The high concentrations of quaterphenyl found at the dismantling area indicated that burning of plastics or polymers was an important emission source of the PAHs in the fine pArtigos. The diagnostic analysis based on the compositions of alkanes, hopanes and other molecular markers showed that engine exhaust, biomass burning and kitchen emissions were also important emission sources at the e-waste dismantling area. Our results suggested that more effort should be paid to control the correlative emission sources such as transportation and kitchen to achieve better air quality at the e-waste dismantling area besides regulating the recycling activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The degradation of organic compounds found in municipal solid waste (MSW) under the anaerobic landfill conditions produces gas and liquid emissions that can protract well into the landfill after-care period. The European Landfill Directives regulate the amount and nature of the organic compounds disposed into landfills. In South Africa and other developing countries, MSW is still landfilled without any kind of pre-treatment. This paper presents a pilot project of mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT) in South Africa implemented at municipal level in the city of Durban using passively aerated open windrows. Based on case studies from Austria, England and South Africa, a waste minimisation model which can facilitate full-scale implementation of MBWT in developing countries is presented. MSW was treated in open windrows for 8weeks. Composting temperature reached a maximum of 65°C in less than 10days. The results of eluate tests on waste samples from the windrows at the end of composting show a reduction of BOD₅ and BOD₅/COD ratios equal to 35.7% and 16.7%, respectively. The percent waste composition of the treated MSW was 28.3% putrescibles, 17.4% garden refuse, 13.3% plastic, 12.4% fabrics, 12% paper and other elements. The waste composition shows that more than 40% of un-treated organic material and also more than 40% non-biodegradable and recyclable materials are still landfilled without any form of biological treatment or resource recovery. A simple wet and dry waste collection model can promote recycling, treatment of biological waste before landfilling, resource recovery, labour intensive jobs and hence sustainable landfilling in the South African scenario as well as in similar developing countries. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were examined in house dust from the electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and urban areas of South China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range of 227-160,000. ng/g in the e-waste recycling area and 530-44,000. ng/g in the urban area. These values were much higher than other BFRs, except for novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) whose value of 100-47,000. ng/g was dominant in approximately 1/4 of the samples from the urban area. Urban dust PBDE levels were generally higher than those in many European and Asian countries and comparable to the values found in North America. Urban dust DBDPE levels were higher than those of other areas in the world. The distinct dust BFR profiles observed in the two studied areas were reflective of activities in these areas (electronics industry vs. e-waste recycling). The presence of BDE202, as well as the BDE197 to BDE201 and the nona-BDEs to deca-BDE ratios in the dust samples from the studied areas were probably indicative of environmental degradation of deca-BDE. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of average adult and toddler via house dust ranged from 37.0 to 304. ng/day for PBDEs and from 3.01 to 87.6. ng/day for all other BFRs in the studied areas. The EDIs via house dust were much higher than those via other indoor pathways (air, fish, human milk, and toys). Despite the potentially low deleterious risk of PBDE exposure via house dust as suggested by the hazard quotients, this exposure pathway should be of great concern because of the higher BFR exposures for children and the presence of other BFRs (such as DBDPE) which have not yet been fully investigated. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Forest industries look for multiple utilizations for their timber production. In Brazil, the genus Eucalyptus has a great potential for solid wood products

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of Sardes waste clay (SC) from the Pomza Export placer gold mine at Sardes (Salihli), Turkey, as secondary raw materials in ceramic floor tiles. To obtain consistent quality, we monitored the physical and chemical properties of SC and fabrication conditions. Once SC was demonstrated to be acceptable as a secondary raw material, laboratory and industrial tests were conducted to understand the reaction mechanisms during firing and to determine the chemical, mineralogical, and technical properties of the reagents and products. The mineralogical composition of SC is dominated by quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, hematite, calcite, and clay minerals (muscovite-illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite). Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) analyses of SC from Aksay (Aksay, E.K., 2005. Determination of the technological properties of the Izmir-Menderes Pumice Ores as an industrial mineral. Ph.D. Thesis, Dokuz Eyla

Phosphate rock (PR) is an abundant ore and represents the basic raw material for the phosphatic fertilizer industry. Prior to industrial processing, PR is concentrated by grinding-and-screening to separate a fine fraction that is very poor in P₂O₅. This fine fraction is a solid waste and represents a disposal problem. The present study shows that the fine fraction of ground-and-screened Abu-Tartour PR can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to vary with initial methylene blue concentration and contact time. Raising the temperature enhances the rate of adsorption but has no effect on the adsorption capacity at equilibrium. The adsorption equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The Elovich model can be used to predict the adsorption kinetics at ambient temperatures especially when the initial concentration of MB is relatively high, while Ho's model deviates from the data as the initial concentration increases. However, as the temperature increases and MB concentration decreases, Ho's model fits the data better than the Elovich model. On studying the mechanism of adsorption, the results showed that the overall rate of dye uptake is controlled by intrapArtigo diffusion. The multilinear plots of intrapArtigo diffusion were modeled by piecewise linear regression and related to pore-size distribution of the adsorbent. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.

A full-scale combined biological system is used for the treatment of treated wastewater discharged from a pharmaceutical industrial park. This treated water is rich in NH₄⁺ s(-) N (average in 86.4 mg/L), low in COD / NH₄⁺ s(-) N (average in 3.4) and low in BOD₅/COD ratio (average in 0.24) with pH varying from 7.16 to 7.78. The final effluent of the combined treatment process was stably below 100 mg/L COD and 20 mg/L NH₄⁺ s(-) N, separately, with organic loading rate of 4954 kg COD/d and 92.5 kg NH₄⁺ s(-) N / d. It is found that the BOD₅/COD ratio could be raised from 0.24 to 0.35, and the production of total VFAs account for 9.57% of the total COD via the treatment of hydrolysis/acidification. MBBR and oxidation ditch represent 35.4% and 60.7% of NH₄⁺ s(-) N removal, 30.2% and 61.5% of COD removal, separately, of the total treatment process. PCR-DGGE is used for microbial community analysis of MBBR and oxidation ditch. Crown Copyright © 2010.

In the present study, the in vivo micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes was used to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of water samples collected from four different sites along the Nilufer Stream which empties into the Marmara Sea on the north-west of Turkey. Nilufer Stream receives discharges of industrial and domestic wastes resulting from industrialization and urbanization activities in Bursa city. Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to collected water samples under laboratory conditions for 3 and 6. days. Micronuclei analyses were carried out in peripheral blood erythrocytes. In addition to micronuclei, other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) such as bi-nucleated cells and binuclei with nucleoplasmic bridge and cells with blebbed, notched and lobbed nuclei, were assessed in the erythrocytes. Chemical analyses were also carried out in the water samples to assess the presence of major pollutants. MN and NA frequencies were significantly elevated in fishes exposed to water from polluted areas compared to those exposed to clean water sample. The results of this study indicate that Nilufer Stream is contaminated with potential genotoxic chemicals and the genotoxicity is possibly related with the industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Blending polypropylene (PP) with recycled polyamide-6 (PA6) industrial wastes at different compositions was produced in a corotating twin-screw extruder, where PP acts as the polymer matrix and polyamide as the dispersed phase. The mechanical and tribological properties of these blends were investigated. Results show that with the increasing filler content, the flexural strength and compressive strength of composites increase to the maximum and then decreases. When the filler mass fraction reaches 15%, the flexural strength and compressive strength of samples reach the maximum. The wear rate and the friction coefficient of PP decreased with the addition of PA6. The friction coefficients of PA6/PP composites are lower than those of PP. The main wear mechanisms are the plastic deformation and mechanical microploughing. © The Author(s), 2010.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its 'Proposed Rule for Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals (CCRs) from Electric Utilities' in the June 21, 2010, Federal Register (FR). The proposed rule is driven by several failures of surface impoundments for fly ash, increasing petitions from citizen and environmental groups requesting that EPA develop rules related to CCR management, and new information on human and ecological risks and health effects related to CCRs. The EPA is proposing to specifically regulate CCRs under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for the first time. EPA also determined that beneficial uses of these CCRs posed no significant risk. The proposed rule calls for public comment on two approaches available under RCRA for addressing the perceived risks of CCRs. Under this proposal, CCRs from electric utilities and destined for disposal would be managed as a special waste and would be subject to existing Subtitle C regulations under 40 CFR 260-268, 270-272.

Perfluorinated surfactants are highly effective additives to electroplating solutions to modify wetting properties. However, where these are discharged, they are ecologically undesirable and are thus subject to very strict monitoring by the Authorities. In a research project, it was shown that by filtration using activated charcoal and electrochemical treatment, these species could be totally destroyed. Using evaporation, the concentration of these harmful species can be significantly reduced. Using a combination of vacuum evaporation and active charcoal treatment, residues remain which can, in certain circumstances, be released during waste disposal treatment.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the possible use of exhausted grape marc for obtaining grape seed oil by means of the supercritical technology. An industrial-scale supercritical extraction plant (three extractors in series working in the counter-current mode) has been designed based on the availability of grape seeds of a region in the north of Italy, namely 3000ton/year (3a

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e-waste ends up in regions with sub-standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design-for-environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase-outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing-out substances

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decade. The efforts for modelling of such wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost effective design and operation). The development of Activated Sludge Models (ASM) was an important evolution in the modelling of Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) processes and their use is now very well established. However, although they were initially developed to describe CAS processes, they have simply been transferred and applied to MBR processes. Recent studies on MBR biological processes have reported several crucial specificities: medium to very high sludge retention times, high mixed liquor concentration, accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) rejected by the membrane filtration step, and high aeration rates for scouring purposes. These aspects raise the question as to what extent the ASM framework is applicable to MBR processes. Several studies highlighting some of the aforementioned issues are scattered through the literature. Hence, through a concise and structured overview of the past developments and current state-of-the-art in biological modelling of MBR, this Estudo explores ASM-based modelling applied to MBR processes. The work aims to synthesize previous studies and differentiates between unmodified and modified applications of ASM to MBR. Particular emphasis is placed on influent fractionation, biokinetics, and soluble microbial products (SMPs)/exo-polymeric substances (EPS) modelling, and suggestions are put forward as to good modelling practice with regard to MBR modelling both for end-users and academia. A last section highlights shortcomings and future needs for improved biological modelling of MBR processes. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Enrichment culturing of sludge taken from an industrial wastewater treatment pond led to the identification of a bacterium (Klebsiella jilinsis H. Zhang) that degrades chlorimuron-ethyl with high efficiency. Klebsiella jilinsis strain 2N3 grows with chlorimuron-ethyl as the sole nitrogen source at the optimal temperature range of 30-35°C and pH values between 6.0-7.0. In liquid medium, the degradation activity was further induced by chlorimuron-ethyl. Degradation rates followed the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 20 and 200 mg L^-1. Using initial concentrations of 20 and 100 mg L^-1, the degradation rates of chlorimuron-ethyl were 83.5% and 92.5% in 12 hours, respectively. At an initial concentration higher than 200 mg L^-1, the degradation rate decreased slightly as the concentration increased. The 2N3 strain also degraded the sulfonylurea herbicides ethametsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl. This study provides scientific evidence and support for the application of K. jilinsis in bioremediation to reduce environmental pollution. © Taylor &

Flyash cenosphere obtained as industrial waste from thermal power plants is an effective cost and weight reducing filler for developing lightweight polymer composites. Cenospheres as fillers also help in improving the mechanical properties of base polymer matrices. However, the desired enhancement depends on homogeneous dispersion of cenospheres and excellent compatibility between cenospheres and polymer matrix. In the present work, this was achieved by modifying the surface of cenospheres using silane treatment and incorporating them in a versatile thermoplastic high density polyethylene. The silane treatment resulted in considerable improvement in the impact strength and density of the composites which ultimately translated into better wear performance of composites even in severe abrasive conditions. Lancaster-Ratner correlation between mechanical properties and wear resistance was found to be almost linear for the silane treated cenospheres filled composites unlike the untreated cenospheres filled composites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to understand the wear modes and mechanisms and supported using X-ray diffractograms. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The aim of this work is to isolate and characterize bacterial isolates form dye house effluent, and to check their ability of decolorizing sulfonated azo dyes, and also to study influence of various environmental parameters on same process. Among seven Gram positive bacterial isolates obtained form dye house effluent, M1 (Bacillus cereus) and M6 were proved to be more potent for decolorizing sulfonated azo dyes under aerobic conditions. Maltose as carbon source and peptone as nitrogen source enhanced decolorization efficiency of M1 (B. cereus). HPTLC studies proved that more than 97% of the dye (Reactive Red 195) was degraded by bacteria after 72 h of incubation. These results along with spectrophotometric data prove the efficiency of bacteria suggesting their possible use in treating dye containing effluents. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The production of highly polluting palm oil mill effluent (POME) has resulted in serious environmental hazards. While anaerobic digestion is widely accepted as an effective method for the treatment of POME, anaerobic treatment of POME alone has difficulty meeting discharge limits due to the high organic strength of POME. Hence, subsequent post-treatment following aerobic treatment is vital to meet the discharge limits. The objective of the present study is to investigate the aerobic treatment of anaerobically digested POME by using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR performance was assessed by measuring Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal as well as Sludge Volume Index (SVI). The operating pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations were found to be 8.25-9.14 and 1.5-6.4mg/L, respectively, throughout the experiment. The experimental results demonstrate that MLVSS, OLR and sludge loading rate (SLR) play a significant role in the organic removal efficiency of SBR systems and therefore, further investigation on these parameters was conducted to attain optimum SBR performance. Maximum COD (95-96%), BOD (97-98%) and TSS (98-99%) removal efficiencies were achieved at optimum OLR, SLR and MLVSS concentration ranges of 1.8-4.2kgCOD/m³day, 2.5-4.6kgTSS/m³day and 22,000-25,000mg/L, respectively. The effluent quality remained stable and complied with the discharge limit. At the same time, the sludge showed good settling properties with average SVI of 65. It is envisaged that the SBR process could complement the anaerobic treatment to produce final treated effluent which meets the discharge limit. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Microbial granular sludge that is capable to treat textile wastewater in a single reactor under intermittent anaerobic and aerobic conditions was developed in this study. The granules were cultivated using mixed sewage and textile mill sludge in combination with anaerobic granules collected from an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor as seed. The granules were developed in a single sequential batch reactor (SBR) system under alternating anaerobic and aerobic condition fed with synthetic textile wastewater. The characteristics of the microbial granular sludge were monitored throughout the study period. During this period, the average size of the granules increased from 0.02 ± 0.01 mm to 2.3 ± 1.0 mm and the average settling velocity increased from 9.9 ± 0.7 m h^-1 to 80 ± 8 m h^-1. This resulted in an increased biomass concentration (from 2.9 ± 0.8 g L^-1 to 7.3 ± 0.9 g L^-1) and mean cell residence time (from 1.4 days to 8.3 days). The strength of the granules, expressed as the integrity coefficient also improved. The sequential batch reactor system demonstrated good removal of COD and ammonia of 94% and 95%, respectively, at the end of the study. However, only 62% of color removal was observed. The findings of this study show that granular sludge could be developed in a single reactor with an intermittent anaerobic-aerobic reaction phase and is capable in treating the textile wastewater. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

In recent decades an increasingly large fraction of the world's wrought aluminum alloys supply has come from the aluminum scrap recovered from industrial waste and discarded post-consumer items. However, replacing even a minor part of primary aluminum in wrought alloys with recycled counterpart originated from lower grades of scrap (typically scrap contaminated with various non-metallic impurities) without influencing the quality of the allay is very demanding from a metallurgical point of view. This Artigo discusses the two approaches for achieving the requested chemical composition of wrought alloys made from recycled aluminum: (i) before melting, by combining the appropriate qualities and quantities of scrap, primary aluminum, and the alloying elements and (ii) during melting, by diluting impurity content with primary aluminum to the needed level and adding, at the same time, the necessary amount of alloying elements for achieving their standard concentration in diluted melts. © 2010 TMS.

Four identically configured anaerobic packed bed biofilm reactors were developed and employed in the continuous acidogenic digestion of olive mill wastewaters to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which can be exploited in the biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Ceramic porous cubes or granular activated carbon were used as biofilm supports. Aside packing material, the role of temperature and organic loading rate (OLR) on VFA production yield and mixture composition were also studied. The process was monitored through a chemical, microbiological and molecular biology integrated procedure. The highest wastewater acidification yield was achieved with the ceramic-based technology at 25 °C, with an inlet COD and an OLR of about 17 g/L and 13 g/L/day, respectively. Under these conditions, about the 66% of the influent COD (not including its VFA content) was converted into VFAs, whose final amount represented more than 82% of the influent COD. In particular, acetic, propionic and butyric acids were the main VFAs by composing the 55.7, 21.5 and 14.4%, respectively, of the whole VFA mixture. Importantly, the relative concentrations of acetate and propionate were affected by the OLR parameter. The nature of the packing material remarkable influenced the process performances, by greatly affecting the biofilm bacterial community structure. In particular, ceramic cubes favoured the immobilization of Firmicutes of the genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Clostridium, which were probably involved in the VFA producing process. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

A short Estudo of phase change materials (PCMs) was given regarding the relevant applications and the latest development on various fiels including solar energy, industrial waste heat recovery, building materials, cold storage of air conditioning, electronic devices, heat dissipation of batteries, cosmetics, and temperature-adaptable fibers. The basic theory of PCMs' application is utilizing the heat (energy) being absorbed or released as the phase changing processes occur. It has been demonstrated that the research of PCMs is becoming one of the most popular topic in the world. It should be emphasized here that researchers of materials, technics and structure design et al. ought to cooperate intensively in order to promote the development of PCMs more efficently in the future.

The disposal of olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) represents a substantial environmental problem in Italy. A vermicompost process could be an alternative and valid method for the management of OMW. In a laboratory experiment, the OMW were absorbed onto a ligno-cellulosic solid matrix and 30 adult earthworms of Eisenia fetida specie were added. The experiment was carried out for 13 weeks. The number of earthworms increased throughout the experimental period and after 2 weeks about 90% of the earthworms had become sexually mature. The decrease in total organic carbon (about 35%), C : N ratio (from 31.2 to 12.3) and biochemical parameters (hydrolytic enzymes averagely 40% and dehydrogenase 23%), and the increase in humification rate (pyrophosphate extractable carbon (PEC) from 17.6 to 33.3 mg g^-1, and PEC : water-soluble carbon from 1.76 to 2.97) indicated the mineralization and the stabilization of organic matter at the end of the vermicomposting process. At the end of the experiment, the extracellular ß-glucosidase, phosphatase, urease and protease activities, measured in the pyrophosphate extract of the vermicompost, were found to be always higher or equal to that measured at the beginning of the vermicomposting process, suggesting that the enzymes bound to humic matter resisted biological attack and environmental stress. Moreover, the results obtained from the phyto-test showed that the OMW lose their toxicity and stimulate plant germination and growth. © The Author(s), 2010.

The rhizomes of turmeric are processed to obtain oleoresin and subsequently curcuminoids are isolated. The mother liquor, after partial isolation of curcuminoids, known as spent turmeric oleoresin (STO), is considered as industrial waste. Curcuminoids enriched spent turmeric oleoresin (CSTO) is prepared by removal of nonantioxidant constituents, and investigated for its antioxidant potential using in vitro methods, and also the total curcuminoids and phenolic contents were determined. CSTO has a total phenolic content of 267.27 ± 5.75 mg GAE/g that is almost double the amount present in STO (118.3 ± 3.0 mg GAE/g). The total amount of curcuminoids in CSTO is found to be 39 ± 1.2%, whereas STO had 15 ± 2.0%. CSTO possessed radical scavenging activity of 84% at 50 µg/mL, antioxidant activity of 74% at 25 µg/mL, high antioxidant capacity, and moderate total reducing power. These results provide scope for utilization of CSTO/STO as natural antioxidant/preservative as well as colorant in various foods. © 2010 Institute of Food Technologists®.

This work compares the calculated techno-economic performance for thermochemical and biochemical conversion of sugarcane residues, considering future conversion plants adjacent to sugarcane mills in Brazil. Process models developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory were adapted to reflect the Brazilian feedstock composition and used to estimate the cost and performance of these two conversion technologies. Models assumed that surplus bagasse from the mill would be used as the feedstock for conversion, while cane trash collected from the field would be used as supplementary fuel at the mill. The integration of the conversion technology to the mill enabled an additional ethanol production of 0.033m³ per tonne of cane for the biochemical process and 0.025m³t^-1 of cane plus 0.004m³t^-1 of cane of higher alcohols for the thermochemical process. For both cases, electricity is an important co-product for the biorefinery, but especially for biochemical conversion, with surpluses of about 50kWht^-1 of cane. The economic performance of the two technologies is quite similar in terms of the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP), at 318$m^-3 (United States 2007 dollars) for biochemical conversion and 329$m^-3 for thermochemical conversion. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Red mud, an abundant industrial waste from alumina industry, represents a rich source of various metal oxides, mainly of Fe₂O_3, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. In this study, the rinsed Bosnian red mud (RBRM) was evaluated as an economical, composite sorbent for aqueous Ni²⁺ ions. The process was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration. The investigated mineral mixture exhibited a high acid neutralising capacity, and its most important role in cation immobilization was observed in the initial pH range 2-8. The initial metal ion concentration strongly influenced the sorption kinetics and equilibrium times. Addition of 5g/L of RBRM caused 100% removal from the solutions of 10^-4 to 5a

Direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation by using boron doped diamond anode (BDD), direct electrochemical oxidation by using ruthenium mixed metal oxide (Ru-MMO) electrode, and electrofenton and electrocoagulation by using iron electrode were investigated for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The results have been given at the best operational conditions which were obtained for each electrochemical method. The results obtained from electrochemical methods were compared to each other. Complete phenol and COD removal can be achieved in almost all electrochemical methods, except electrocoagulation, provided that electrolysis time is prolonged. The most efficient method was the electrofenton process followed by the electrochemical oxidation using BDD anode. Phenol removal of 98.74% was achieved in 6min of electrolysis and COD removal of 75.71% was reached after 9min of electrolysis in electrofenton. Additionally, 99.53% phenol and 96.04% COD removal were obtained in direct electrochemical oxidation at the current density of 5mA/cm². Initial phenol concentration was reduced to final phenol concentration of 0.91mg/L after 40min of electrolysis, and initial COD decreased to 36.7mg/L and 23.3mg/L after 60min and 75min of electrolysis, respectively. Electrocoagulation was found to be ineffective for the treatment of PRW. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The surfactants are emerging as potential nanopArtigo stabilizing agents, however, the synthetic surfactants are not economically viable as well as they are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, the biosurfactants are emerging as a green alternate for the synthesis and stabilization of nanopArtigos. In this report, a glycolipid biosurfactant was produced from sponge-associated marine Brevibacterium casei MSA19 under solid state fermentation using the agro-industrial and industrial waste as substrate. The production was optimized with factors such as oil seed cake as substrate, glucose as carbon source, beef extract as nitrogen source, FeSO₄·7H₂O as metal, 2% NaCl, pH 7.0 and 30°C. Based on the biochemical composition, TLC chromatogram, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, the surface active compound produced by the strain MSA19 was elucidated as a glycolipid derivative. The emulsification index of the biosurfactant produced by B. casei MSA19 was invariably high over the synthetic surfactants such as SDS, Tween20 and Tween80. The purified surfactant concentration in the extract was 18g/L. It was found that the nano-scale silver can be synthesized in reverse micelles using the glycolipid as stabilizer. The silver nanopArtigos synthesized in this study were uniform and stable for 2 months. Therefore, the biosurfactant-mediated nanopArtigos synthesis can be considered as green stabilizer of nanopArtigos. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The untreated industrial and sewage wastes arising from industries and metropolitan activities make their passage to the River Ravi, Pakistan, where Balloki Headworks is one of the major sites of effluent concentration. This study was designed to evaluate the concentration of various toxic elements in fishes of that area compared to a nearby fish farm. The concentrations of heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn, and electrolytes Ca, K, and Na were determined in different edible and non-edible fresh water fish varieties. Fish samples were collected from two selected sites and were analyzed for aforementioned elements. Higher levels of As (35.74-45.33 ppm), Cd (0.35-0.45 ppm), Pb (2.1-3.0 ppm), Hg (83.03-92.35 ppm) while normal levels of Zn (37.85-40.74 ppm) and Cu (1.39-2.93 ppm) were bserved. Mercury, higher levels of which trigger cough, impairment of pulmonary function, and psychotic reactions, was significantly higher in all studied categories. At the sites under study, there has been observed alarming levels of toxic metals which are needed to be monitored regularly. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010.

Mangrove swamps, intertidal mudflats and creeks of backwaters represent main feature of Karachi harbour area. Karachi harbour sediment is under continuous influence of untreated industrial effluents and domestic waste discharged into the Harbour area vra Lyari River Sediment samples from sixteen locations were collected to evaluate the levels of contamination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Karachi harbour and adjoining areas. It has been observed that residual concentrations of various organochlorine pesticides were considerably higher in the semienclosed area of the upper Harbour in the vicinity of the discharge point of Lyari River. The residue of DDT mainly its metabolites (DDE and DDD) were widely distributed and have been detected in most of the sediment samples in relatively higher concentrations as compared to other OCPs. The higher levels of the DDTs would attribute to low tidal flushing of the area The high proportion of pp'-DDE in the most sediment sampled (41-95%) suggested old inputs of DDTs in the environment. Ratio of SDDT and DDT was in the range of 0,04 -0 24 at all locations which also reflects that the discharges of DDT were negligible in the Harbour area. This may be due to the restrictions being implemented on the use of DDTs and Pakistan has also switched over to natural pest control or using safer formulas. The data obtained during the study showed that concentration levels of other pesticides such as HCHs, HCB and Cyclodienes in the sediment were generally lower than the threshold levels known to harm wildlife by OCPs. The results clearly indicate that elevated concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the marine sediment of Karachi harbour and adjoining area was localized and much lower than the concentrations reported from neighbouring and regional countries which suggests/confirms that the present use of pesticide in Pakistan is environmentally safe.

The present study deals with the assessment of surface water quality from an industrial-urban region located in northern Poland near to the city of Gdansk. Concentrations of thirteen chemicals including total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) and major ions in the samples collected at five sampling points during six campaigns were used as variables throughout the study. The originality in the monitoring data treatment and interpretation was the combination of a traditional classification approach (self-organizing maps of Kohonen) with PAH diagnostic ratios expertise to achieve a reliable pollution source identification. Thus, sampling points affected by pollution from traffic (petroleum combustion products), from crude oil processing (petroleum release related compounds), and from phosphogypsum disposal site were properly discriminated. Additionally, it is shown that this original assessment approach can be useful in finding specific pollution source tracers. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Isothiazolinones are used as preservatives, biocides and disinfectants in a variety of industrial and domestic applications. Some of the isothiazolinones are difficult to isolate from water due their high polarity. A sensitive and selective analytical method was developed and optimized for the determination of sub-µg/L levels of three isothiazolinones in water samples. Three isothiazolinones are described in this paper: 2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone and 4,5-dichloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone. The analytical method involves a robust large-volume direct on-column loop injection of 2mL on an Aqua ODS HPLC column and tandem MS detection (HPLC-MS/MS). After filtration, samples are directly injected without further pretreatment. Detection limits of the individual target compounds were between 0.03 and 0.1µg/L employing Multi-Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. Based on the constant ratio of two selected product-ions together with the retention time, the identification is very selective and quantification is reliable. The method was successfully applied to real samples of membrane flushings, drinking water, surface waters and waste water. Additional investigations showed the instability of the isothiazolinones in river- and waste water. Preservation of river water and waste water samples with sodium azide (NaN₃) promotes the stability of the isothiazolines in solution. In membrane flushings, waste water, surface waters and drinking water, levels of the three isothiazolinones were all below the limit of detection. In effluents of households containing washings from normal shampoo use, isothiazolinones could be detected. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The impact of discharges from abandoned metal and ironstone mines has been a much studied form of aquatic pollution in recent decades. Few attempts however, have been made to accurately determine the overall contaminant mass flux arising from abandoned mine sites at scales above catchment level. Such assessments are critical to determine the significance of former mining to national, regional and ultimately global trace metal flux. This paper presents the most comprehensive national survey to date across England and Wales of the total pollution burden discharged at source from abandoned non-coal mine sites. 338 discharges have been identified (from 4923 known abandoned metal mines) and while concurrent flow and contaminant concentration records are only available for around 30% of these, significant quantities of metals (and As) have been quantified to be discharged. A minimum of 193. tonnes of Zn, 18.5. tonnes of Pb, 0.64. tonnes Cd, 19.1. tonnes of Cu, 551. tonnes Fe, 72. tonnes Mn and 5.1. tonnes As are released in water discharges from abandoned non-coal mines to the surface water environment of England and Wales each year. Precautionary extrapolation of mass fluxes based on the frequency distribution of measured concentration and flow data, for discharges with absent data, suggests that the actual total mass flux for these contaminants could be up to 41% higher. The mass flux of Pb released from mines exceeds that of all currently permitted discharges (e.g. active industrial sites and wastewater treatment works) to surface waters across England and Wales, while those of As, Cd and Zn are of a similar magnitude. These data put into context the enduring legacy of historic mining on the water environment, highlighting its significance relative to more highly regulated polluting sites. Comparison of the figures with estimates of global trace metal flux suggests that the national total identified here is significant on a global scale. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Waste utilization for biosurfactant production is an important approach contributing to the reduction of waste treatment costs, while increasing the economic value of residues and reducing biosurfactant production costs. In an attempt to optimize rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI, the effects of the oil refinery waste as carbon source, C/N ratio, agitation Speed, aeration rate, pH control and fed-batch culture conditions on the production of this biosurfactant were assessed in a bioreactor. Maximum production (16.9 g L ) was attained at a C/N ratio of 23, agitation at 800 rpm and aeration at 2.0 vvm. The rhamnolipid solution (0.1%, w/v) exhibited surface and interface tensions of 25 mN/m and 0.63 mN/m respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) wds 73,9 mg L^-1. The optimal parameters used in this study promoted the formation of a useful biosurfactant with potential for many industrial applications.

This study was set out to investigate emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from both the stack (i.e., point source) and plant fugitives (i.e., area source) of an electric-arc furnace-dust treatment plant (EAFDTP) and their impact to the vicinity environments. The emission rate of the point source (2360ng I-TEQh^-1) was determined directly by measuring PCDD/F concentrations of the stack flue gas. The emission rate of the area source (1080ng I-TEQm^-2h^-1) was estimated by using the Industrial Sources Complex Short-Term (ISCST3) model based on concentrations measured at the downwind side of the plant. The mean emission factors of 785 and 893ngI-TEQton^-1 ZnO were found for the point and area source, respectively. The above results suggest that the area source accounted for more than 50% of total PCDD/F emissions for the selected EAFDTP. The contribution of the point source to the atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations of the upwind site and downwind site of the EAFDTP were 0 and 0.27fgI-TEQNm^-3, respectively. The contributions of the area source were 0.020 and 3.3fgI-TEQNm^-3, respectively. The total contribution of the selected EAFDTP (including both the point and area sources) to the concentrations in both upwind and downwind side vicinities were all less than 10%. Finally, the impact of PCDD/F emissions from the selected EAFDTP to the vicinity atmospheric environments was discussed in the present study. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The current state of RLIS (Reverse Logistics Information System) for e-waste (Electronic Waste) reverse logistics is no integrated and effective reverse logistics information system for disposing e-waste information of management. When Social needs, the time is a system to produce. We draw up an information system model for e-waste reverse logistics based on internet to solve the lack of RLIS. Next, it introduces the main technique in detail and puts forward design scheme of e-waste reverse logistics RLIS based on internet. Especially it used the GIS technique. It is a multifactor model to analyze e-waste material flow. It has great significance for the visualization of e-waste logistics, management dynamically real time and assistance decision analysis. © 2010 IEEE.

Brought into focus by sustainable development along with related issues of resource efficiency and health hazard reduction, sustainability in industrial waste recycling is becoming an emerging area with potentials to contribute to environmental protection, economic development and social benefit. This paper examines a sustainability management approach to the development of sustainable recycling technologies. It focuses on characterizing, modeling and assessing the critical sustainability factors of a closed-loop recycling technology for recovery of nickel from waste catalysts. The sustainability factors are identified from the nickel recovery process and modeled in metrics to evaluate economic and environmental impacts. The results suggest that the economic profitability of nickel recovery from wastes strongly depends on nickel market values and it also increases over production batch size. Its environmental impact is highly sensitive to changes in energy consumption. However, energy intensity indicates that there exist improvement rooms in energy efficiency for the current process. © 2010 IEEE.

In this paper, performance of a HUASB reactor for treating a tapioca-based starch industrial waste stream has been studied and compared with that of a UASB reactor under identical conditions of operation. Six influent COD concentrations ranging from about 1700-5800 mg/L and five HRTs (8 to 24 hrs) were considered and performance of the reactors evaluated based on pre-set criteria i.e., on COD removal (%) and bio-gas yield. From an overall assessment, the HUASB reactor has performed better than the UASB reactor for treating the above waste stream. Copyright © EM International.

An investigation was carried out to assess the impact of paper mill effluent on the microbial diversity viz., bacteria and fungi. Results of one year ecological study revealed that altogether 7 species of bacteria and 12 species of fungi were isolated from the paper mill effluent stream. Among bacteria, Streptococcus with two species and others with single species each were recorded. Aspergillus was dominant among fungi with 9 species followed by Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichoderma. Higher amounts of phosphates and nitrates, with sufficient amount of oxidizable organic matter limited dissolved oxygen content and slightly alkaline pH were probably the factors favouring the growth of microbes especially fungi. The utilization of dominant species of fungi to monitor pollution in paper mill effluent has also been discussed. Copyright © EM International.

Waste derived from different industries coprocessing represents a priority for cement industry in its efforts towards the sustainable development. In this ' respect, it becomes highly important identifying the impact of the alternative fuels use on the composition and structure of the clinker and on the cement properties. The paper presents some investigations on some industrial clinkers produced by using a complex alternative fuel mix and a relatively high substitution rate of the traditional fuel with alternative fuels - 34 % - 60 %, in comparison with a reference clinker burnt using coal. The investigations of the mineralogical composition by Rietveld method and of the structural and textural characteristics by electronic microscopy SEM, showed no significant difference in terms of main mineralogical compounds content and of the structure and textural appearance, between the clinker burnt with traditional fuels and the clinkers produced in the same installation, but using various types of alternative fuels and thermal substitution up to 60 %.

The present Artigo is an integrated approach of energetic efficiency in the field of glass manufacturing industry as well as the reduction of its environment impact. In the same time, this Artigo is targeting an improvement of energetic and economic efficiency, a reduction of the environment impact (CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and dust emissions) and new equipment implementation in the field of glass manufacturing industry in Romania. This Artigo takes also in consideration the consequences of the glass waste recycling. As a result of the present model, complex appraisal methodologies of energetic efficiency, environmental impact and economic efficiency as well as new clean technologies will be available for the Romanian glass manufacturing domain. In this way, Romanian glass industry will be able to reach European efficiency and environment standards. Emissions reduction, especially CO₂, will create appropriate conditions to implement the main Kyoto Agreement measures. New methodologies techniques and technologies (solutions, equipments, etc) and also the new developed evaluation models might have a replication potential for other industrial branches.

When geotechnical Engineers are faced with problematic soils (such as clayey or expansive soils), the engineering properties of those soils may need to be improved to make them suitable for construction. Waste materials such as flyash or pozzolanic materials have been used for soil improvement. Flyash is a waste material of burring coal at electric power plants and one of the most useful and versatile industrial by products. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the viability and environmental suitability. Effective utilization of waste materials with technical development in each field is indeed necessary. Attempts are made to investigate the stabilization process with model test tracks over expansive/sand subgrades. Loading-unloading tests are carriedout on the tracks with chemicals like lime and cement introduced in flyash subbase laid on expansive/sand subgrades. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity is obtained for stabilized flyash subbase compared to untreated flyash subbase. © Global Science Publications.

The southern Sindh province of Pakistan adjoins the Arabian Sea coast where drinking water quality is deteriorating due to dumping of industrial and urban waste and use of agrochemicals and yet has limited fresh water resources. The study assessed the drinking water quality of canal, shallow pumps, dug wells, and water supply schemes from the administrative districts of Thatta, Badin, and Thar by measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded WHO MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%, 81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. However, the turbidity was lower in underground water, i.e., 24% and 28% in dug wells and shallow pumps as compared to open water, i.e., 96% and 69% in canal and water supply schemes, respectively. In dug wells and shallow pumps, limits for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sodium exceeded, respectively, by 63% and 33%

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate an adhesive prepared from soy flour (SF) modified with urea, citric acid and boric acid as an environmentally friendly product for the wood industry. Design/methodology/ approach - Urea solution was prepared at 30°C and then SF was added and stirred at 30°C for 2 hours. Citric acid solution was added and stirred for another 0.5 hours and then boric acid solution was added and heated at 30°C for a further 0.5 hours. The resulting adhesive was used to bond poplar veneers. Shear strength was measured to evaluate the bonding property of the adhesive. Viscometry and FT-IR spectrometry were used to test the viscosity and chemical changes, respectively. Findings - Soy protein has potential value in the preparation of adhesives because of its unique functional characteristics. The optimum formulation was 100 g of soy powder treated with 9 g of citric acid at 30°C for 0.5 hours in the presence of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH ₂PO₄). After addition of 6 g of boric acid the resulting adhesive exhibited a shear strength of 0.82 MPa when bonded samples were treated with water, indicating that boric acid improved the water resistance via the formation of a chelating polymer. Research limitations/implications - Compared to synthetic resin such as urea formaldehyde, the SF adhesive exhibited lower water resistance. Further modification methods and optimum chemical reagents still need to be investigated. Originality/value - A new formulation for an environmentally friendly adhesive prepared from SF is identified for the panel industry. The bonding potential of soy protein was developed without any synthetic resin, which will promote industrial utilisation of an agricultural by-product. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds, which have the advantages over synthetic counterparts such as lower toxicity, biodegradability, selectivity, specific activity at extreme temperatures, pH, salinity, and the possibility of their production through fermentation. These have wide range of potential applications in areas of environmental protection and management, crude oil recovery, as antimicrobial agents in health care and food processing industries. The advantages of biosurfactants over their synthetic derivatives and wide range of applications have attracted the strong interest of scientific community. In the present investigation, the food industry waste namely molasses and whey have been tested for their suitability for biosurfactant production. Five bacterial strains have been evaluated for their ability to use these raw materials and compared their performance on the conventional media. Among the bacterial strains tested, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2297 displayed the maximum emulsification activity (65%) on molasses medium after 120 hrs of incubation period. © Global Science Publications.

Continuous Catalytic Wet Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation (CWHPO) for the treatment of a petrochemical industry wastewater has been studied on a pilot plant scale process. The installation, based on a catalytic fixed bed reactor (FBR) coupled with a stirred tank reactor (STR), shows an interesting alternative for the intensification of a continuous CWHPO treatment. Agglomerated SBA-15 silica-supported iron oxide (Fe₂O ₃/SBA-15) was used as Fenton-like catalyst. Several variables such as the temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration, as well as the capacity of the pilot plant for the treatment of inlet polluted streams with different dilution degrees were studied. Remarkable results in terms of TOC reduction and increased biodegradability were achieved using 160°C and moderate hydrogen peroxide initial concentration. Additionally, a good stability of the catalyst was evidenced for 8 hours of treatment with low iron leaching (less than 1 mg/L) under the best operating conditions. © IWA Publishing 2010.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) industrial waste as a source of raw material for certain applications, as well as to understand the effects of the annealing on the fracture behavior of PLA. PLA waste has been simulated by an initial step of extrusion in a single screw extruder and pelletizing. Specimens of virgin and reprocessed PLA were obtained by injection molding. An annealing treatment capable of increasing the percentage of crystallinity (determined by differential scanning calorimetry) was also analyzed in reprocessed and non reprocessed specimens. The fracture behavior was studied at slow and high testing speed, applying the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) on single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. This study revealed that the fracture toughness of the reprocessed PLA was basically the same that the virgin PLA and also that the increase in the crystalline fraction produced an improvement on the fracture toughness, at slow loading rate. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Conventional process in saponin industry resulted in severe environmental problems in China. Millions of tons of high strength wastewater discharged to the ambient rivers and threatened the safety of local drinking water and the major function as drinking water source of the ambitious South-to-North Water Transfer Project. In this paper, cleaner production alternatives for saponin industry were investigated with material flow analysis (MFA) with particular attention to pollutants reduction through starch transformation. Simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the two proposed schemes primarily in terms of recycling principle characterized by reduce, reuse and recycle. Quantitative evaluation was carried out from four aspects including resource conservation, pollution reduction, starch recycling efficiency and diosgenin yield. The experimental results showed that starch recycle was an effective measure for the cleaner production of saponin industry, and especially the starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (scheme I) would greatly alleviate the load to acid hydrolysis and reduce pollution at the source. By recycling starch, both schemes could reduce 45-50% of pollutants and 32-35% of wastewater comparingwith the conventional process, besides, about 64% (scheme I) and 75% (scheme II) of starch could be utilized and thus extra profit which was more than 20,000 RMB yuan/t diosgenin could be achieved. Starch recycle before acid hydrolysis (in scheme I) would result in a saving of 40% sulfuric acid and a lowering of 50% material intensity, while the starch recycle after acid hydrolysis (in scheme II) would have much less contribution to the reduction of both material intensity and pollutants. Therefore, starch recycling should be implemented with priority at the earlier stage of the whole processing system. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A resistant and capable fungal strain in removing hexavalent chromium was isolated from an environment near of Chemical Science Faculty, located in the city of San Luis Potosa

Solid waste management is gaining significant importance with the ever-increasing quantities of industrial by-products and wastes. With the environmental awareness and scarcity of space for landfilling, wastes/by-product utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several industrial by-products are produced from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes. Some of these industrial by-products/waste materials could possibility be used in cement-based materials. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) represent incombustible materials left after combustion of coal in conventional and/or advanced clean-coal technology combustors. These include fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products from advanced clean-coal technology combustors. This paper briefly describes various coal combustion products produced, as well as current best recycling use options for these materials. Materials, productions, properties, potential applications in manufacture of emerging materials for sustainable construction, as well as environmental impact are also briefly discussed. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Wastewater generated in industrial production processes are often contaminated by hazardous chemicals. Characterization by means of toxicity-directed analysis is useful for identifying which fractions of a waste stream possess the most toxicity. We applied this approach to evaluate toxic components of a polyester manufacturing wastewater. Using the reduction in oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge as an indicator of toxicity, it was determined that increasing the pH from 3 to 11 followed by air stripping significantly reduced the toxicity of the wastewater. Comparative headspace GC/MS analysis of wastewater at different pHs selected a group of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) associated with the observed effect of air stripping at pH 11. Ten of these compounds were identified as a,b unsaturated aldehydes (acrolein (2-propenal) congeners)

The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland, which was commissioned in 2004, is one of the largest constructed wetlands in Taiwan. This multi-function wetland has been designed for the purposes of non-point source (NPS) pollutant removal, wastewater treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation, and education. The major influents of this wetland came from the local drainage trench containing domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters, and effluents from the wastewater treatment plant of a paper mill. Based on the quarterly investigation results from 2007 to 2009, more than 96% of total coliforms (TC), 48% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 40% of nutrients (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus) were removed via the constructed wetland system. Thus, the wetland system has a significant effect on water quality improvement and is capable of removing most of the pollutants from the local drainage system before they are discharged into the downgradient water body. Other accomplishments of this constructed wetland system include the following: providing more green areas along the riversides, offering more water assessable eco-ponds and eco-gardens for the public, and rehabilitating the natural ecosystem. The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland has become one of the most successful multi-function constructed wetlands in Taiwan. The experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing similar natural treatment systems for river water quality improvement and wastewater treatment. © IWA Publishing 2010.

In the present study, the treatment of metal plating wastewater containing complexed metals originating from the nickel and zinc plating process by electrocoagulation (EC) using stainless steel electrodes was explored. In order to improve the organic matter removal efficiency, the effect of H ₂O₂ addition to the electrocoagulation (the combined EC/Fenton process) application was investigated. For this purpose, a wide range of H₂O₂ concentrations varying between 15 and 230 mM was tested. All EC and EC/Fenton processes were performed at an initial pH of 2.6 and at an optimized current density of 22 mA/cm². Although up to 30 mM H₂O₂ addition improved the EC process performance in terms of organic matter abatement, the highest COD and TOC removal efficiencies were obtained for the combined EC/Fenton process in the presence of 20 mM H ₂O₂. Nickel and zinc were completely removed for all runs tested in the present study after pH adjustments. At the optimized operation conditions, the combined EC/Fenton process proved to be an alternative treatment method for the improvement of organic matter reduction as well as complexed metal removal from metal plating industry wastewater. © IWA Publishing 2010.

A new kind of inorganic polymer flocculant, the solid composite polyferric sulfate (SPFS) was prepared using ferrous sulfate and Na-Bentonite. The obtained SPFS was characterized by FT-IR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). It showed that SPFS was a kind of composite inorganic polymer, which was the complex of PFS and Na-Bent, not only a simple mixture of raw materials. The synthetic mechanism and surface structure of SPFS were also discussed. Acting as a kind of environmentfriendly flocculating agent, the solid composite polyferric sulfate (SPFS) was applied in pretreatment of potato starch industry wastewater, a typical wastewater containing high concentration organic compounds, which COD was above 6,000 mg/L. The results showed that the COD removal value reached 4,070 mg/L with COD removal rates being 46.6%. Based on these results, it is suggested that the SPFS can be attractive pretreatment agent for the starch industry wastewater. © IWA Publishing 2010.

The use of the activated sludge process (ASP) for the nitrification/ denitrification of wastewaters is commonplace throughout the UK and many other parts of the industrial world. Associated with this process are significant costs arising from aeration requirements and for selected sites, the need to provide an external carbon source. These costs can constitute up to of 50% of the total running cost of the whole plant and as such, any effort to reduce them could realise significant benefits. This paper investigates the use of real time control (RTC) using online sensors and control algorithms to optimise the operation of the ASP, leading to greater efficiency and sustainability. Trials were undertaken at full scale to assess the benefit of such a system at a 250,000 population equivalent (PE) works on the south coast of the UK, using Activated sludge model No.1 (ASM 1) as a basis for the control system. Initial results indicate that it is possible to significantly reduce both aeration and chemical consumption costs whilst still delivering the required effluent quality. Over the trial period the aeration requirements were consistently reduced by 20% whereas, a reduction in methanol consumption of in excess of 50% was observed. © IWA Publishing 2010.

A mesophilic bacterium, Aeromonas veronii PG01, isolated from industrial wastes produced an extracellular thermostable organic solvent tolerant protease. The optimum condition for cell growth and protease production waspH7.0and 30°C. The protease produced was purified 53-fold to homogeneity with overall yield of 32%, through ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The molecular weight, as determined by GPC-HPLC, was found to be about 67kDa. SDS-PAGE revealed that the enzyme consisted of two subunits, with molecular weight of 33kDa. The protease was active in broad range of pH from 6.0 to 10.0 with optimum activity at pH 7.5. The optimum temperature for this protease was 607deg

Cleaner production plays an important role in minimizing the consumption of water, raw materials, energy, and the generation of waste during industrial processes. Tax breaks, equipment subsidies and penalties are often considered the main policy tools for promoting enterprises to adopt cleaner production technologies, especially in Chinese electroplating industry. However, the results of these policies implementation are confronting with some uncertainty because of the conflicts of the interest between players involved. This paper presents a framework for analyzing the conflicts between a local government and a potentially polluting firm by using game theory. We enriched the model by adding policy variables, such as psychological costs (m), environmental benefit evaluation (E), and reward local government for its implementation (R), to change the payoffs, which can improve the current policies. Using theoretical and numerical analysis, the effects of subsidies, penalties and other policy variables on implementation of cleaner production were obtained. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the production of various types of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes which pose serious problems to the environment. The disposal and use of solid industrial wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum, fly ash, slag, and lime sludge, is significant in view of their availability and potential applications. The paper deals with studies on select wastes like phosphogypsum and chalk for use in value-added building materials. The engineering properties and techno-economics of materials like gypsum plasters, cementitious binders, boards/blocks, masonry cement and flooring tiles produced from phosphogypsum and lime have been detailed. The production and use of building materials from such wastes will protect the environment from degradation. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant. Levels of DP were measured in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China. Higher DP levels were found in e-waste recycling areas (undetectable-47.4 ng/g) than those in industrial areas (0.0336-4.65 ng/g) in South China. The highest DP concentration (3327 ng/g) was found at the e-waste recycling site in Qingyuan, while DP levels fell dramatically with increasing distance away from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities are an important source of DP emissions. The mean ratios of anti-DP to total DP (f_anti ) for different sampling areas ranged from 0.58 to 0.76 and showed no significant difference from the ratio for the technical DP products (t-test, p >

Lubricant is one of the important resources that cannot be disposed of randomly due to the presence of pollutants. In response to economic efficiency and environmental protection, there is a growing trend of regeneration and reuse of waste lubricant. However, the technologies shall be compared to provide a useful reference for the use of waste lubricant. The major aim of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process to select, analyze, and compare the regenerative technologies, thus laying a basis for the governmental bodies in policy making of lubricant recovery as well as for industrial operators in deciding the recovery methods. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

A large variety of ornamental and decorative items are manufactured from bone waste by various unorganized sectors in India. An initial survey indicated that workers were exposed at various phases of final product. The subjects (12 industrial units) were tested for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particulate matter <