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Nesse projeto foram envolvidos alunos dos cursos de Ciencias Biologicas e Engenharia Florestal. Tem como principais objetivos; * Conhecer o sistema de gerenciamento de residuos solidos do Municipio de Sao Gabriel-RS. * Identificar os problemas urbanos associados aos residuos solidos existentes no municipio; * Fazer um diagnostico local da geracao e destinacao dos residuos domiciliares; * Conhecer a percepcao de parcela da populacao acerca dos residuos solidos; * Conhecer a atuacao dos catadores de material reciclavel..

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O projeto esta inserido dentro de um programa de parceria estabelecido entre a prefeitura Municipal de Novo Hamburgo e a ULBRA e visa dar continuidade aos estudos iniciados em 2007, no Aterro de Residuos Solidos Urbanos da Rosel

Este projeto esta inserido dentro de um programa de parceria estabelecido entre a prefeitura do municipio de Novo Hamburgo e a ULBRA que objetiva avaliar o impacto ambiental causado pela disposicao inadequada de residuos urbanos na area do Aterro da Rosel

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de levantar e analisar dados relativos aos aspectos sociais, culturais e econ

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de levantar e analisar dados relativo aos aspectos sociais, culturais e econ

O projeto tem como objetivo a avaliacao do desempenho de sistemas alternativos de cobertura final em aterros sanitarios. Foram estudadas duas configuracoes com mesma espessura total, denominadas camada evapotranspirativa, formada por uma camada de 60 cm solo compactado, e camada do tipo barreira capilar, constituida por uma camada de 30 cm de solo compactado sobreposta a uma de solo granular de 30 cm de espessura, constituida de residuos de construcao civil reciclados. A metodologia envolveu a caracterizacao geotecnica dos materiais empregados; a construcao, instrumentacao (tensi

O projeto tem como objetivo contribuir para o entendimento do comportamento mec

O projeto objetiva avaliar, a partir da implantacao de experimento em escala de demonstracao, o desempenho de tecnicas de bioengenharia na conservacao e protecao da cobertura final de taludes de um aterro de disposicao de residuos solidos urbanos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia a ser utilizada na revegetacao das camadas de cobertura final que atendam as exigencias legais e tecnicas de um aterro sanitario. O experimento foi constituido de 33 parcelas, representando 10 tratamentos e um testemunho, em triplicata. Os tratamentos foram formados pela combinacao de diferentes tipos de adubacao quimica (BM) e org

Uma forma de operacionalizar o conceito de sustentabilidade e por meio da utilizacao de indicadores, uteis nas etapas de planejamento, monitoramento e avaliacao de politicas publicas voltadas para a gestao dos Residuos Solidos Urbanos (RSU). Podem tambem auxiliar os gestores publicos na definicao de prioridades e metas, fornecendo subsidios tecnicos para o processo decisorio. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo central contribuir para a elaboracao de indicadores de sustentabilidade para a gestao publica de RSU em Sao Carlos/SP, sob a perspectiva de cinco dimensoes - ambiental, econ

No contexto urbano brasileiro, os problemas ambientais tem se multiplicado e os impactos ocasionados tem agravado as condicoes de vida da populacao. As Ciencias Sociais se inserem neste debate com o entendimento de que os problemas ambientais surgem como resultado da organizacao econ

Os Residuos Solidos Domiciliares (RSD) tem sido amplamente discutidos, por parte do poder publico e da sociedade civil, diante das demandas de implantacao de aterros sanitarios, usinas de triagem e compostagem, coleta seletiva, acao de catadores de rua e lixoes, formacao de cooperativas de trabalho, formas de cobranca e pagamento dos servicos, entre outras. Esta ultima questao, que remete a formas de tributacao e financiamento das atividades do sistema de residuos solidos, ainda nao tem sido suficientemente abordada em termos de pesquisa, sobretudo em municipios de pequeno e medio porte. Desta forma, este trabalho busca analisar os servicos relacionados aos RSD prestados pela administracao municipal, por meio da identificacao dos equipamentos e pessoal utilizados, bem como os custos operacionais e administrativos, das rotas e formas de coleta (seletiva e padrao), da quantidade de residuos e locais de disposicao. Para isso foi feita a caracterizacao das atividades relacionadas aos RSD com base na estrutura, sistema de coleta e disposicao, por meio de dados coletados na administracao municipal. Observou-se que o custo total da coleta de residuos esta distribuido em 69,6 % total pessoal e 30,4% representando o total de equipamento, manutencao, combustivel e custos de capital, totalizando o valor gasto pela Prefeitura Municipal de Jaboticabal nos servicos de coleta e disposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos. Analisando a quantidade de domicilios urbanos no municipio e os valores atribuidos nos custos dos servicos de coleta e disposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos domiciliares verifica-se um custo medio anual por domicilio na ordem de R$ 72,00 (setenta e dois reais). Tendo como objeto de estudo o municipio de Jaboticabal - SP, foi feita uma caracterizacao em bairros, diagnosticando o volume, tipo e padrao de residuos dos imoveis selecionados. A caracterizacao e diferenciacao do perfil geral dos tres bairros selecionados foram feitas, por meio da analise descritiva e pelo processamento de tecnicas de analise estatisticas, utilizando de variaveis: socio- econ

Um novo estilo de vida, com mudancas nos padroes de consumo e de geracao de residuos, se impoe para humanidade. No Brasil, o crescimento das cidades e, ao mesmo tempo, o aumento de consumo de produtos industrializados, sao fatores comuns a praticamente todos os municipios. Deste modo, graves problemas tem sido acarretados, no que diz respeito a gestao inadequada dos residuos solidos urbanos (RSU) gerados. Em funcao do seu grande numero, os municipios de pequeno porte contribuem com os problemas ambientais e sociais decorrentes. Assim, uma das principais medidas a serem tomadas para corrigir esta situacao e o estabelecimento de Planos da Gestao dos RSU (PGRSU) gerados em tais municipios. O presente trabalho levantou alguns conceitos e modelos de gestao e gerenciamento de RSU, visando fornecer orientacoes para elaboracao de PGRSU para municipios de pequeno porte, embasados nos conceitos de minimizacao. Os municipios de pequeno porte podem contar com algumas facilidades no que diz respeito a uma gestao mais integrada dos diferentes residuos, em especial a comunicacao com a populacao, a fiscalizacao das medidas propostas, a organizacao da sociedade no processo gestao dos RSU. Alem disto, a quantidade de residuos gerados e menor e os processos de segregacao, coleta e disposicao podem ser mais simplificados. Por outro lado, tais municipios enfrentam dificuldades para a implantacao de uma boa gestao dos RSU, entre elas a falta de recursos financeiros e humanos. Levando em conta tais caracteristicas, foram sistematizadas algumas diretrizes e estabelecidos alguns procedimentos que melhor se adaptem aos referidos municipios, contemplando solucoes simplificadas, de baixo custo, acessiveis a tecnicos e administradores sem especializacao no tema e que envolva a populacao. Tais orientacoes foram aplicadas a um caso especifico de municipio de pequeno porte (Itamogi-MG). Como produto final, foi elaborado um PGRSU, incorporando caracteristicas locais previamente identificadas, tanto de ordem geral como relativas aos RS. A metodologia empregada nesta elaboracao mostrou-se adequada para definir uma gestao dos RSU que atenda as necessidades e limitacoes desses municipios.

A quantidade de residuos gerada pela atividade humana aliada a diminuicao de locais adequados para a disposicao final tem se apresentado como um dos grandes desafios a serem enfrentados nao so pelas administracoes municipais como tambem por toda a comunidade geradora de residuos. Atualmente a gestao dos residuos solidos domiciliares e tratada segundo o modelo reducionista de Descartes e Newton, caracterizada pela separacao e analise de partes do sistema, resultando em tomadas de decisao isoladas e pontuais. Aspectos, como a carencia de capacitacao tecnica e de recursos financeiros, contribuem para a continuidade deste cenario. Ciente desta problematica e incorporando alguns principios do pensamento sistemico, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de apoio a decisao na perspectiva de auxiliar os gestores na avaliacao de cenarios de gestao integrada de residuos solidos domiciliares. O metodo consistiu, primeiramente, em definir e delimitar o campo de trabalho do sistema de apoio a decisao seguindo-se para a construcao do modelo conceitual com base no conhecimento adquirido na literatura pertinente, para depois traduzi-lo em telas de acao e fluxogramas de decisao, atividade imprescindivel para a proxima etapa. Terminado estes procedimentos iniciou-se a codificacao do modelo em linguagem de programacao (Delphi 6.0). Esta etapa foi realizada aplicando a metodologia Extreme Programming (XP) em que o programador e o agente cognitivo atuam juntos na codificacao do sistema. Por fim, a aplicacao em Sao Carlos (SP) possibilitou verificar a validacao do software SIMGERE em dois momentos

O trabalho foi desenvolvido junto aos catadores aut

Estudar a Implantacao de infra-estruturas de saneamento ambiental (abastecimento de agua, uso de agua pluvial, tratamento de esgoto e residuos solidos) em assentamento rurais, capacitando os agentes envolvidos na busca de solucoes mais sustentaveis, utilizando tecnicas e conceitos da permacultura nos sistemas de saneamento e uso e ocupacao adequados dos lotes, priorizando recursos locais e renovaveis e a participacao das familias no processo de decisao,.

Estudo de metodos e tecnicas de reciclagem de residuos solidos urbanos, com enfase em materiais plasticos (caracteristicas, misturas, composicao, coletores, produtos reciclados, educacao para reciclagem etc.).

The work was performed in the municipal district of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro State and had as objective to obtain information on the contents of chemical forms of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil Gleissolo pouco humico treated with composted urban residues, and the concentrations in the leaves and fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Three areas with different land use history were used: area that received doses of 40 t.ha^-1 of composted of urban solid residue (CRSU) in the surface for eleven consecutive years

The three-level management syste m on municipalsolid waste treatment which are the source, middle and end treatment methods in Beijing are introduced in this paper, three waste handle workflows which are waste transfer station, refuse derived fuel and composting workflow about these methods are also shown. All of these treatment methods should be fully used to rationally and economically develop the municipal solid waste resource and the threelevel management system is proved to be efficient in municipal solid waste treatment in Beijing. © 2010 IEEE.

Currently in the US, over 97% of food waste is estimated to be buried in landfills. There is nonetheless interest in strategies to divert this waste from landfills as evidenced by a number of programs and policies at the local and state levels, including collection programs for source separated organic wastes (SSO). The objective of this study was to characterize the state-of-the-practice of food waste treatment alternatives in the US and Canada. Site visits were conducted to aerobic composting and two anaerobic digestion facilities, in addition to meetings with officials that are responsible for program implementation and financing. The technology to produce useful products from either aerobic or anaerobic treatment of SSO is in place. However, there are a number of implementation issues that must be addressed, principally project economics and feedstock purity. Project economics varied by region based on landfill disposal fees. Feedstock purity can be obtained by enforcement of contaminant standards and/or manual or mechanical sorting of the feedstock prior to and after treatment. Future SSO diversion will be governed by economics and policy incentives, including landfill organics bans and climate change mitigation policies. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Municipal solid waste management is a complex and multidisciplinary problem, involving a number of impact factors associated with various uncertainties. In this study, a hybrid interval-parameter possibilistic programming (IPP) approach was developed and applied for planning municipal solid waste management under dual uncertainties. The IPP improves upon the existing management approaches by allowing possibility distributions of the lower and upper bounds of some interval parameters in the objective function and interval information in the modelling coefficients to be effectively incorporated within its optimization. By introducing the concept of possibilistic interval numbers, the dual uncertainties can be communicated into the optimization process and the resulting solutions, such that the generated decision schemes can effectively reflect the highly complex system features under uncertainty. The results of the case study indicate that useful information can be obtained for providing feasible decision schemes for waste flow allocation. Different decision schemes can be generated by adjusting waste flow allocation patterns within the solution intervals. Lower decision variable values should be used to obtain lower system cost of waste treatment and disposal under advantageous conditions, and higher decision variable values should be used under demanding conditions (worst case conditions). A strong desire to acquire the lower system cost will lead to the decreased probability of meeting the treatment and disposal requirements (i.e. the increased risk of unforeseen conditions)

The effects of rice husk, sawdust and rice bran on the composting process of food waste were studied in a 180-L laboratory composter based on a mixture experimental design. Linear and quadratic models of seven important process characteristics (composting and acidification times, lowest and final pH values, highest temperature, the water-soluble organic carbon to water-soluble organic nitrogen (C_OW/N_OW ratio), and the water-soluble organic carbon to total organic nitrogen (C_OW/N_OT) ratio) in terms of fractional compositions of bulking agents as well as the water absorption capacity and the free air space of the composting matrix were developed. © 2010.

This paper compares life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from two municipal solid waste (MSW) management options, municipal waste combustion, and landfilling, using a U.S. EPA life-cycle assessment (LCA) model, the MSW Decision Support Tool. Unlike previously reported LCAs, key combustion model inputs-total MSW carbon content and its biogenic/fossil split-are determined not from MSW composition studies, but from measurements taken at operating municipal waste combustors (MWCs). MWC measurement data show U.S. MSW carbon content averages of 30% with a biogenic/fossil split of 66%/34%. The LCA also considers a range of landfilling scenarios which account not only for alternative landfill gas (LFG) management techniques, but also for the variability of landfill methane generation and capture. The LCA found that for the range of inputs and scenarios considered, municipal waste combustion outperforms landfilling in terms of GHG emissions, regardless of the LFG management technique. © 2010 ASCE.

In the present study, the in vivo micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes was used to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of water samples collected from four different sites along the Nilufer Stream which empties into the Marmara Sea on the north-west of Turkey. Nilufer Stream receives discharges of industrial and domestic wastes resulting from industrialization and urbanization activities in Bursa city. Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to collected water samples under laboratory conditions for 3 and 6. days. Micronuclei analyses were carried out in peripheral blood erythrocytes. In addition to micronuclei, other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) such as bi-nucleated cells and binuclei with nucleoplasmic bridge and cells with blebbed, notched and lobbed nuclei, were assessed in the erythrocytes. Chemical analyses were also carried out in the water samples to assess the presence of major pollutants. MN and NA frequencies were significantly elevated in fishes exposed to water from polluted areas compared to those exposed to clean water sample. The results of this study indicate that Nilufer Stream is contaminated with potential genotoxic chemicals and the genotoxicity is possibly related with the industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Factorial designs were employed to analyze the inhibitory effects of acetic, butyric, lactic, and propionic acids on composting microorganisms. Compost samples were withdrawn on different days of composting and treated with acids alone and in combination (at 0 and 0.5 mmol/g). Microorganisms were enumerated to determine degree of growth inhibition. Generally, inhibition was more severe on the day when pH decreased rather than on the day when pH started to increase. Butyric or lactic acid alone, and the combination of butyric, lactic, and propionic acids, significantly inhibited thermophilic bacteria. Only 51.0-65.0% of the thermophilic bacteria exist if 0.5 mmol/g of these acids were present in compost. Temperature, microbial populations, and microbial growth phase might cause variation in the inhibitory effects of acids. These findings are useful not only in the study of microorganisms in acidic microenvironments, but also in preventing microbial-growth inhibition by predicting population via a regression model. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Methane derived from anaerobic treatment of organic wastes has a great potential to be an alternative fuel. Abundant biomass from various industries could be a source for biomethane production where combination of waste treatment and energy production would be an advantage. This Artigo summarizes the importance of the microbial population, with a focus on the methanogenic archaea, on the anaerobic fermentative biomethane production from biomass. Types of major wastewaters that could be the source for biomethane generation such as brewery wastewater, palm oil mill effluent, dairy wastes, cheese whey and dairy wastewater, pulp and paper wastewaters and olive oil mill wastewaters in relevance to their dominant methanogenic population are fully discussed in this Artigo. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decade. The efforts for modelling of such wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost effective design and operation). The development of Activated Sludge Models (ASM) was an important evolution in the modelling of Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) processes and their use is now very well established. However, although they were initially developed to describe CAS processes, they have simply been transferred and applied to MBR processes. Recent studies on MBR biological processes have reported several crucial specificities: medium to very high sludge retention times, high mixed liquor concentration, accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) rejected by the membrane filtration step, and high aeration rates for scouring purposes. These aspects raise the question as to what extent the ASM framework is applicable to MBR processes. Several studies highlighting some of the aforementioned issues are scattered through the literature. Hence, through a concise and structured overview of the past developments and current state-of-the-art in biological modelling of MBR, this Estudo explores ASM-based modelling applied to MBR processes. The work aims to synthesize previous studies and differentiates between unmodified and modified applications of ASM to MBR. Particular emphasis is placed on influent fractionation, biokinetics, and soluble microbial products (SMPs)/exo-polymeric substances (EPS) modelling, and suggestions are put forward as to good modelling practice with regard to MBR modelling both for end-users and academia. A last section highlights shortcomings and future needs for improved biological modelling of MBR processes. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

There is growing pressure on retailing businesses to act responsibly and comprehensively to manage their waste in a sustainable way. In addition, the practical importance of meeting waste directives and environmental credentials has made most businesses value facilities management services to business. Despite Fuller's and Pitt's observations concerning shopping centre waste management trends, little attempt has been made to investigate the existing solid waste recycling from the UK shopping centre sector. Most previous research on waste minimisation through recycling relates to municipal buildings, commercial office buildings, medical facilities, hotels, educational buildings and industrial buildings. Few studies from other sectors have developed critical success factors (CSFs) for waste management and recycling initiatives. Therefore, this Artigo sets out to identify those primary factors that are considered to be of critical importance to the successful implementation of recycling initiatives in UK retail shopping centres. The Artigo establishes how these factors can be determined and validated in accordance with current perspectives. This Artigo Estudos the relative importance of CSFs associated with shopping centres solid waste recycling initiatives in the United Kingdom. By doing so, factoring analysis is used to classify a relatively small number of factor groupings that can be used to represent the relationship among a set of many interrelated variables. This technique is significant to explore the groupings that might exist among the CSFs with regard to UK retail shopping centre solid waste recycling initiatives. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

Pharmaceutical products are released at low concentrations into aquatic environments following domestic wastewater treatment. Such low concentrations have been shown to induce transcriptional responses in microorganisms, which could have consequences on aquatic ecosystem dynamics. In order to test if these transcriptional responses could also be observed in complex river microbial communities, biofilm reactors were inoculated with water from two rivers of differing trophic statuses and subsequently treated with environmentally relevant doses (ng/liter to µg/liter range) of four pharmaceuticals (erythromycin [ER], gemfibrozil [GM], sulfamethazine [SN], and sulfamethoxazole [SL]). To monitor functional gene expression, we constructed a 9,600-feature anonymous DNA microarray platform onto which cDNA from the biofilms was hybridized. Pharmaceutical treatments induced both positive and negative transcriptional responses from biofilm microorganisms. For instance, ER induced the transcription of several stress, transcription, and replication genes, while GM, a lipid regulator, induced transcriptional responses from several genes involved in lipid metabolism. SN caused shifts in genes involved in energy production and conversion, and SL induced responses from a range of cell membrane and outer envelope genes, which in turn could affect biofilm formation. The results presented here demonstrate for the first time that low concentrations of small molecules can induce transcriptional changes in a complex microbial community. The relevance of these results also demonstrates the usefulness of anonymous DNA microarrays for large-scale metatranscriptomic studies of communities from differing aquatic ecosystems. Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

In recent decades an increasingly large fraction of the world's wrought aluminum alloys supply has come from the aluminum scrap recovered from industrial waste and discarded post-consumer items. However, replacing even a minor part of primary aluminum in wrought alloys with recycled counterpart originated from lower grades of scrap (typically scrap contaminated with various non-metallic impurities) without influencing the quality of the allay is very demanding from a metallurgical point of view. This Artigo discusses the two approaches for achieving the requested chemical composition of wrought alloys made from recycled aluminum: (i) before melting, by combining the appropriate qualities and quantities of scrap, primary aluminum, and the alloying elements and (ii) during melting, by diluting impurity content with primary aluminum to the needed level and adding, at the same time, the necessary amount of alloying elements for achieving their standard concentration in diluted melts. © 2010 TMS.

At urban areas in south Europe atmospheric aerosol levels are frequently above legislation limits as a result of road traffic and favourable climatic conditions for photochemical formation and dust suspension. Strategies for urban particulate pollution control have to take into account specific regional characteristics and need correct information concerning the sources of the aerosol.With these objectives, the ionic and elemental composition of the fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM_2.5-10) aerosol was measured at two contrasting sites in the centre of the city of Oporto, roadside (R) and urban background (UB), during two campaigns, in winter and summer.Application of Spatial Variability Factors, in association with Principal Component/Multilinear Regression/Inter-site Mass Balance Analysis, to aerosol data permitted to identify and quantify 5 main groups of sources, namely direct car emissions, industry, photochemical production, dust suspension and sea salt transport. Traffic strongly influenced PM mass and composition. Direct car emissions and road dust resuspension contributed with 44-66% to the fine aerosol and with 12 to 55% to the coarse pArtigos mass at both sites, showing typically highest loads at roadside. In fine pArtigos secondary origin was also quite important in aerosol loading, principally during summer, with 28-48% mass contribution, at R and UB sites respectively. Sea spray has an important contribution of 18-28% to coarse aerosol mass in the studied area, with a highest relative contribution at UB site.Application of Spatial Variability/Mass Balance Analysis permitted the estimation of traffic contribution to soil dust in both size ranges, across sites and seasons, demonstrating that as much as 80% of present dust can result from road traffic resuspension. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Isothiazolinones are used as preservatives, biocides and disinfectants in a variety of industrial and domestic applications. Some of the isothiazolinones are difficult to isolate from water due their high polarity. A sensitive and selective analytical method was developed and optimized for the determination of sub-µg/L levels of three isothiazolinones in water samples. Three isothiazolinones are described in this paper: 2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone and 4,5-dichloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone. The analytical method involves a robust large-volume direct on-column loop injection of 2mL on an Aqua ODS HPLC column and tandem MS detection (HPLC-MS/MS). After filtration, samples are directly injected without further pretreatment. Detection limits of the individual target compounds were between 0.03 and 0.1µg/L employing Multi-Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. Based on the constant ratio of two selected product-ions together with the retention time, the identification is very selective and quantification is reliable. The method was successfully applied to real samples of membrane flushings, drinking water, surface waters and waste water. Additional investigations showed the instability of the isothiazolinones in river- and waste water. Preservation of river water and waste water samples with sodium azide (NaN₃) promotes the stability of the isothiazolines in solution. In membrane flushings, waste water, surface waters and drinking water, levels of the three isothiazolinones were all below the limit of detection. In effluents of households containing washings from normal shampoo use, isothiazolinones could be detected. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The area of the Pays de Herve in eastern Belgium is strongly affected by recent landslide activity. Dormant landslides are widespread in the region and some of these dormant landslides have been reactivated by human activity such as highway construction, suburban development, or building of industrial sewage pipes. The investigated landslide was reactivated by heavy rainfall events in the late 1990s. During this reactivation an existing industrial sewage pipe was damaged and the chemically loaded waste water drained into the landslide mass. The current landslide movement is assumed to be heavily influenced by the additional water supply as well as by the chemical activity of univalent ions in the clay fraction leading to a decreased shear resistance. Consequently, the movement-triggering rainfall thresholds are reduced and result in a decreased overall slope stability.This study describes a general methodology of field investigation, data collection and laboratory testing for an exploratory study. Influences of chemical properties of soil and soil water and their effects on landslide stability are analysed, discussed and related to findings of other studies. Although no clear empirical evidence for a dependency between slope stability and ionic loaded soil water was found in this study, we suggest the existence for such a relationship. We conclude that this particular landslide would not have moved based on current environmental conditions. The leaking waste water might favour current landslide movement. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.

Background, aim, and scope Clothes are often discarded when much of their potential lifetime is left. Many charitable organizations therefore collect used clothing and resell it as second-hand clothes for example in Eastern Europe or Africa. In this connection, the question arises whether reusing clothes actually results in a decrease of the environmental burden of the life cycle of clothing. The environmental burden of clothing has been studied in several studies. However, most of these studies focus solely on the energy consumption aspects and pay little attention to the potential benefits of diverting used clothing from the waste stream. The aim of the study was to assess the net environmental benefits brought by the disposal of used clothing through charities who return them for second-hand sales assuming that second-hand clothes to some extent replace the purchase of new clothes. Materials and methods The extent to which second-hand clothes (SHC) introduces such a replacement was investigated applying a methodology in which a questionnairebased survey was conducted on more than 200 consumers in second-hand shops. The survey was done in Sweden and Estonia, and Africa was included by estimation. Based on the identification of the different profiles of the consumers questioned, a methodology was developed to get a quantitative evaluation of the replacement of new clothes enabled by second-hand clothing consumption. A life cycle assessment was conducted based on the EDIP methodology. The life cycle impacts of clothes that are directly disposed of by incineration were compared with the life cycle impacts of clothes that are collected and sorted after consumer use in order to be reused. Two products were assessed: a cotton Tshirt and a pair of polyester (65%)/cotton (35%) trousers. The functional unit was 100 garments in the use stage. Results Based on the survey result and the methodology applied, the purchase of 100 second-hand garments would save between 60 and 85 new garments dependent of the place of reuse. Based on information about the second-hand clothing activities conducted by Humana People to People in Sweden and Estonia, it was assumed that over 100 collected items 60 would be reused, 30 recycled in other ways, and ten go to final disposal. Using these inputs, the LCA showed that the collection, processing, and transport of second-hand clothing has insignificant impacts on the environment in comparison to the savings that are achieved by replacing virgin clothing. The reduction of impacts resulting from collecting 100 garments for reuse range from 14% decrease of global warming for the cotton T-shirt to 45% reduction of human toxicity for the polyester/cotton trousers. Discussion The approach applied is a fair way of establishing the net benefits from introducing clothes reuse. Indeed, it enables to take into consideration all the activities connected to reusing clothes, including, for instance, recycling and disposal of the collected clothes not suitable for reuse. In addition, the routes followed by the collected clothes have been determined based on real figures. A main assumption concerns the estimation of avoided production of new clothes brought by clothes reuse. The method used, based on questionnaires, could be further developed but still suggests an approach on an issue that had not been investigated so far. Conclusions The results of the study show that clothes reuse can significantly contribute to reducing the environmental burden of clothing. Recommendations and perspectives It would be beneficial to apply other methods for estimating the avoided production of new clothes in order to check the validity and reliability of the results obtained in the current study. Such further work could include the possible difference in the lifetime of second-hand clothes compared to new clothes. © Springer-Verlag 2010.

The southern Sindh province of Pakistan adjoins the Arabian Sea coast where drinking water quality is deteriorating due to dumping of industrial and urban waste and use of agrochemicals and yet has limited fresh water resources. The study assessed the drinking water quality of canal, shallow pumps, dug wells, and water supply schemes from the administrative districts of Thatta, Badin, and Thar by measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded WHO MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%, 81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. However, the turbidity was lower in underground water, i.e., 24% and 28% in dug wells and shallow pumps as compared to open water, i.e., 96% and 69% in canal and water supply schemes, respectively. In dug wells and shallow pumps, limits for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sodium exceeded, respectively, by 63% and 33%

The present study was undertaken to determine the microbiological (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and Salmonella sp.) and physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, nitrate and phosphate) with trace metal concentration (arsenic, chromium) and cyanide of 74 coastal bathing water samples obtained from Dardanelles (Site 1) and Thracian Sea (Site 2). About 5 of 74 (6.75%) water samples were of unacceptable quality based on recommended criteria of microbiological (3 of 74, 4.05%) and physico-chemical with trace metal concentration (2 of 74, 2.70%) by Turkish Bathing Water, Turkish Water Pollution and European Community Bathing Water Directives. The results indicated that the value of total coliforms and fecal coliforms provided an adequate indicator of Salmonella sp. presence. Among the trace metals, only arsenic was detected at the below acceptable limits. Therefore, it is necessary cleaning of waste waters by purification plants, infiltration of effluent from sewage treatment plants, control industrial factors and maintaining water quality controls. © Medwell Journals, 2010.

The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland, which was commissioned in 2004, is one of the largest constructed wetlands in Taiwan. This multi-function wetland has been designed for the purposes of non-point source (NPS) pollutant removal, wastewater treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation, and education. The major influents of this wetland came from the local drainage trench containing domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters, and effluents from the wastewater treatment plant of a paper mill. Based on the quarterly investigation results from 2007 to 2009, more than 96% of total coliforms (TC), 48% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 40% of nutrients (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus) were removed via the constructed wetland system. Thus, the wetland system has a significant effect on water quality improvement and is capable of removing most of the pollutants from the local drainage system before they are discharged into the downgradient water body. Other accomplishments of this constructed wetland system include the following: providing more green areas along the riversides, offering more water assessable eco-ponds and eco-gardens for the public, and rehabilitating the natural ecosystem. The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland has become one of the most successful multi-function constructed wetlands in Taiwan. The experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing similar natural treatment systems for river water quality improvement and wastewater treatment. © IWA Publishing 2010.

The results of experimental determination of the operating parameters of the gas cleaning system at Moscow Spetszavod (Special Plant) No. 2 under various equipment operation conditions are reported. Based on the experimental data, conclusions have drawn regarding the feasibility of attaining the required flue gas cleaning degree in the gas cleaning system of Spetszavod No. 2 that meets European and Russian standards for a wide variety of municipal solid waste. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

Industrial residues generated by the modern society constitute an environmental problem and are harmful both to the health and to the environment (greenhouse effect). In addition, they can give place to leaching pollutants [1,2] more concretely in the European area

A destinacao final dos residuos solidos domiciliares (RSD) constitui, em nosso pais, um problema de graves proporcoes. Os impactos ambientais e sociais que representam as praticas de aterramento desses residuos conjugam-se, nas grandes cidades, com a carencia de areas apropriadas a estas finalidades devido aos elevados (e crescentes) indices de concentracao demografica e de ocupacao imobiliaria. As praticas de aterramento dos RSD em lixoes, aterros controlados ou em aterros sanitarios constituem, em nosso pais, o metodo fundamental de destinacao final destes residuos, causando graves alteracoes no espaco geografico. Diante disso, existem, em operacao ha mais de tres decadas em paises da Europa e em outros locais, tecnologias avancadas de incineracao dos RSD, que os transformam em energia termica e eletrica. As justificativas ao fato de nao existirem, ainda, em operacao no nosso pais essas usinas de incineracao dos RSD remetem-se as duvidas quanto a superioridade de seu desempenho econ

Os residuos solidos, produzidos em areas urbanas, sao considerados na atualidade como um problema ambiental, uma vez que sao produzidos diariamente em grandes quantidades, e quando manejados de forma inadequada podem poluir o solo, o ar e os recursos hidricos superficiais e subterr

Nesta dissertacao, parte-se da ideia de que a crise ambiental urbana e a excessiva geracao de residuos solidos tem motivado uma serie de conflitos e disputas no que tange ao lixo urbano. Este estudo vale-se do

Nesta linhas sao desenvolvidas atividades de pesquisas que englobam os seguintes temas: Adsorcao e bioadsorcao de metais pesados (Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd e Hg) em zeolita, argilas, alginato, algas marinhas e quitosanas. Processos de remocao de residuo de petroleo em argilas organofilizadas preparadas. Processos de remocao e abatimento de indice de cor de efluentes industriais utilizando diferentes adsorventes. Secagem para a reducao do volume e grau de periculosidade residuos solidos (industrial, urbano e de servico de saude)..

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de acelerar o processo de digestao anaerobia da fracao org

Em razao da crescente preocupacao com a protecao ao meio ambiente e preservacao da qualidade das aguas superficiais e subterr

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um modelo de gestao integrada dos residuos solidos urbanos com enfase na sustentabilidade e uma metodologia para avaliacao de sistemas municipais de gestao dos residuos. Uma pesquisa de campo foi realizada em municipios selecionados para testar a robustez do modelo e validar a metodologia proposta. A area de abrangencia da pesquisa envolveu os vinte municipios que compoem a bacia hidrografica do rio Sorocaba - UGRHI - 10. Para mensurar o nivel de gestao dos residuos praticado pelos municipios foi proposto o IGR - indice de Gestao de Residuos. Este indice estabelece par

Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um estudo tecnico-econ

Um dos grandes desafios ambientais que a sociedade deste milenio vem enfrentando e a producao cada vez maior de residuos solidos. Essa geracao de residuos aponta para uma das conseq

O desenvolvimento tecnologico, o crescimento industrial, o acelerado processo de urbanizacao e o crescimento populacional transformaram o espaco geografico brasileiro. Somado a mudanca de habitos e de consumo acarretou e vem acarretando diversos problemas ambientais. O incentivo a troca e o investimento em produtos descartaveis, levaram a um aumento significativo da geracao de residuos solidos. Tratar e dar um destino adequado a grande quantidade de residuos tem sido um grande desafio as autoridades brasileiras. Para que haja melhor gestao e gerenciamento dos residuos solidos e preciso conhecer o que tem sido gerado, ou seja, qual a quantidade e que tipo de material e descartado. Para bem conhecer essa producao, a melhor maneira e fazer um estudo da geracao e composicao gravimetrica dos residuos solidos atraves de sua caracterizacao fisica. Portanto, a proposta deste trabalho foi fazer um levantamento da geracao dos residuos solidos domiciliares no municipio de Sao Carlos. Essa investigacao levou em conta nao apenas os residuos que chegam ao aterro sanitario atraves da coleta convencional, mas tambem os que chegam as centrais de triagem atraves da coleta seletiva, utilizando-se como instrumento principal a sua caracterizacao fisica. Na coleta convencional, o numero de amostragem compreendeu todos os setores, sendo a massa da amostra obtida por quarteamento. Foi feito uma caracterizacao no inverno e outra no verao. Destacam-se, nos resultados, o percentual de residuos solidos domiciliares, em massa: materia org

A decomposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos em areas utilizadas como deposito final, normalmente representadas pelos lixoes e aterros controlados, tem contribuido negativamente para poluicao ambiental. A decomposicao desses residuos gera grande quantidade de liquidos percolados conhecidos como chorume ou lixiviados, os quais geralmente contem elevada concentracao de materia org

Os servicos de coleta e destinacao final dos residuos solidos urbanos - RSU, sao de responsabilidade dos municipios. As despesas decorrentes dos servicos sao repassadas na forma de taxas, geralmente lancadas junto com o IPTU. O objetivo desta cobranca e o de recuperar os recursos despendidos neste servico. O trabalho proposto busca apresentar algumas formas de definicao da cota que cada municipio adota para definir o valor a ser cobrado de cada domicilio no Brasil e alguns casos do exterior, bem como fazer uma analise sobre as possiveis falhas de alguns processos mais utilizados. Outro objetivo e o de realizar levantamento de dados junto a domicilios, no municipio de Taiacu-SP, de informacoes (peso de lixo por residencia, consumo de energia eletrica, consumo de agua), que possam mostrar possiveis relacoes entre o volume de lixo gerado e os consumos ligados a residencia (agua, energia eletrica, etc). Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi proposto um metodo que permitiu distribuir de forma proporcional a cada residencia, o valor da taxa de coleta e destinacao final dos residuos solidos domiciliares gerados

O consumo sempre crescente de produtos juntamente com a falta de incentivo a reducao, reutilizacao e reciclagem, e a escassez de area para disposicao dos rejeitos propiciam o aumento descontrolado de residuos solidos presentes no meio ambiente. Os residuos polimericos, pos-consumo - embalagens plasticas

Esta tese versa sobre a reciclagem energetica do residuo domiciliar urbano no estado de Sao Paulo. A pesquisa engloba uma analise da situacao do lixo no estado; um estudo sobre a viabilidade da recuperacao energetica pela reciclagem do papel e do aluminio contido no residuo descartado; e uma avaliacao da capacidade de geracao de energia eletrica, com base na incineracao da parte do lixo sujeita a este processo. No trabalho sao apresentados os resultados dos estudos e avaliacoes realizadas, abordando questoes relativas a quantidade e a composicao do lixo, principalmente quanto ao papel e ao aluminio; os programas de reciclagem de materiais existentes; a quantidade de material reciclavel e o potencial energetico recuperavel O calculo deste potencial, leva em consideracao a possibilidade de incineracao (com geracao de eletricidade) de parte do lixo. Como complemento sao feitos comentarios sobre as vantagens diretas e indiretas da reciclagem energetica do lixo

Diferentes tecnicas de investigacao geoambiental local para avaliar a contaminacao de um local de eliminacao de residuos solidos urbanos no Brasil sao aqui apresentados. Superficial investigacao geofisica (levantamento geofisico), piezocone de resistividade testes de penetracao (RCPTU), amostras de solo coletadas com push-direta samplers e amostras de agua coletadas em pocos de monitoramento foram aplicadas neste estudo. A aplicacao do metodo geoeletrico era indispensavel para identificar a presenca ea direcao do fluxo de plumas de contaminacao (chorume), bem como para indicar os locais mais adequados para os testes RCPTU e amostragem de solo e agua. As analises quimicas de amostras de aguas subterr

Um dos grandes problemas das Metropoles tem sido o descarte de residuos solidos. Em diversas situacoes aterros sao selecionados como solucao de melhor viabilidade para disposicao final desses materiais que, na maioria das vezes, sao agentes poluentes. Condicoes inadequadas de operacao e conservacao desses locais vem acarretando inumeros danos ao meio ambiente, em especial, nas areas de seu entorno que, muitas vezes, possuem aglomerados residenciais. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas condicoes ambientais mais significativas de uma area e de seu entorno onde se encontram instalados quatro Aterros, tres Sanitarios e um Industrial, localizados no Municipio de Tremembe/SP. Provavelmente como conseq

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se avaliar o potencial de reciclagem do lixo urbano da cidade de Alfenas (MG). Para sua realizacao foi necessario se proceder a uma caracterizacao do lixo coletado, avaliacao das quantidades totais de lixo coletado, bem como um levantamento do total atualmente reciclado atraves dos sucateiros. Com os dados obtidos da caracterizacao, das quantidades coletadas, produzidas e recicladas informalmente, procedeu-se a um balanco de massa calculando-se a producao total diaria tanto para a coleta publica, para a coleta informal e tambem para a producao total diaria resultante. Foi tambem calculada a producao per capita para a coleta publica, para a coleta informal e par a producao total diaria, obtendo-se 0,38 kg/hab.d. Em seguida foi feita a estimativa da percentagem reciclada, atualmente, para o lixo da coleta municipal, chegando-se ao valor de 2 %. Igualmente, avaliou-se a percentagem reciclada correspondente a coleta informal, obtendo-se o valor de 4,2 %. Com esses 2 (dois) valores chegou-se ao valor total de reciclagem atual que e de 6,2 %. Com base neste valor, na producao total diaria de lixo e ainda na caracterizacao do lixo, estimou-se o potencial de reciclagem para a cidade de Alfenas (MG), chegando-se a um valor correspondente a 33 % da producao diaria, (ton.) ou seja, 7,0 t/d. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se avaliar o potencial de reciclagem do lixo urbano da cidade de Alfenas (MG). Para sua realizacao foi necessario se proceder a uma caracterizacao do lixo coletado, avaliacao das quantidades totais de lixo coletado, bem como um levantamento do total atualmente reciclado atraves dos sucateiros. Finalmente e feita uma sugestao para a gestao dos residuos gerados na cidade de Alfenas (MG). Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se avaliar o potencial de reciclagem do lixo urbano da cidade de Alfenas (MG). Para sua realizacao foi necessario se proceder a uma caracterizacao do lixo coletado, avaliacao das quantidades totais de lixo coletado, bem como um levantamento do total atualmente reciclado atraves dos sucateiros

Este estudo, desenvolvido na cidade de Bento Goncalves - RS, trata da geracao de residuos solidos domesticos evidenciando as diferencas no comportamento do processo junto a fonte geradora (domicilio) e no destino final, a import

O presente estudo teve por finalidade testar a hipotese de que o uso de uma taxa de recirculacao variavel do lixiviado de um reator tratando a fracao org

Neste trabalho, parte-se da hipotese de que um razoavel potencial energetico associado ao residuo solido pode estar sendo descartado nos domicilios e de que e possivel minimizar as quantidades de residuo. O objetivo deste estudo e estimar a energia evitada, associada ao potencial de minimizacao do residuo solido domiciliar, produzido em municipios pertencentes a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas - RMC. A justificativa para este estudo e a necessidade de conhecimento da geracao e composicao do residuo solido domiciliar, para buscar a minimizacao e conseq

O papel ainda desempenha um fator chave na cultura e na difusao da informacao apesar dos grandes avancos tecnologicos. Embora seja produzido a partir de um recurso renovavel, como e a madeira, existe tecnologia que permite a sua reutilizacao a partir de fibras recuperadas. A recic1agem do papel permite uma grande reducao na quantidade de residuos solidos urbanos, evitando a utilizacao de recursos naturais tais como a madeira e a agua, alem de diminuir bastante o consumo energetico na industria papeleira. A producao da polpa de celulose e o grande consumidor de energia no processo de fabricacao do papel, seguido da secagem do papel, que e o segundo processo neste tipo de industria que mais consome energia. A secagem e um processo complexo, de grande import

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A natureza humana pressupoe a sobrevivencia por meio da satisfacao das necessidades basicas de cada individuo, gerando tecnicas mais avancadas de manuseio de recursos naturais e conseq

Estudo de metodos e tecnicas de reciclagem de residuos solidos urbanos, com enfase em materiais plasticos (caracteristicas, misturas, composicao, coletores, produtos reciclados, educacao para reciclagem etc.).

O Programa de Aterros Sanitarios em Valas, estabelecido pelos Decretos 44.760 de 13/03/2000 e 45.001 de 27/06/2000, permitiu a celebracao de convenios entre a Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente e os municipios paulistas, para a implantacao de aterros sanitarios de residuos solidos em valas. Ate 2003, foram alocados recursos da ordem de R$ 1,9 milhoes para a elaboracao de projetos e a implantacao de aterros em valas, em municipios com populacao ate 25.000 habitantes. Em consequencia do sucesso do programa, foi criado em 2002, o Fundo Estadual de Prevencao e Controle da Poluicao (FECOP), destinado a aquisicao de caminhoes compactadores, retroescavadeiras e pas carregadeiras. Quatrocentos e sessenta e cinco municipios foram atendidos por este fundo. Como resultado destas acoes, a quantidade de residuos dispostos adequadamente passou de 10,9% em 1997 para 77,0% em 2003..

Neste trabalho, busca-se implantar um Programa de Minimizacao de Residuo Solido na Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo da UNICAMP. Para isso, serao realizadas caracterizacoes do residuo gerado, anterior e posteriormente a implantacao do programa. No decorrer das caracterizacoes serao identificados a composicao do residuo gerado na FEC, o potencial de minimizacao desse residuo e a eficiencia do programa de coleta seletiva ja existente. Posteriormente a implantacao Programa de Minimizacao, este sera avaliado para proposicao de medidas de otimizacao. Espera-se que, com sucesso esperado, este programa possa ser utilizado como metodologia proposta para as demais unidades de ensino da UNICAMP, atraves da entrega dos resultados ao Grupo de Gestao de Residuos da UNICAMP, ou a C

Neste trabalho tem-se como objetivo primeiro ampliar o conhecimento sobre a geracao de residuo solido urbano e sobre os servicos de limpeza urbana do campus da Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, buscando efetuar novas propostas de aperfeicoamento/melhoria do planejamento e gerenciamento deste residuo e dos servicos de limpeza urbana..

Neste trabalho elaborou-se o historico do residuo solido domestico no Municipio de Ribeirao Preto (SP); e, avaliou-se os metodos de disposicao/tratamento adotados. Foram pesquisadas as leis referentes ao residuo solido domestico, elaboradas pela C

O sistema de modelagem AAA tem a meta de aproveitar todo o RSU, de forma sustentavel, pela venda de produtos comerciais, sem poluir e gerando receita, quantificando, para casos reais, o que se pode esperar em cada etapa de implantacao, para transformar o residuo em materia prima secundaria e, finalmente, em produtos comerciais de qualidade. Foram estudadas diferentes configuracoes, simulando o desempenho para dados hipoteticos e valores dos par

Neste trabalho era para ser desenvolvido um estudo para avaliar o desempenho da co-disposicao de turfa contaminada e residuos solidos urbanos em leiras de compostagem.

Neste trabalho visou-se a avaliar as possibilidades de minimizacao de residuos solidos obtidos a partir da analise de embalagens referentes a produtos constantes da cesta basica nacional. Foram identificadas as embalagens como parte no montante dos residuos solidos domesticos, ressaltando que seu descarte pode acarretar graves alteracoes ambientais; elaborada uma analise socio-juridica, atraves da verificacao da existencia de legislacao nacional sobre embalagens, em todos os seus niveis; federal, estadual, municipal, bem como de legislacao comparada; analisadar a efetividade teorica e pratica da legislacao patria existente, principalmente no tocante a responsabilidade do fabricante, comerciante e consumidor, comerciante e usuario; caracterizadas as embalagens dos produtos constantes da cesta basica; avaliado o potencial de minimizacao das embalagens; e propondo solucoes minimizadoras

O objetivo deste trabalho foi dimensionar o local de armazenagem do residuo solido domestico em condominios verticais, de forma a faze-lo com embasamento tecnico-cientifico e o mais adequado possivel. Este trabalho se mostrou-se necessario, visto que ainda nao existia legislacao, resolucao, nem mesmo normas a respeito e os par

Neste trabalho foi diagnosticado o estado-da-arte da Reciclagem no Brasil, por meio de obtecao de dados sobre os programas de reciclagem de residuos solidos urbanos existentes no Brasil e dados sobre programas de reciclagem existentes no Brasi, na epoca,l para materiais provenientes de residuos solidos urbanos .

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o potencial de minimizacao do residuo solido domiciliar produzido em municipios pertencentes a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas - RMC. Partiu-se da contextualizacao do problema residuo solido, do ponto de vista energetico, social e ambiental, buscando-se as reais possibilidades de minimizacao e conseq

Avaliacao do potencial de reaproveitamento tanto de aguas residuarias como de residuos solidos, atraves da sua caracterizacao, na geracao das possibilidades tecnicas para reuso/reciclagem, bem como das necessidades tecnicas de polimento, acondicionamento e/ou estocagem.

Projeto Gestao de residuos solidos urbanos nos municipios da Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas foi resultado da parceria entre o Laboratorio Fluxus,o Nucleo de Economia Social, Urbana e Regional NESUR , e a Agencia Metropolitana de Campinas - AGEMCAMP. O objetivo geral do projeto era avaliar as potencialidades para uma gestao socioambiental dos residuos solidos urbanos da Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC).

A decomposicao dos residuos solidos urbanos em areas utilizadas como deposito final, normalmente representadas pelos lixoes e aterros controlados, tem contribuido negativamente para poluicao ambiental. A decomposicao desses residuos gera grande quantidade de liquidos percolados conhecidos como chorume ou lixiviados, os quais geralmente contem elevada concentracao de materia org

Neste estudo houve o desenvolvimento metodologico e a definicao de criterios especificos para selecao de areas potenciais para disposicao de residuos. Considerou-se uma abordagem em carater regional (escala 1:100.000), baseada na analise e interpretacao de imagens de satelite, e que permitisse a otimizacao de tempo, de recursos humanos e financeiros. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplicada a Regiao Metropolitana de Campinas, a qual inclui dezoito municipios e uma superficie de 3.345 km . A elaboracao da metodologia proposta considerou as caracteristicas geoambientais que possam interferir tanto nas condicoes de seguranca de um empreendimento de recebimento de residuos, como tambem na manutencao da qualidade ambiental da regiao circunvizinha a ele. Assim, foram estudados quatro aspectos fundamentais envolvidos na gestao de residuos: socio-politicos, fisiograficos, hidrogeologicos, e climaticos. Apos o levantamento e analise dos elementos de interesse para o estudo, foram definidas classes de caracteristicas e de propriedades consideradas: eliminatorias (determinam areas que devam ser descartadas para o uso pretendido) e restritivas (possibilitam a hierarquizacao de areas potenciais com maior ou menor restricao ao uso pretendido). Assim, e possivel priorizar ou planejar estudos de detalhe que subsidiem a definicao do tipo de obra mais adequado e de levantamentos e investigacoes necessarios para viabilizar a implantacao de um empreendimento.as informacoes produzidas e levantadas estao associados sete mapas: de aspectos socio-politicos; geologico; de compartimentacao fisiografica; de suscetibilidade a processos de erosao, escorregamentos e inundacoes; de vulnerabilidade natural dos aq

O municipio de Sumare (SP) tinha, na epoca dos levantamentos, uma producao diaria de lixo domestico de 80 toneladas, dispunha este residuo no aterro sanitario do municipio vizinho, entao no limite de sua capacidade, e necessitava implantar um aterro na area de seu municipio. O estudo, realizado em escala 1:25.000, teve como objetivo avaliar o meio fisico do municipio, visando a selecao de areas favoraveis a instalacao de um aterro sanitario. Foram consideradas favoraveis as seguintes caracteristicas: litologias com baixa permeabilidade, grande espessura e sem estruturas rupteis; nivel d'agua profundo; aq

O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa e formular um indice que avalie a qualidade da gestao de residuos solidos urbanos, com base em um modelo multicriterial, fundamentado na estrategia geral de gestao..

Este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades finais do PVC reciclado antes e apos tratamento a plasma com hexafluoreto de enxofre, bem como verificar um possivel aumento da reatividade do PET em sistema aquoso apos o tratamento a plasma com ar atmosferico.

Este projeto teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da reciclagem em propriedades finais de composto de PVC proveninente de tubos de esgoto recuperados de aterro de residuos da construcao civil..

Este projeto tem como objetivo a otimizacao da reciclagem quimica de PET por meio de Hidrolise Neutra, apos tornar a superficie do polimero mais hidrofilica a partir de tratamento com plasmas.

Este projeto tem como objetivo a proposicao e otimizacao de uma etapa alternativa no processo convencional de reciclagem de PET-sigla em ingles de Poli(tereftalato de etileno), o plastico das garrafas de refrigerante- que permita obter um produto final com maior valor agregado

Este projeto teve como objetivo a simulacao de um processo de compostagem aerobia da fracao de materia org

Este projeto tem como objetivo basico a realizacao de uma caracterizacao dos residuos solidos urbanos de Indaiatuba, detalhando-a o mais possivel para que sejam obtidos subsidios sobre as reais potencialidades de reciclagem de cada material, em termos de quantidade e qualidade

Este projeto apresenta uma proposta de pesquisa sobre residuos solidos domesticos, especificamente no levantamento da potencialidade de reciclagem de residuos plasticos. Propoe-se a realizacao de um diagnostico da producao, importacao, exportacao, consumo aparente e descarte de plasticos no pais. Ainda, sera tracado um perfil da industria recicladora de plasticos, buscando para isso dados nacionais, estaduais e do municipio de Sorocaba. Assim, pretende-se ter subsidios para conhecer melhor essa industria, suas deficiencias tecnologicas e potencialidades mercadologicas e assim tracar projecoes sobre as tendencias da mesma. Realizado, este levantamento sera a base para os estudos sobre residuos solidos a serem desenvolvidos futuramente na Unidade Diferenciada Sorocaba/Ipero

The work was performed in the municipal district of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro State and had as objective to obtain information on the contents of chemical forms of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil Gleissolo pouco humico treated with composted urban residues, and the concentrations in the leaves and fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Three areas with different land use history were used: area that received doses of 40 t.ha^-1 of composted of urban solid residue (CRSU) in the surface for eleven consecutive years

The three-level management syste m on municipalsolid waste treatment which are the source, middle and end treatment methods in Beijing are introduced in this paper, three waste handle workflows which are waste transfer station, refuse derived fuel and composting workflow about these methods are also shown. All of these treatment methods should be fully used to rationally and economically develop the municipal solid waste resource and the threelevel management system is proved to be efficient in municipal solid waste treatment in Beijing. © 2010 IEEE.

Currently in the US, over 97% of food waste is estimated to be buried in landfills. There is nonetheless interest in strategies to divert this waste from landfills as evidenced by a number of programs and policies at the local and state levels, including collection programs for source separated organic wastes (SSO). The objective of this study was to characterize the state-of-the-practice of food waste treatment alternatives in the US and Canada. Site visits were conducted to aerobic composting and two anaerobic digestion facilities, in addition to meetings with officials that are responsible for program implementation and financing. The technology to produce useful products from either aerobic or anaerobic treatment of SSO is in place. However, there are a number of implementation issues that must be addressed, principally project economics and feedstock purity. Project economics varied by region based on landfill disposal fees. Feedstock purity can be obtained by enforcement of contaminant standards and/or manual or mechanical sorting of the feedstock prior to and after treatment. Future SSO diversion will be governed by economics and policy incentives, including landfill organics bans and climate change mitigation policies. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Municipal solid waste management is a complex and multidisciplinary problem, involving a number of impact factors associated with various uncertainties. In this study, a hybrid interval-parameter possibilistic programming (IPP) approach was developed and applied for planning municipal solid waste management under dual uncertainties. The IPP improves upon the existing management approaches by allowing possibility distributions of the lower and upper bounds of some interval parameters in the objective function and interval information in the modelling coefficients to be effectively incorporated within its optimization. By introducing the concept of possibilistic interval numbers, the dual uncertainties can be communicated into the optimization process and the resulting solutions, such that the generated decision schemes can effectively reflect the highly complex system features under uncertainty. The results of the case study indicate that useful information can be obtained for providing feasible decision schemes for waste flow allocation. Different decision schemes can be generated by adjusting waste flow allocation patterns within the solution intervals. Lower decision variable values should be used to obtain lower system cost of waste treatment and disposal under advantageous conditions, and higher decision variable values should be used under demanding conditions (worst case conditions). A strong desire to acquire the lower system cost will lead to the decreased probability of meeting the treatment and disposal requirements (i.e. the increased risk of unforeseen conditions)

The effects of rice husk, sawdust and rice bran on the composting process of food waste were studied in a 180-L laboratory composter based on a mixture experimental design. Linear and quadratic models of seven important process characteristics (composting and acidification times, lowest and final pH values, highest temperature, the water-soluble organic carbon to water-soluble organic nitrogen (C_OW/N_OW ratio), and the water-soluble organic carbon to total organic nitrogen (C_OW/N_OT) ratio) in terms of fractional compositions of bulking agents as well as the water absorption capacity and the free air space of the composting matrix were developed. © 2010.

This paper compares life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from two municipal solid waste (MSW) management options, municipal waste combustion, and landfilling, using a U.S. EPA life-cycle assessment (LCA) model, the MSW Decision Support Tool. Unlike previously reported LCAs, key combustion model inputs-total MSW carbon content and its biogenic/fossil split-are determined not from MSW composition studies, but from measurements taken at operating municipal waste combustors (MWCs). MWC measurement data show U.S. MSW carbon content averages of 30% with a biogenic/fossil split of 66%/34%. The LCA also considers a range of landfilling scenarios which account not only for alternative landfill gas (LFG) management techniques, but also for the variability of landfill methane generation and capture. The LCA found that for the range of inputs and scenarios considered, municipal waste combustion outperforms landfilling in terms of GHG emissions, regardless of the LFG management technique. © 2010 ASCE.

In the present study, the in vivo micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes was used to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of water samples collected from four different sites along the Nilufer Stream which empties into the Marmara Sea on the north-west of Turkey. Nilufer Stream receives discharges of industrial and domestic wastes resulting from industrialization and urbanization activities in Bursa city. Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to collected water samples under laboratory conditions for 3 and 6. days. Micronuclei analyses were carried out in peripheral blood erythrocytes. In addition to micronuclei, other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) such as bi-nucleated cells and binuclei with nucleoplasmic bridge and cells with blebbed, notched and lobbed nuclei, were assessed in the erythrocytes. Chemical analyses were also carried out in the water samples to assess the presence of major pollutants. MN and NA frequencies were significantly elevated in fishes exposed to water from polluted areas compared to those exposed to clean water sample. The results of this study indicate that Nilufer Stream is contaminated with potential genotoxic chemicals and the genotoxicity is possibly related with the industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Factorial designs were employed to analyze the inhibitory effects of acetic, butyric, lactic, and propionic acids on composting microorganisms. Compost samples were withdrawn on different days of composting and treated with acids alone and in combination (at 0 and 0.5 mmol/g). Microorganisms were enumerated to determine degree of growth inhibition. Generally, inhibition was more severe on the day when pH decreased rather than on the day when pH started to increase. Butyric or lactic acid alone, and the combination of butyric, lactic, and propionic acids, significantly inhibited thermophilic bacteria. Only 51.0-65.0% of the thermophilic bacteria exist if 0.5 mmol/g of these acids were present in compost. Temperature, microbial populations, and microbial growth phase might cause variation in the inhibitory effects of acids. These findings are useful not only in the study of microorganisms in acidic microenvironments, but also in preventing microbial-growth inhibition by predicting population via a regression model. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Methane derived from anaerobic treatment of organic wastes has a great potential to be an alternative fuel. Abundant biomass from various industries could be a source for biomethane production where combination of waste treatment and energy production would be an advantage. This Artigo summarizes the importance of the microbial population, with a focus on the methanogenic archaea, on the anaerobic fermentative biomethane production from biomass. Types of major wastewaters that could be the source for biomethane generation such as brewery wastewater, palm oil mill effluent, dairy wastes, cheese whey and dairy wastewater, pulp and paper wastewaters and olive oil mill wastewaters in relevance to their dominant methanogenic population are fully discussed in this Artigo. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decade. The efforts for modelling of such wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost effective design and operation). The development of Activated Sludge Models (ASM) was an important evolution in the modelling of Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) processes and their use is now very well established. However, although they were initially developed to describe CAS processes, they have simply been transferred and applied to MBR processes. Recent studies on MBR biological processes have reported several crucial specificities: medium to very high sludge retention times, high mixed liquor concentration, accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) rejected by the membrane filtration step, and high aeration rates for scouring purposes. These aspects raise the question as to what extent the ASM framework is applicable to MBR processes. Several studies highlighting some of the aforementioned issues are scattered through the literature. Hence, through a concise and structured overview of the past developments and current state-of-the-art in biological modelling of MBR, this Estudo explores ASM-based modelling applied to MBR processes. The work aims to synthesize previous studies and differentiates between unmodified and modified applications of ASM to MBR. Particular emphasis is placed on influent fractionation, biokinetics, and soluble microbial products (SMPs)/exo-polymeric substances (EPS) modelling, and suggestions are put forward as to good modelling practice with regard to MBR modelling both for end-users and academia. A last section highlights shortcomings and future needs for improved biological modelling of MBR processes. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

There is growing pressure on retailing businesses to act responsibly and comprehensively to manage their waste in a sustainable way. In addition, the practical importance of meeting waste directives and environmental credentials has made most businesses value facilities management services to business. Despite Fuller's and Pitt's observations concerning shopping centre waste management trends, little attempt has been made to investigate the existing solid waste recycling from the UK shopping centre sector. Most previous research on waste minimisation through recycling relates to municipal buildings, commercial office buildings, medical facilities, hotels, educational buildings and industrial buildings. Few studies from other sectors have developed critical success factors (CSFs) for waste management and recycling initiatives. Therefore, this Artigo sets out to identify those primary factors that are considered to be of critical importance to the successful implementation of recycling initiatives in UK retail shopping centres. The Artigo establishes how these factors can be determined and validated in accordance with current perspectives. This Artigo Estudos the relative importance of CSFs associated with shopping centres solid waste recycling initiatives in the United Kingdom. By doing so, factoring analysis is used to classify a relatively small number of factor groupings that can be used to represent the relationship among a set of many interrelated variables. This technique is significant to explore the groupings that might exist among the CSFs with regard to UK retail shopping centre solid waste recycling initiatives. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

Pharmaceutical products are released at low concentrations into aquatic environments following domestic wastewater treatment. Such low concentrations have been shown to induce transcriptional responses in microorganisms, which could have consequences on aquatic ecosystem dynamics. In order to test if these transcriptional responses could also be observed in complex river microbial communities, biofilm reactors were inoculated with water from two rivers of differing trophic statuses and subsequently treated with environmentally relevant doses (ng/liter to µg/liter range) of four pharmaceuticals (erythromycin [ER], gemfibrozil [GM], sulfamethazine [SN], and sulfamethoxazole [SL]). To monitor functional gene expression, we constructed a 9,600-feature anonymous DNA microarray platform onto which cDNA from the biofilms was hybridized. Pharmaceutical treatments induced both positive and negative transcriptional responses from biofilm microorganisms. For instance, ER induced the transcription of several stress, transcription, and replication genes, while GM, a lipid regulator, induced transcriptional responses from several genes involved in lipid metabolism. SN caused shifts in genes involved in energy production and conversion, and SL induced responses from a range of cell membrane and outer envelope genes, which in turn could affect biofilm formation. The results presented here demonstrate for the first time that low concentrations of small molecules can induce transcriptional changes in a complex microbial community. The relevance of these results also demonstrates the usefulness of anonymous DNA microarrays for large-scale metatranscriptomic studies of communities from differing aquatic ecosystems. Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

In recent decades an increasingly large fraction of the world's wrought aluminum alloys supply has come from the aluminum scrap recovered from industrial waste and discarded post-consumer items. However, replacing even a minor part of primary aluminum in wrought alloys with recycled counterpart originated from lower grades of scrap (typically scrap contaminated with various non-metallic impurities) without influencing the quality of the allay is very demanding from a metallurgical point of view. This Artigo discusses the two approaches for achieving the requested chemical composition of wrought alloys made from recycled aluminum: (i) before melting, by combining the appropriate qualities and quantities of scrap, primary aluminum, and the alloying elements and (ii) during melting, by diluting impurity content with primary aluminum to the needed level and adding, at the same time, the necessary amount of alloying elements for achieving their standard concentration in diluted melts. © 2010 TMS.

At urban areas in south Europe atmospheric aerosol levels are frequently above legislation limits as a result of road traffic and favourable climatic conditions for photochemical formation and dust suspension. Strategies for urban particulate pollution control have to take into account specific regional characteristics and need correct information concerning the sources of the aerosol.With these objectives, the ionic and elemental composition of the fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM_2.5-10) aerosol was measured at two contrasting sites in the centre of the city of Oporto, roadside (R) and urban background (UB), during two campaigns, in winter and summer.Application of Spatial Variability Factors, in association with Principal Component/Multilinear Regression/Inter-site Mass Balance Analysis, to aerosol data permitted to identify and quantify 5 main groups of sources, namely direct car emissions, industry, photochemical production, dust suspension and sea salt transport. Traffic strongly influenced PM mass and composition. Direct car emissions and road dust resuspension contributed with 44-66% to the fine aerosol and with 12 to 55% to the coarse pArtigos mass at both sites, showing typically highest loads at roadside. In fine pArtigos secondary origin was also quite important in aerosol loading, principally during summer, with 28-48% mass contribution, at R and UB sites respectively. Sea spray has an important contribution of 18-28% to coarse aerosol mass in the studied area, with a highest relative contribution at UB site.Application of Spatial Variability/Mass Balance Analysis permitted the estimation of traffic contribution to soil dust in both size ranges, across sites and seasons, demonstrating that as much as 80% of present dust can result from road traffic resuspension. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Isothiazolinones are used as preservatives, biocides and disinfectants in a variety of industrial and domestic applications. Some of the isothiazolinones are difficult to isolate from water due their high polarity. A sensitive and selective analytical method was developed and optimized for the determination of sub-µg/L levels of three isothiazolinones in water samples. Three isothiazolinones are described in this paper: 2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone and 4,5-dichloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolinone. The analytical method involves a robust large-volume direct on-column loop injection of 2mL on an Aqua ODS HPLC column and tandem MS detection (HPLC-MS/MS). After filtration, samples are directly injected without further pretreatment. Detection limits of the individual target compounds were between 0.03 and 0.1µg/L employing Multi-Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. Based on the constant ratio of two selected product-ions together with the retention time, the identification is very selective and quantification is reliable. The method was successfully applied to real samples of membrane flushings, drinking water, surface waters and waste water. Additional investigations showed the instability of the isothiazolinones in river- and waste water. Preservation of river water and waste water samples with sodium azide (NaN₃) promotes the stability of the isothiazolines in solution. In membrane flushings, waste water, surface waters and drinking water, levels of the three isothiazolinones were all below the limit of detection. In effluents of households containing washings from normal shampoo use, isothiazolinones could be detected. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

The area of the Pays de Herve in eastern Belgium is strongly affected by recent landslide activity. Dormant landslides are widespread in the region and some of these dormant landslides have been reactivated by human activity such as highway construction, suburban development, or building of industrial sewage pipes. The investigated landslide was reactivated by heavy rainfall events in the late 1990s. During this reactivation an existing industrial sewage pipe was damaged and the chemically loaded waste water drained into the landslide mass. The current landslide movement is assumed to be heavily influenced by the additional water supply as well as by the chemical activity of univalent ions in the clay fraction leading to a decreased shear resistance. Consequently, the movement-triggering rainfall thresholds are reduced and result in a decreased overall slope stability.This study describes a general methodology of field investigation, data collection and laboratory testing for an exploratory study. Influences of chemical properties of soil and soil water and their effects on landslide stability are analysed, discussed and related to findings of other studies. Although no clear empirical evidence for a dependency between slope stability and ionic loaded soil water was found in this study, we suggest the existence for such a relationship. We conclude that this particular landslide would not have moved based on current environmental conditions. The leaking waste water might favour current landslide movement. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.

Background, aim, and scope Clothes are often discarded when much of their potential lifetime is left. Many charitable organizations therefore collect used clothing and resell it as second-hand clothes for example in Eastern Europe or Africa. In this connection, the question arises whether reusing clothes actually results in a decrease of the environmental burden of the life cycle of clothing. The environmental burden of clothing has been studied in several studies. However, most of these studies focus solely on the energy consumption aspects and pay little attention to the potential benefits of diverting used clothing from the waste stream. The aim of the study was to assess the net environmental benefits brought by the disposal of used clothing through charities who return them for second-hand sales assuming that second-hand clothes to some extent replace the purchase of new clothes. Materials and methods The extent to which second-hand clothes (SHC) introduces such a replacement was investigated applying a methodology in which a questionnairebased survey was conducted on more than 200 consumers in second-hand shops. The survey was done in Sweden and Estonia, and Africa was included by estimation. Based on the identification of the different profiles of the consumers questioned, a methodology was developed to get a quantitative evaluation of the replacement of new clothes enabled by second-hand clothing consumption. A life cycle assessment was conducted based on the EDIP methodology. The life cycle impacts of clothes that are directly disposed of by incineration were compared with the life cycle impacts of clothes that are collected and sorted after consumer use in order to be reused. Two products were assessed: a cotton Tshirt and a pair of polyester (65%)/cotton (35%) trousers. The functional unit was 100 garments in the use stage. Results Based on the survey result and the methodology applied, the purchase of 100 second-hand garments would save between 60 and 85 new garments dependent of the place of reuse. Based on information about the second-hand clothing activities conducted by Humana People to People in Sweden and Estonia, it was assumed that over 100 collected items 60 would be reused, 30 recycled in other ways, and ten go to final disposal. Using these inputs, the LCA showed that the collection, processing, and transport of second-hand clothing has insignificant impacts on the environment in comparison to the savings that are achieved by replacing virgin clothing. The reduction of impacts resulting from collecting 100 garments for reuse range from 14% decrease of global warming for the cotton T-shirt to 45% reduction of human toxicity for the polyester/cotton trousers. Discussion The approach applied is a fair way of establishing the net benefits from introducing clothes reuse. Indeed, it enables to take into consideration all the activities connected to reusing clothes, including, for instance, recycling and disposal of the collected clothes not suitable for reuse. In addition, the routes followed by the collected clothes have been determined based on real figures. A main assumption concerns the estimation of avoided production of new clothes brought by clothes reuse. The method used, based on questionnaires, could be further developed but still suggests an approach on an issue that had not been investigated so far. Conclusions The results of the study show that clothes reuse can significantly contribute to reducing the environmental burden of clothing. Recommendations and perspectives It would be beneficial to apply other methods for estimating the avoided production of new clothes in order to check the validity and reliability of the results obtained in the current study. Such further work could include the possible difference in the lifetime of second-hand clothes compared to new clothes. © Springer-Verlag 2010.

The southern Sindh province of Pakistan adjoins the Arabian Sea coast where drinking water quality is deteriorating due to dumping of industrial and urban waste and use of agrochemicals and yet has limited fresh water resources. The study assessed the drinking water quality of canal, shallow pumps, dug wells, and water supply schemes from the administrative districts of Thatta, Badin, and Thar by measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded WHO MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%, 81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. However, the turbidity was lower in underground water, i.e., 24% and 28% in dug wells and shallow pumps as compared to open water, i.e., 96% and 69% in canal and water supply schemes, respectively. In dug wells and shallow pumps, limits for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sodium exceeded, respectively, by 63% and 33%

The present study was undertaken to determine the microbiological (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and Salmonella sp.) and physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, nitrate and phosphate) with trace metal concentration (arsenic, chromium) and cyanide of 74 coastal bathing water samples obtained from Dardanelles (Site 1) and Thracian Sea (Site 2). About 5 of 74 (6.75%) water samples were of unacceptable quality based on recommended criteria of microbiological (3 of 74, 4.05%) and physico-chemical with trace metal concentration (2 of 74, 2.70%) by Turkish Bathing Water, Turkish Water Pollution and European Community Bathing Water Directives. The results indicated that the value of total coliforms and fecal coliforms provided an adequate indicator of Salmonella sp. presence. Among the trace metals, only arsenic was detected at the below acceptable limits. Therefore, it is necessary cleaning of waste waters by purification plants, infiltration of effluent from sewage treatment plants, control industrial factors and maintaining water quality controls. © Medwell Journals, 2010.

The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland, which was commissioned in 2004, is one of the largest constructed wetlands in Taiwan. This multi-function wetland has been designed for the purposes of non-point source (NPS) pollutant removal, wastewater treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation, and education. The major influents of this wetland came from the local drainage trench containing domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters, and effluents from the wastewater treatment plant of a paper mill. Based on the quarterly investigation results from 2007 to 2009, more than 96% of total coliforms (TC), 48% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 40% of nutrients (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus) were removed via the constructed wetland system. Thus, the wetland system has a significant effect on water quality improvement and is capable of removing most of the pollutants from the local drainage system before they are discharged into the downgradient water body. Other accomplishments of this constructed wetland system include the following: providing more green areas along the riversides, offering more water assessable eco-ponds and eco-gardens for the public, and rehabilitating the natural ecosystem. The Kaoping River Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland has become one of the most successful multi-function constructed wetlands in Taiwan. The experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing similar natural treatment systems for river water quality improvement and wastewater treatment. © IWA Publishing 2010.

The results of experimental determination of the operating parameters of the gas cleaning system at Moscow Spetszavod (Special Plant) No. 2 under various equipment operation conditions are reported. Based on the experimental data, conclusions have drawn regarding the feasibility of attaining the required flue gas cleaning degree in the gas cleaning system of Spetszavod No. 2 that meets European and Russian standards for a wide variety of municipal solid waste. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

Industrial residues generated by the modern society constitute an environmental problem and are harmful both to the health and to the environment (greenhouse effect). In addition, they can give place to leaching pollutants [1,2] more concretely in the European area

Em 2002 a geracao m

Os sistemas de disposicao final de residuos solidos dom

Desenvolvimento de um programa para eliminar o uso de copos descartaveis nos restaurantes existentes na Universidade de Sao Paulo, campus da capital..

Programa coordenado pelo Fundo Social de Solidariedade do Estado de Sao Paulo e realizado em parceria com as Secretarias do Trabalho e do Meio Ambiente, CEPAM, SEBRAE, Associacao Brasileira de Embalagens (ABRE) e ABEPET, com os seguintes objetivos: - Sensibilizar as Presidentes de Fundo para o desafio imposto aos municipios diante da questao atual dos residuos solidos domiciliares; - Mobilizar as Primeiras Damas para a questao da Coleta Seletiva enquanto possibilidade de melhoria de qualidade de vida de populacoes de baixa ou sem renda nos municipios; - Identificar o papel das presidentes do fundo social de solidariedade diante das iniciativas voltadas

O projeto tem como objetivo elaborar o plano de gerenciamento de residuos solidos para o Shopping Flamboyant, localizado na cidade de Goiania (GO). Para o desenvolvimento dos estudos, dois ciclos de trabalho foram previstos. O primeiro ciclo correspondera aos levantamentos necessarios

O presente estudo tem como objetivo diagnosticar o destino dos Residuos Solidos Domiciliares (RSD) do municipio de Uberlandia

A aplica

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o ambiente de Teixeira, PB, analisando-se os impactos ambientais observados na cidade. A metodologia constou de visitas a todas as ruas, momento em que foram registrados os problemas ambientais. Em seguida, definiram-se os percentuais de cada par

Com o objetivo de avaliar a remo

O trabalho foi elaborado com o prop

The main obstacle to the use of compost from urban waste in agriculture is the presence of heavy metals. Once in the soil, their effect is accumulative and they may contaminate crops and water. The present study reports the evaluation of the chemical distributions of Cu, Pb, Mn and Zn in three different sized fractions (unsieved, < 1,18mm and > 1,18mm) of compost, by means of a sequencial extraction procedure and a chemometric analysis of the total content of all metals in each fraction. The pattern recognition methods showed significant differences in total heavy metal contents for the different fractions. The finest one was the most contaminated. Meanwhile, this fraction presented lower amounts of metals in avaliable forms. This behavior can be attributed to the presence of metal particles in their elemental states in this fraction.

O termo complexidade

Um dos temas ambientais mais destacados na agenda de discuss

O uso agr